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1 th<^ St. Memiu pMrtmii,, in pos?*^>»sion of 
Dr. Thomas Addis Emmet. 



Original Title Page. 



MEMOIRS 



OF 



Major-General heath. 



CONTAINING 



ANECDOTES, Details of SKIRMISHES, 
BATTLES, and other Military Events, 



DURING THE 



AMERICAN WAR. 



WRITTEN Br HIMSELF. 



publifljiO accottJing to aa of Congccft. 



PRINTED AT BOSTON, 

Bv I. THOMAS AND E. T, ANDREWS, 

Faust's Statoe, No. 45. Newbdrt-Street. 

SoU bv them ; by I.Thomas. Worcefter ; by Thomas. Andrews Uf P£N- 

nCn. Albany ; by Thomas. Andrews tsf Butler. BaUmiore , 

and by the Bookfellers throughout the Continent. 

jsvr,. 1798. 



K^dverii^me'nt. 



IT was not the intention, to publifti the Memoirs 
during the life-time of the writer. They were penned for 
his own review, and the information and fatisfa£lion of his 
own family, as well as pofterity : If any fliould think their 
prefent publication in any refpefts relative to himfelf as too 
cftentatious, candour, it is prefumed, will decide that there 
is no alternative, unlefs the Memohrs are mutilated infaBs, 
or denied at prefent a publication. The prefling importunity 
of very many is the fole reafon of their appearance at 
this time. 

Such of the fads as happened under the obfervation, 
or within the immediate knowledge of the writer, have been 
impartially narrated : Thofe which he has been obliged to 
colle£l from other information, have been as faithfully at- 
tempted j but their authenticity cannot be equally vouched 
for. There are doubtlefs many errors. It is the lot of 
man to be fallible. 

The AUTHOR. 



Memoirs 

of 

Major-General William Heath 

By Hi fuse If 

New Edition, with Illustrations and Notes 



Edited hy 

William Abbatt 



To which is added 

The Accounts of the Battle of Bunker Hil 

by 
Generals Dearborn, Lee and Wilkinson 



New York 

William Abbatt 

a8i Fuurth Avenue 
I 90 I 






THE UIBRASY eF 

GOMGRESS, 
Two COHts Receiveb 

FEB. 14 1902 

CLASS O/ >OCo. No 



Edition limited to Five Hundred 
Copies (Seventy-five on Large Paper), 
of which this is No. 30 



SKETCH OF GENERAL HEATH. 



IT is greatly to be regretted that uo sufficient material 
exists for a satisfactory sl^etch of this valuable officer's 
life. He was a New Euglamler of old stock, bom iu Rox- 
bury, Massachusetts, March 2, 1737, on the farm settled by 
the first of his name, the emigrant from England of 1036. 
From youth he took an active part in military matters, as 
a colonel in the Suli'olk County militia and the Boston ar- 
tillery, and in 1774 was commissioned as a brigadier-gen- 
eral by the i^tate, while a member of the Provincial Con- 
gress and of the Committees of Safety and Correspond- 
ence, as he had previously been of the General Assembly 
of the State. His first actual service was in the pursuit of 
the British ou the retreat from Concord and Lexington, 
and was immediately followed by the hard work of train- 
ing the undisciplined militia assembled at Cambridge. 
His experiences at Bunker Hill are best told in his own 
words, and ou June 20 they were recognized by his ap- 
pointment as major-general. When Washington organized 
the Continental Army, he accepted the lower rank of brig- 
adier — an act characteristic of the man who iu eight years' 
subsequent service seems to have had an " eye single " to 
doing his duty, without regard to punctilio, precedence, 
or the various petty things which smaller men stood stiffly 
upon. Washington early learned his worth, and promo- 
tion to major-general came in August, 177fi. From this 
time ou the Comnuiuder-in-Chief reposed the utmost con- 
fidence in him, and after the battle of White Plains ap- 
pointed him to the command of tlie Hudson River posts. 
In 1777, after the surrender of Burgoyne and the march of 



his captive troops to Boston, General Heatli had the very 
delicate and difficult task of guarding them until they 
were removed to Virginia. How many and varied the dif- 
ficulties he encountered, the correspondence between him- 
self and the chief British officers attests. 

In June, 1779, he returned to his former charge, the 
posts along the Hudson— an office of the first importance, 
deemed, in fact, by Washington second only to the com- 
mand-in-chief. 

Here he remained, with headquarters at PeekskiU, dur- 
ing the rest of the war, excepting only a short period dur- 
ing 1780, when he was in Rhode Island. 

At the close of the Revolution he was the second in com- 
mand of the Army. 

Returning to Roxbury, he spent the remainder of hia 
life there, honored by his fellow-citizens with every office 
which he could be persuaded to accept— senator, judge of 
probable, etc.— and finally was offered the lieutenant-gov- 
ornorship which, however, he declined. 

At his death, January 24, 1814, he was the last survivor 
of the major-generals of the Revolution. 

He left several diildren, and some of his descendants 
still reside in Boston. 






EDITOR'S PREFACE 



Tlie substance of the notes which are added to the text is derived 
from the Revolutionary records published by the various States, the 
chief histories of the Revolution, Mr. P. B. Heitman's List of Conti- 
nental Officers. Balch's Onr French Allies and some few other authori- 
ties. 

As regards spelling, my rule has been to let the original stand in 
the first instance of each case, with an explanatory note, but to correct 
it in each succeeding instance without further explanation. A few 
spellings are unchanged: c g., Haarlem, Peelv's Kill, centinels, etc. 

W. A. 



Copyright. 1 90 1, 

by 
William Abbatt. 




INTRODUCTION. 

ATURE seems to have decreed that not only the 
luinor branches of families, when they arrive 
at a proper age of maturity, shall separate 
from their parents, and become distinct fam- 
ilies, Init that Colonies, when they arrive at a 
certain degree of population and affluence, shall separate 
from the mother State and become independent and sov- 
ereign. Ilowsoever fit and proper this economy of nature 
may be, experience has taught the world, that it has l)een 
the mistaken policy of nations, in almost all ages, 
to oppose such separations, as the period approx- 
imates, b}- an impolitic exercise of power, thereby 
alienating the affections of the Colonists, and 
rousing in their breasts those innate principles 
of liberty which nature hath implanted; (but which 
had they not been awakened by a severity of conduct, 
would have much longer reposed on the bosom of a mother, 
and even have spurned the idea of separation) and have 
also made use of armed force, in the most unnatural and 
cruel manner, to hold in subjection those by nature in 
every respect free as themselves. And in the prosecution 
of a war thus enkindled, alliances are sought for, and 
formed, by both parties, even with those who before were 
considered as the enemies of each. This has been exempli- 
fied in the conduct of Great Britain towards her American 
Colonies, and by the people of the now United States of 
America, in their struggle for freedom, and the establish- 
ment of independence and sovereignty. 

It is not the intention of the writer to go into a detail 
of the first settlement of this country, or the vicissitudes 
which have attended it at different" periods; nor of the 
rise of the late revolution; as these have alreadv been at- 



X 

tempted by several writers, and probably will hereafter 
be further elucidated by other pens. 

To preserve and perpetuate a daily 'Journal of occur- 
rences, through nearly the whole of the late American 
war, is the present object. And although the following 
pages are not decorated with the flowers of Greece or 
Rome, and for their diction cannot claim the patronage of 
the learned, they contain a state of facts in detail, which 
may not be unpleasing to posterity, who will wish, as much 
as is possible, to learn from every remaining vestige, the 
conduct and successes of their ancestors, in that revolution 
which laid the foundation of the independence and sover- 
eignty of their country. To them, therefore, are the fol- 
lowing Memoirs bequeathed, by him who was an eye-Avit- 
ness to many of the facts wliicli are related, and who col- 
lected the others from the best information the then mo- 
ment and circumstances would admit. 

That the United States of America, by their virtue, their 
wisdom and their valour, may support and maintain the 
noble achievements of their ancestors, and render them 
still more brilliant, is the earnest wish of their devoted, 

Humble Servant, 

W. HEATH. 

Koxbury, 1798. 



MEMOIRS. 



- ^ - M JlAJOR-GENERAL William Heath descended 
^i I from an ancient family in Roxbury, near 
\.m \ rJoston, in Massachusetts, and is of the fifth 

^^^l | generation of the family who have inherited 
the same real estate, (taken up in a state of 
nature) not large, but fertile, and pleasantly situa- 
ted. He was born March 2d, (old style) 1737, was 
brought up a farmer, of which profession he is yet pas- 
sionately fond. He is of middling stature, light complex- 
ion, very corpulent, and bald-headed, which led the French 
oflScers who served in America very frequently to com- 
pare him to the Marquis of Granby'. From his childhood 
he was remarkably fond of military exercises, which pas- 
sion grew up with him, and as he arrived at years of ma- 
turity led him to procure, and attentively to study, every 
military treatise in the English language which was ob- 
tainable. This, with a strong memory, rendered him fully 
acquainted with the iliconj of war in all its branches and 
duties, from the private soldier to the Commander in 
Chief. 

Through the inactive state of the militia company to 
which he belonged, in the spring of the year 1765, he went 
over to Boston, and entered a member of the Ancient and 
Honorable Artillery Company. This immediately recom- 
mended him to the notice of the Colonel of the first regi- 
ment of militia in the county of Suffolk, who sent for him, 
and importuned him to take command of his own com- 
pany; to which Mr. Heath was reluctant; apprehensive 
that his youth, and stepping over those who had a better 
claim, by former oflSce in the company, to the command of 

1 Chastellux's Travels. 



it, might produce an uneasiness. He was, however, com- 
missioned by Gov. Bernard* ; and his apprehensions of un- 
easiness proved to be groundless. 

In the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, he 
was chosen, and served, first as Lieutenant, and after- 
wards as Captain. 

In the first regiment of militia of Suffolk, he became 
the military favourite of Gov. Bernard, who publickly de- 
clared, that he would not only make him Colonel of the 
regiment, but, if it were in his power, a General Officer 
also. 

As the dispute between Great Britain and her American 
Colonies put on a more serious aspect, our Captain did 
not hesitate, for a moment, to declare his sentiments in 
favour of the rights and liberties of his fellow-country- 
men. This alarmed Gov. Bernard's apprehensions, but 
did not alter his open conduct towards our Captain; 
though he privately intimated, that if he should promote 
him, he might injure the cause of his royal master. It was 
afterwards intimated to our Captain, that if he was not 
advanced to the command of the regiment, he might rest 
assured, that his feelings would never (during Gov. Ber- 
nard's administration) be hurt by any other officer being 
promoted over him; which was verified; Gov. Bernard 
leaving the province with this regiment unorganized. 

Capt. Heath, convinced that the cloud was rapidly gath- 
ering, and would assuredly burst over America, in the be- 
ginning of the year 1770 commenced his addresses to the 
public, under the signature of A Military Countryman, 
and which were occasionally continued until hostilities 
commenced. In them he urged the importance of military 
discipline, and skill in the use of arms, as the only means, 
under Heaven, that could save the country from falling a 
prey to any daring invader. 

Gov. Hutchinson succeeded Gov. Bernard. He organ- 

1 Sir Francis Bernard, who was Governor of Massachusetts 
1760-69. 






ized the first regiment in Suffolk; and, as might be ex- 
pected, our Captain had a respite from command. 

When it was recommended to the people of Massachu- 
setts, to choose officers themselves to command them, our 
Captain was unanimously chosen to take the command of 
the first company in the town of Roxbury, (his old and 
favourite company;) and on the meeting of the Captains 
and subalterns of the first regiment of militia in Suffolk, 
he was chosen Colonel. 

The people of Massachusetts, having determined to sup- 
port their rights and liberties at every hazard, (finding 
that such was the sense of the people of their sister 
Colonies) after the dissolution of their General Court, 
elected a Provincial Congress. This Congress appointed a 
Committee of Safety (of whom our Colonel was one,) 
vested with executive powers ; and another committee, 
called the Committee of Supplies. The latter were to pur- 
chase military stores, provisions, &c. and deposit them in 
such places as the former should direct. Both committees 
entered on the duties of their respective functions. The 
Provincial Congress voted a sum of money for the purpose 
of procuring military stores and provisions; and a quan- 
tity of both were collected, and stored in the town of 
Concord. 

The militia, and the corps of minute-men, as they were 
called, (the latter composed of the young and active) 
were furnished with officers of their own choosing. The 
greatest attention was exhibited by the officers, which was 
as cheerfully seconded by the citizen soldiers, to acquire 
a knowledge of military duty. 

In the month of February, 1775, the Provincial Congress 
passed the following resolutions: 

" In Provincial Congress, Cambridge, February 9th, 
1775— Resolved, That the Hon. Jedidiah PrebleS Esq.; 
Hon. Artemas Ward, Esq. ; Col. Seth Pomeroy ; Col. John 

1 Jedediah Preble (1707-8^1. Commodore Edward Preblr, U. S. N., was 
his son. 



Thomas, and Col. William Heath, be, and they hereby are, 
appointed General Officers, whose business and duty it 
shall be, with such and so many of the militia of this 
province as shall be assembled by order of the Committee 
of Safety, effectually to oppose and resist such attempt or 
attempts as shall be made for carrying into execution an 
act of the British Parliament, entitled, " An Act for the 
better regulation of the Government of the Province of 
Massachusetts Bay in New England "—or who shall at- 
tempt the carrying into execution, by force, another act 
of the British Parliament, entitled, " An Act for the more 
impartial administration of justice, in cases of persons 
questioned for any act done by them in the execution of 
the law, or for the suppression of riots and tumults in the 
Province of Massachusetts Bay" — so long as the said 
militia shall be retained by the Committee of Safety, and 
no longer. And the said General Officers shall, while in 
the said service, command, lead and conduct, in such op- 
position, in the order in which they are above named ; any 
order of any former Congress varying herefrom, notwith- 
standing. 

In Provincial Congress, Camhridge. February 15f/t, 
1775 — Resolved, That the Hon. John Whitcomb, Esq., be 
added to the General Officers. 

A true extract from the minutes, 

(Signed) Ben.j. Lincoln. Scc'y." 

Gen. Preble declined the service. 

In the month of March following, the Provincial Con- 
gress appointed a committee to make a minute inquiry 
into the state of the operations of the British army. On 
the 20th of the same month, the committee reported, that 
the British army then consisted of about 2850 men, dis- 
tributed as follows : On Boston common, about 1700 ; on 
Fort-Hill, 400; on Boston Neck, 340; in barracks at the 
Castle, 3.30; quartered in King-street, 80; — that they were 
erecting woi'ks on Boston Neck, on both sides of the way, 
well constructed and well executed; the works were in 



forwardness, and then mounted with ten brass and two 
iron cannon ; that the old fortification, at the entrance of 
the town, was repaired, and rendered much stronger by 
the addition of timber and earth to the parapet ; that ten 
pieces of iron cannon were mounted on the old platforms ; 
that a block-house brought from Governor's Island, was 
erecting on the south side of the Neck, between the old 
fortification and the new works advanced on the Neck. 

On the 18th of April, our General had been sitting with 
the Committee of Safety, at Menotomy in Cambridge ; and 
on his return home, soon after he left the committee, and 
about sun-setting, he met eight or nine British officers on 
horseback, with their swords and pistols, riding up the 
road towards Lexington. The time of day, and distance 
from Boston, excited suspicion of some design. They in- 
deed were out reconnoitring and getting intelligence, 
but were not molested. 

On the 19th, at day-break, our General was awoke, 
called from his bed, and informed that a detachment of 
the British army were out; that they had crossed from 
Boston to Phipps' farm, in boats, and gone towardls Con- 
cord, as was supposed, with intent to destroy the public 
stores. They probably had notice that the committees had 
met the preceding day at Wetherby's tavern, at Me- 
notomy; for, when they came opposite to the house, they 
halted. Several of the gentlemen slept there during the 
night. Among them were Col. Orne^, Col. Lee, and Mr. 
Gerry. One of them awoke, and informed the others that 
a body of the British were before the house. They immedi- 
ately made their escape, without time to dress themselves, 
at the back door, receiving some injury from obstacles in 
the way, in their undressed state. They made their way 
into the fields. The country was immediately alarmed, 
and the minute-men and militia turned out with gi-eat 
spirit. Near Lexington meeting-house the British found 



1 Azor Orne. Arthur Lee. Elbridge Gerry. 



the militia of that town drawn up by the road. Towards 
these they advanced, ordered them to disperse, huzzaed, 
and fired upon them; when several were killed and 
wounded, and the rest dispersed. This was the first shed- 
ding of blood in the American war. 

This company continuing to stand so near to the road, 
after they had certain notice of the advancing of the 
British in force, was but a too much braving of danger; 
for they were sure to meet with insult, or injury, which 
they could not repel. Bravery, when called to action, 
should always take the strong ground on the basis of rea- 
son. 

The British proceeded on to Concord, where they de- 
stroyed a part of the stores, while others were saved by the 



The Massachusetts Historical Society has published a volume known 
as the Heath Pupcrs, composed of letters addressed to General Heath 
by Washington. From the printed records of the Society's proceed- 
ings, I have made some extracts: — 1S59:- — An abstract only of the fol- 
lowing interesting paper appears in the "Memoirs," where it is 
stated that this report was made on the 20th of March, 1775. There is 
no record of the presentation of this paper in the journals of the Pro- 
vincial Congress, which adjourned on the 16th of February, and re- 
assembled on the 22d of March.* 

(I continue the paper from where the General ends his summary. — Ed-) 
That on the 18th instant colors were planted and afterwards stakes 
put down near the Salt pond (so-called) on Boston Neck, in a parallel 
line from the dike on the south side to the dike on the north side of the 
Neck: but that on the night following, the stakes were taken away 
by some person or persons unknown. This, as a major of one of the 
regiments declared, was for no other purpose than to make some ob- 
servations and to ascertain some distances. That on the morning of 
yesterday, being the 19th instant, it was reported that a standard was 
erected on a hill on Dorchester side, opposite to the old fortification 
which alarmed the inhabitants of the town of Boston: upon which 
several gentlemen went over, and found the mast of a small boat 
erected, with an old two-bushel bag thereon, which they instantly cut 
down: on which an officer came from the schooner stationed in the 
bay, and demanded the reason for striking the flag-staff. He was in- 
formed by the gentlemen that as they knew not who erected it, and as 
It gave uneasiness to the town, they had done it: to which the officer 
replied that he was extremely sorry: that it was erected for them to 
take some particular marks at high water; and hoisted it again, saying 
he would see that it was struck in about two hours; which was done 
acoordinely. The distance from the old fortification across the bay to 
Dorchester side is about three-quarters of a mile; from the water's 
edge to the place where the staff was erected about two hundred yards 
♦Journals of Provincial Congress, p. 109. 



vigilance, activity, or policy of the inhabitants. In the 
latter, a Capt. Wheeler' practised with such address, as to 
save a considerable quantity of flour, although exposed to 
the critical examination of a British officer. 

The British had sent a party to the North Bridge, 
while they were destroying the stores in the town. A body 
of militia, who had retreated beyond the bridge, and col- 
lected in this quarter, now marched up resolutely to the 
bridge. The British officer, finding their firmness, ordered 
his men to fire, which they did, and two men of the militia 
were killed. The fire was briskly returned ; some were killed 
and wounded of the enemy, and an officer taken prisoner. 
The British party retreated with precipitation to their 
main body, and the whole soon commenced their retreat 
towards Boston; the militia galling them on all sides. 
This detachment, under the command of Col. Smith, must 
have been worn down, and the whole of them killed, or 
taken prisoners, had it not been for the reinforcement 
sent out to them, under the command of Lord Percy, with 
two field-pieces, who joined them in the lower part of the 
town of Lexington. 

Our General, in the morning, proceeded to the Commit- 
tee of Safety. From the committee, he took a cross road to 
Watertown, the British being in possession of the Lexing- 
ton road. At Watertown, finding some militia who had 
not marched, but applied for orders, he sent them down 
to Cambridge, with directions to take up the planks, bar- 
ricade the south end of the bridge, and there to take post; 
that, in case the British should, on their return, take that 
road to Boston, their retreat might be impeded. He then 
pushed to join the militia, taking a cross road towards 
Lexington, in which he was joined by Dr. Joseph Warren, 
(afterwards a Major-General) who kept with him. 

Our General joined the militia just after Lord Percy 
had joined the British ; and having assisted in forming a 



1 Probably Adam Wheeler, captain in Doolittle's regiment. 



regiment, which had been broken by the shot from the 
British field-pieces, (for the discharge of these, together 
with the flames and smoke of several buildings, to which 
the British, nearly at the same time, had set fire, opened 
a new and more terrific scene;) and the British having 
again taken up their retreat, were closely pursued. On 
descending from the high grounds in Menotomy, on to the 
plain, the fire was brisk. At this instant, a musket-ball 
came so near to the head of Dr. Warren, as to strike the 
pin out of the hair of his earlock. Soon after, the right 
flank of the British was exposed to the fire of a body of 
militia, which had come in from Eoxbury, Brookline, 
Dorchester, &c. For a few minutes the fire was brisk on 
both sides ; and the British had here recourse to their field- 
pieces again; but they were now more familiar than be- 
fore. Here the militia were so close on the rear of the 
British, that Dr. Downer% an active and enterprising man, 
came to single combat with a British soldier, whom he 
killed with his bayonet. 

Not far from this place, several of the militia^ (among 
whom was Isaac Gardner, Esq. of Brookline, a valuable 
citizen) imprudently posted themselves behind some dry 
casks, at Watson's Corner, and near to the road, unsus- 
picious of the enemy's flank-guard, which came behind 
them, and killed every one of them dead on the spot. 

The militia continued to hang on the rear of the British, 
until they reached Bunker's Hill in Charlestown; and it 
had become so dusk, as to render the flashes of the muskets 



1 Dr. Eliphalet Downer, of Roxbury (1744-1806), was a noted 
practitioner and ardent patriot. Family traditions vary as to the 
precise details of the encounter, but agree that he killed the soldier 
with a thrust from his own bayonet, he having dropped his musket 
when felled by a blow from the Doctor's clubbed gun. The Doctor 
afterward served as ship's surgeon, was captured and taken to Eng- 
land, and imprisoned, either in Gosport prison or Portsea jail near 
Portsmouth, but escaped. 

2 Isaac Gardner, Moses Richardson, John Hicks, William Marcy. 
The place was where is now the corner of North Avenue and Spruce 
Street, Cambridge; the time, about 6 p. m. 



9 

very visible. At this instant, an officer on horseback 
came up from the Medford road, and inquired the circum- 
stances of the enemy; adding, that about 700 men were 
close behind, on their way from Salem to join the militia. 
Had these arrived a few minutes sooner, the left flank of 
the British must have been greatly exposed, and suffered 
considerably; perhaps their retreat would have been cut 
off. As soon as the British gained Bunker's Hill, they im- 
mediately formed in a line opposite to the Neck; when our 
General judged it exijedient to oi-der the militia, who were 
now at the common, to halt and give over the pursuit, as 
any further attempt upon the enemy, in that position, 
would have been futile. 

Our General immediately assembled the officers around 
him, at the foot of Prospect Hill, and ordered a guard to 
be formed, and posted near that place, centinels to be 
planted down to the Neck and patrols to be vigilant in mov- 
ing during the night; and an immediate report to him, in 
case the enemy made any movements. The militia were 
then ordered to march to the town of Cambridge; where, 
below the town, the whole were ordered to lie on tlieir 
arms. 

About midnight there was an alarm that the enemy were 
coming up the river. It proved to be only an armed 
schooner, probably sent to make discovery. She got 
a-ground, and continued so until the next tide; and if 
there had been a single field-piece with the militia, she 
might have been taken. The marsh was too deep to ap- 
proach sufficiently near to do any execution with small 
arms ; and the first day's hostilities of the ever memorable 
American war, was, on their part, without a single piece of 
cannon in the field ! Gen. Whitcomb' was in this day's 
battle. 



1 General John Whitcomb (1713-85) was a veteran of the French 
and Indian War. He commanded at Lechmere's Point during the bat- 
tle of Bunker Hill, and subsequently declined, on account of age a 
commission to succeed Artemas Ward. 



10 

On the morning of the 20th, our General ordered Capt. 
John Battle of Dedham, with his company of militia, to 
pass over the ground which had been the scene of action 
the preceding day, and to bury such of the slain as he 
should find unburied. The grounds around Cambridge 
were immediately reconnoitred, and alarm-posts assigned 
to the several corps; and in case the British should come 
out in superior force, and drive the militia from the town, 
they were ordered to rally and form on the high grounds 
towards Watertown. 

How to feed the assembled and assembling militia, was 
now the great object. All the eatables in the town of Cam- 
bridge, which could be spared, were collected for break- 
fast, and the college kitchen and utensils procured for 
cooking. Some carcasses of beef and pork, prepared for 
the Boston market on the 18th, at Little Cambridge, were 
sent for, and obtained ; and a large quantity of ship-bread 
at Roxbury, said to belong to the British navy, was taken 
for the militia. These were the first provisions which were 
obtained. 

At 11 o'clock A. M. our General appointed Mr. Joseph 
Ward, a gentleman of abilities, his Aide-de-camp and 
Secretary, (afterwards Muster-Master-General of the 
army) who entered on the duties of his new office — This 
was the first appointment of the kind in the American 
army. Before noon, a letter was received from the Com- 
mittee of Supplies at Concord, expressing their joy at the 
event of the preceding day, with assurances that every ex- 
ertion in their power should be put in exercise, to forward 
supplies to the militia in arms. In the afternoon, Gen. 
Ward arrived at Cambridge, who, being senior in the 
order of appointment, took the command accordingly. 

In the battle on the 19th, the British were said to have 
65 killed, 180 wounded, and 28 made prisoners ; in all, 273. 
Of the militia, 50 were killed, and 34 wounded ; in all, 84. / 

It might have been expected, that in a retreat of so many 
miles, the Brtish lose would have been greater; but it is 



1 5. 



IJ 

to be remembered, that as they kept the road, the fences 
(a large proportion of which are stone walls) covered 
their Hanks almost up to the height of their shoulders. It 
will also be observed, that the wounded of the militia did 
not bear the common proportion with the killed, and is an 
evidence that the British did not choose to encumber 
themselves with prisoners, either woimded or not, as the 
marks left at Watson's Corners, and on the height above 
Meuotomj' meeting-house evinced. Nor was the dashing 
in of many windows, the firing of musket-balls into the 
houses, in some of which there were only women and chil- 
dren, or the soldiers' leaving their ranks, and going into 
the houses to plunder, ( in consequence of which a number 
lost their lives) marks of humanity or disciplined Their 
whole force on this entei-prise, including the reinforce- 
ment, was from 1500 to 2000 of their best troops. 

Gen. Wa,rd was now the Commander in Chief of the as- 
sembled army, and exercised the immediate command on 
the Cambridge side; while Gen. Thomas had the immediate 
command on the Roxbury side. A few days after this, the 
Cambridge camp being very numerous, and the Roxbury 
camp judged to be weak, the British having gone over 
from Charlestown to Boston, Gen. Ward ordered our 
General, with three or four regiments, to march from Cam- 
bridge, and reinforce Gen. Thomas; and he continued in 
the Roxbury camp until after the arrival of Gen. Wash- 
ington, in the month of July. 

In the month of May, the Provincial Congress passed 
resolutions for raising twenty-four regiments, to serve dur- 
ing the remainder of the year. The General Officers were 
each to have a regiment. As the new regiments began to 
recruit, the militia went home, and the camps became very 



1 Stedman, in his History of the American War, Vol. I., p. 119, 
says: "Several of Smith's party were scalped by the Americans;"' 
than which nothing can be more untrue. Both the wounded and the dead 
were treated with every mark of humanity and decency (Original 
note). 



12 

weak ; that at Roxbury did not exceed 1000 men. Had the 
British sallied at that time, there would have been but 
few to oppose them on that side. However, the army soon 
became strong, it being reinforced by the arrival of Gen. 
Putnam from Connecticut, Gen. Sullivan from New 
Hampshire, and Gen. Greene from Rhode Island ; each 
with a respectable body of troops; and, in the month of 
June, it was determined to take possession of the heights 
of Charlestowu. Preparations were made for the pur- 
pose ; and on the 16th, at night, a strong detachment from 
the American army marched on, and broke ground on 
Breed's Hill, in front of Bunker's Hill. The latter ought 
to have been taken possession of at the same time, but it 
was somehow omitted. 

By the morning of the 17tli, the troops had a redoubt 
and line on its left flank in good forwardness, when tiiey 
were discovered by the British. The Lively man-of-war 
first began to cannonade the Americans; she was soon sec- 
onded by other ships, floating batteries, and some heavy 
cannon on Cop's Hill, on the Boston side, which the Ameri- 
cans bore with a good degree of firmness, and continued at 
their work. The British army in Boston were greatly 
alarmed at this near approach, and immediately resolved 
on an attack, before the works could be completed. A de- 
tachment was formed for the purpose, consisting of ten 
companies of Grenadiers, ten of Light Infantry, and the 
5th, 38th, 43d, and 52d I'egiments, and a corps of artillery 
under the command of Maj. Gen. Howe, and Brig. Gen. 
Pigot. In the afternoon they landed on Charlestown 
Point without opposition, where they were afterwards re- 
inforced by the 47th regiment, and first battalion of 
marines. The regiments in Cambridge camp were ordered 
down to support the detachment at Charlestown, and to 
occupy other posts thought to be essential, and contiguous 
thereto. The British began their attack with a severe fire 
of artillery, and advanced in a slow and regular pace. The 
Americans who had marched on to the aid of the detach- 



13 

ment, consisting of the New-Hampshire, Massachusetts 
and Connecticut troops, hastily formed a line of defence, 
composed of rails and other materials found nearest at 
hand. This line extended down towards the low ground on 
the left, and was nobly defended. The Americans reserved 
their fire until the British came very near, when they gave 
it to great effect; it staggered, and even broke them, but 
they rallied, and returning to the charge again and again, 
drove the Americans from the lines on the left of the re- 
doubt, and had nearly surrounded it, when the Americans 
rushed out of the redoubt, their ammunition being ex- 
pended, and made their retreat, even through a part of the 
British forces. About this time Maj. Gen. Warren, who 
had been but a few days before commissioned, and was 
then on the hill as a spectator only, was killed. A number 
of the Americans were killed in retreating from Breed's 
Hill to Bunker Hill, and some in passing oft' over the 
Neck. Perhaps there never was a better-fought battle 
than this, all things considered ; and too much praise can 
never be bestowed ou the conduct of Col. William Pj^es- 
cott, who, notwithstanding any thing that may have been 
said, was the proper commanding officer at the redonbt, 
and nobly acted his part as such, during the whole action. 

Just before the action began. Gen. Putnam came to the 
redoubt, and told Col. Prescott that the entrenching tools 
must be sent off, or they would be lost; the Colonel re- 
plied, that if he sent any of the men away with the tools, 
not one of them would return; to this the General ans- 
wered, they shall every man return. A large party was 
then sent off with the tools, and not one of them returned; 
in this instance the Colonel was the best judge of human 
nature. 

In the time of action, Col. Prescott observing that the 
brave Gen. Warren was near the works, he immediately 
stepped up to him, and asked him if he had any orders to 
give him. The General replied that he had none, that he 



14 

exercised no commaud there — "The command," said the 
General, " is yours." 

While many officers and soldiers gallantly distinguished 
themselves in this action, others were blamed, and some 
were brought to trial by court-martial. This was a .^ore 
battle to the British, who did not forget it during several 
campaigns, nor until a tide of successes in their favour 
had removed it from their minds. Their whole force on 
this day, which was in action, was supposed to be about 
2000, and their whole loss, in killed and wounded, was said 
to be upwards of 1000, of whom 22G were killed, and of 
these 19 were commissioned officers, including one Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel, two Majors, and seven Captains. Another 
account stated their killed and wounded to be 753 privates, 
202 sergeants and corporals, and 92 commissioned officers ; 
in the whole, 1047. The loss of the Americans, in killed, 
wounded, and prisoners, about 4.50. 

At the time the British made their attack, the houses in 
Charlestown were set on fii'e, and burnt most furiously, 
which increased the horrors of the scene. At the same 
time a furious cannonade and throwing of shells took 
place at the lines on Boston Neck, against Eoxbury, with 
intent to burn that town ; but although several shells fell 
among the houses, and some carcasses near them, and 
balls went through some, no other damage was sustained 
than the loss of one man killed by a shot driving a stone 
from a wall against him. 

On the 15th, Congress appointed George Washington 
Commander in Chief; and on the 17th Artemas Ward, 
first Major-General — Charles Lee, second Major-General 
— Horatio Gates, Adjutant-General, with the rank of 
Brigadier-General ; and on the 19th, Philip Schuyler, third 
Major-General, and Israel Putnam, fourth Major-Gen- 
eral ; and on the 22d, Seth Pomeroy, first Brigadier-Gen- 
eral—Richard Montgomery, second do. David Wooster, 
third do. William Heath, fourth do. Joseph Spencer, 
fifth do. John Thomas, sixth do. John Sullivan, seventh 



15 

do. Nathaniel Greene, eighth do ; and made provision for 
raising an army for the defence of the United Colonies. 
Before these appointments were made known at camp, on 
the 21st of June, onr General received from the Proviiitial 
Congress a commission of Major-General. Generals 
Ward, Thomas, and Warren had before received their 
commissions, the latter jnst before he was slain. Gen. 
Pomeroy declining an acceptance of the commission from 
Congress, that Honorable Body, on the 19th of July, re- 
solved that Gen. Thomas be appointed first Brigadier-Gen- 
eral in the armj' of the United Colonies, in the room of 
Gen. Pomeroy, who never acted under the commission 
sent to him, and that Gen. Thomas's commission bear the 
same date that Gen. Pomeroy's did ; indeed this was the 
rank to which Gen. Thomas was entitled by former stand- 
ing. Congress now also appointed Joseph Trumbull to be 
Commissary-General of stores and provisions, for the 
army, but left the appointment of a Quarter-Master-Gen- 
eral, and some other officers, to Gen. Washington, who 
appointed the able and very active Col. Thomas ^lifflin, 
Quarter-Master-General, who did himself much honour, 
and his country service, in this important department. 

Immediately after the battle of Bunker ITill, the Ameri- 
cans began to erect works on Prospect Hill, a very '^'om- 
mauding height above Charlestown common, and at several 
other places. Several works were also constructed at 
Roxbury, and the British confined to Boston and Charles- 
town, within the Neck. 

The works now going on, both on the Cambridge and 
Roxbury side, were considerable, and there was a great 
want of engineers. Col. Gridley was chief Engineer, and 
was aided by his son. But the strength of body, activity 
and genius of the Americans capable of constructing with 
surprising dispatch any works in which they were guided, 
called for many instructors in this department. Li^ut. 
Col. Rufus Putnam, of Col. David Brewer's regiment, 
was very serviceable in this line, on the Roxbury side; a 



16 

was also Capt. Josiah Waters of Boston, and Capt. Bald- 
win' of Brookfield, (afterwards Colonel of Artificers) and 
others on the Cambridge side, and Capt. Henry Knox, who 
had been an officer in the Boston Grenadier Company, 
( and who was afterwards at the head of the American ar- 
tillery, to the close of the war) occasionally lent his aid. 
His military genius and acquaintance with our General 
led him to be importunate with Capt. Knox to join the 
army : not did he need persuasion to join in the cause of 
his country. His removal out of Boston, and the then 
state of his domestic concerns, required some previous ar- 
rangement; as soon as this was effected, he joined the 
army. 

24th. — About noon, a heavy cannonade and throwing of 
shells from the lines on Boston Necli into Roxbury — but 
no damage done. Two American soldiers attempting 
to set fire to Brown's barn, on Boston Neck, were killed by 
the British. The same evening two heavy cannon were 
brought to the work on the hill above Roxbury work-house. 

25th. — At night, an attempt was made to burn the build- 
ings on Boston Neck ; a firing took place between the par- 
ties, but the object was not effected. 

26th. — A party of British, about day-break, advanced 
and fired on the American centinels near the George tav- 
ern. The picket turned out — the British retreated. 

July 1st. — A platform in the work above Roxbury work- 
house being laid, a 24 pounder was mounted and dis- 
charged twice at the British lines ; the second shot grazed 
the parapet and struck on the parade, and occasioned some 
confusion : There was more or less firing of cannon on 
both sides, daily : All the works were pushed with the nt- 
most diligence. 

2d.- About 2 o'clock, P. M. Gen. Washington, at- 
tended by several officers, arrived at the camp in Cam- 
bridge. 

1 Jeduthan Baldwin, 1732-1788. 



17 

On the morning of this day, the British cannonaded 
briskly from their lines on Boston Neck against Koxbiiry, 
and threw some shells ; a carcass set fire to the house of 
Mr. Williams, the tinman, which was burnt down ; by the 
activity of the troops, the flames were prevented from 
spreading further, although they had to work in the face 
of a constant and heavy fire from the enemy. 

.5th. — Gen. Washington, accompanied by Major-Gen. 
Lee, visited the Roxbury camp, works, &c. 

8th. — A little after two o'clock in the morning, a num- 
ber of volunteers, under the command of IMajors Tupper' 
and Crane^, attacked the British advance guard at 
Brown's house, on Boston Neck, and routed them, took a 
halbert, a musket, and two bayonets, and burnt the two 
houses; the store and barn escaped the flames; a scattering 
fire at the out-post continued for some time; a floating bat- 
tery v/as brought up into the bay, and moored so as to 
cover the right flank of the British works on the Neck, 

11th. — In the morning, a party of Americans drove back 
the British advance guard, and burnt Brown's store. The 
same night a detacliment went on to Long-Island, nnd 
brought off the stock, &c. The next day in the forenoon, 
Col. Greaton with 1.30 men, went on to Long-Island, nnd 
burnt the barns ; tl)e flames communicated to the house, 
and all were consumed. An armed schooner and several 
barges put off after the Americans, and some of the ships 
of war near the island, cannonaded them. The detachment 
made their way for the shore, and narrowly escaped being 
taken. One man on the shore who came to the assistance 
of the detachment, was killed : it was supposed that sev- 
eral of the British were killed and wounded. The same 
day six transports, appearing to be full of men, arrived in 
Boston harbour. 

13th. — A heavv cannonade from the British, at the 



1 Ma.ior Beniamin Tupper (17 — 1792) of Fellows' regiment. 

2 Major John Crane (17 — 1805) of Knox's Artillery regiment. He 
was afterward colonel and brevet-brigadier. 



18 

American workmen — but no damage done. Gen. Washing- 
ton visited the camp. The men were employed on the 
worlis going on npon the strong rocky hill, (Col. Wil- 
liams's) to the south-west of those above Roxbury work- 
house. This was one of the strongest works which ^ere 
erected. 

14th. — The British fired several cannon, and a Connecti- 
cut soldier was killed in the street, near the George ta^ ern. 
The shot entered Iiis body, di'ove it some distance, and 
lodged in him, in a remarkable manner. 

ISth.— Five transport ships arrived in Boston harbour. 
Fresh provisions were very scarce and dear, in Boston — 
mutton and veal, 2s. per pound ; fresh beef and pork a pis- 
tareen, salt pork sixpence. 

20th. — A day of public fasting — no fatigue — all ?>till 
and quiet. 

21st. — Major Vose returned from Nantasket. The de- 
tachment under his command brought off 1000 bushels of 
barley, all the hay, &c. — went to Light-House Island; took 
awa}' the lamps, oil, some gun-powder, the boats, &c. and 
burnt the wooden parts of the light-house. An armed 
schooner and several boats with men, engaged the detach- 
ment ; of the Americans, two were wounded. 

22d. — A general order came out for forming the army 
into divisions and brigades. 

25th. — Maj. Gen. Ward removed from Cambridge, and 
took the immediate command of the troops at Roxbury 

29th. — The British formed a bomb battery, at Bunker's- 
Hill, and advanced their advance guard. 

30th. — In the morning there was a skirmish at CharJes- 
town Neck, between the riflemen and some British 
troops. Two of the latter were taken prisoners, and sev- 
eral were killed. Of the riflemen, one was killed. The 
same day, the British advanced over the Neck, and threw 
up a slight work to cover their guard. 

31st. — A little before one o'clock, A. M. a British float- 
ing-battery came up the river, within 300 yards of Sewall's 



V 



19 

Point, and tired a miniber of shot at tlu' American works, 
ou both sides of the river. At the same time the British, 
on Boston Neck, sallied towards Eoxltury; drove in the 
American centinels, set lire to the (leorge tavern, and re- 
turned to their works. The same mornini;-, Major Tupper, 
with 300 Americans, went to Light-IIouse Island, attacked 
a British guard of 33 marines, killed a subaltern officer 
and several soldiers, took 23 prisoners, several refugees, 
and burnt all the buildings ou the island, with the loss of 
one American soldier. There was a tiring, during the day, 
from the British at Charlestown, at intervals. Two Ameri- 
cans were killed; an officer, and several British soldiers, 
were supposed to have been killed. The Americans took 
several muskets. 

August 2d. — There was a considerable firing betvveen 
the advanced parties, and the Americans burnt a barn, 
near Charlestown Neck, in which the British had some hay. 
A British officer was wounded, and carried within tlieir 
lines. 

4th. — A ship of war came up aliove the ferry, at Charles- 
town, and there took a station. 

6th. — In the afternoon, a party of the British, in two 
barges, covered by a tloating liattery, burnt the house on 
the other side of Penny Ferry. 

11th.— One of the ships which had been stationed above 
the ferry, went down. 

15th. — There was a smart cannonade on the Boxbury 
side. There was more or less firing every day; but little 
damage done. 

17th. — A shot from the British lines on Boston Neck, 
struck among the main guard, at Roxbury, and damaged 
two muskets in a very remarkable manner; but did no 
other harm. The same day six or seven tons of powder ar- 
rived from the southAvard. 

18th. — Several shells were thrown into Roxbury; but did 
no damage. 



20 

26th. — The Americans broke ground on Plowed Hill, in 
front of Bunker's Hill, without molestation. 

27th. — There was a brisk cannonade from the British 
on Bunker's Hill, the ship, and floating batteries, at the 
Americans on Plowed Hill. Adjutant Mumford,^ of Col. 
Varnnm's Kh<jde-Island regiment, and a soldier, belong- 
ing to Col. Hitchcock's^ regiment, were killed, and a rifle- 
man lost a leg. 

28th. — In the night the camp was alarmed, and some of 
the troops turned out, but nothing ensued. The fire con- 
tinued against Plowed Hill; one American was killed and 
several wounded. 

29th, 30th, and 31st.— The British continued their can- 
nonade and bombardment of Plowed Hill. One shell fell 
within the works ; but no damage was done. 

September 1st. — The preceding night there was an ex- 
cessive hot cannonade and bombardment from the British 
works, on Boston Neck, against the works at Roxbury. Two 
Americans were killed, and several wounded. 

2nd. — The British threw up a slight work on Boston 
Neck, advanced of their lines, to cover their guard. <.'an- 
nonading and throwing of shells, on this dav, both against 
Roxburv and Plowed Hill. Two shells fell into the works 
on the latter, but did no harm. 

5th. — A sergeant, belonging to the 64th British j'egi- 
ment, and a seaman, were taken prisoners at Noddle's Is- 
land. The heavy rains, about this time, did some damage 
to the American works. Preparations were made for send- 
ing a detachment to Canada. 

6th. — The Americans advanced some works towards 
Boston Neck, without molestation. 

0th. — Two riflemen deserted to the British. A number 
of British soldiei's, at different times, had come over to the 
Americans. 



1 Isaac Miimford. nth R. I. 

2 Colonel Daniel Hitchcock (1740-77). He was distinguished at 
Princeton, whore Washington publicly thanked him. 



21 

loth. — A strong work at Lamb's Dam, iu IJoxburv, was 
completed, and mounted with four IS pounders. The same 
day, a shot from the Britisli destroyed three muskets at 
Roxbury. 

lltii.^A boat, with six or seven British soldiers, was 
driven on shore at Dorchester. They were taken prisoners 
and sent in. 

13th. — A detachuH'nt, under the command of Col. Ar- 
nold, marched for <'auada. They were to take a north- 
eastern route, up the Kennebeck River, and down the river 
Chaudiere. 

Generals Schuyler and Montgomery were making their 
way into Canada, with a considerable force, by way of the 
lakes. They had advanced as far as Fort St. John's; but, 
finding that this fort would make considerable resistance, 
they fell back. Schuyler returned to AUiany, to hold a 
treaty with the Indians; and :Montgomery waited for the 
arrival of his artillery, that he might reduce the forts. 

Some time before this. Col. Ethan Allen, of the New- 
Hampshire Grants, (since Vermont) with a number of \'ol- 
uuteers, took possession of Ticonderoga. The artillery, se- 
cured by Allen, were an acquisition to the Americans; and 
Colonel Knox went up the next winter, and selected and 
brought forward a number of pieces to the camp before 
Boston. The garrison of this place, which was commanded 
by a Captain, apprehending no danger, were negligent, 
and remiss in duty. Allen was ac<iuainte(l at the place, 
and now, as is said, requested a part of the garrison to aid 
him, in transporting some goods. Nearly half the garri- 
son were granted him. These were plentifully served wUh 
liiiuor; and, in the night, Allen entered the fort, and de- 
manded a delivery of it. The commandant asking by what 
authority he required him to surrender, Allen replied — 
" I demand it in the name of the great Jehovah and the 
Continental Congress." He also took possession of Crown- 
Point; and, before IMontgomery was ready to proceed 
against the Forts Chambly and St. John's, Allen deter- 



22 

mined to surprise Montreal. For this purpose, he 
marched across, with a body of militia ; but he was met, 
before he got to the town, by what force the British could 
collect there, who attacked and defeated Allen, taking 
him, and a number of his party, prisoners. He was put in 
irons, and sent in a man-of-war to England. His narra- 
tive was long since published. 

18th.— Several seamen deserted from the British— lliey 
brought off three boats. The same day, a cannon shot, 
from the lines on Boston Neck, went through the guard- 
house at Roxbury. A splinter wounded the Captain of the 

guard. 

21st. — The cannonade, which continued more or less 
every day, was more In-isk at some workmen, between 
Plowed Hill and Prospect Hill. Two Americans were 
wounded. 

23d. — A brisk cannonade and bombardment on the 
works at Boxbury — lOS cannon and mortars were dis- 
charged, but no damage done. 

29tii. — 500,000 dollars in Continental bills, were 
brought to Head-Quarters, from Philadelphia. Several 
deserters from the British, about this time. 

Octoher 3d and 4th.— General Officers in council, on the 
supposed treachery of I>r. Church*, who was taken into 
close custody, and afterward kept in confinement. 

6th. — A brisk cannonade at Roxbury. An American lost 
an arm. An 18 pound shot went through the gate-way, at 
the British lines, as their guard was marching out. 

8th. — The British did some mischief at Bristol, in 
Rhode-Island. The report of the cannon were heard at 
camp. 

17th. — Two American floating-batteries were rowed 
down the river; several shot were discharged towards the 
British. A 9 pounder burst, and 5 or 6 men were wounded; 
one of which died soon after. 

1 Dr. Benjamin Church of Boston — " the first American traitor." 
The vessel in which he was a passenger was lost at sea in May, 1776. 



23 

22cl. — lutelligence was receivt'd, that some British .ships 
had entered the harbour of Casco liny, and burnt a part of 
the towu of Falmouth. 

Nuvember 4th. — Intelligence was received, that the 
British fort at t'hambly, on the lake, had surrendered to 
the Americans. The artillery and military stores in this 
fort were truly an acquisition. The privateers fitted out 
iby the Americans, al)out this time, began to send in a few 
prizes. 

yth. — At the top of high water, the tide being very full, 
some British light infantry, in lioats, came over from Bos- 
ton, and landed on Lechmere's Point. The centinels on 
the point came off; the alarm was given; and several 
liuudi'ed Americans forded over the causeway, in the face 
of the British, the water at least two feet deep. The 
British, seeing the spirit of the Americans, although they 
were very advantageously posted, made a precipitate re- 
treat to their boats. Three or four Americans were 
wounded, one mortally. The British ship and floating bat- 
teries kept up a brisk tire ; but to little purpose. 

11th. — The King of England's Proclamation for sup- 
pressing rebellion (as he called it) made its appearance. 
It was taken ou board a vessel from Ireland, which was 
captured by an American cruiser. It was reported that 
the British had received a reinforcement. 

11th. — Intelligence was received of the capitulation of 
the British garrison of Fort ►St. Jolm's' on the lake. jMont- 
gomery was now proceeding rapidly into Canada. His 
troops took possession of Montreal on the 13th. 

16th. — Several deserters came in, and two soldiers were 
taken prisoners. 

22d. — A strong detachment from the army, under the 
command of Maj. Gen. Putnam, broke ground on Cobble 



1 One who was destined to a melancholy prominence in onr Revolu- 
tion, was among the prisoners on this occasion — Lieutenant, atter- 
T\ards Major, John Andre. 



24 

Hill, without annoyauce. The fatif^ue men worked until 
near break of day, when the whole came off. 

23d. — At night, our General, with a detachment of sim- 
ilar strength to that of the preceding night, were ordered 
to Cobble Hill, to complete the works. A sally from the 
British was expected, and Col. Bridge^ with his regiment 
was ordered to the foot of the hill, and to patrol towards 
the bay and Neck, constantly, during the night. The picket 
at I'rospect Hill was also ordered to be in readiness to suc- 
cour the troops at the works, if they were attacked; and 
Col. Bond's- regiment also lay on their arms; but the 
British did not move. Two of the British centinels came 
off in the niglit to the detachmcut; the whole came off at 
day-break; and other troojjs were ordered on the works, 
in the day time, now in good forwardness, and defensible. 

25th. — An additional ship came up and took station at 
the ferry. Upon a few shot being fired, by the American 
advance centinels, the British drums on Bunker's Hill 
beat to arms, which were followed by the Americans. At 
this time the British were erecting several bomb-batteries 
at Boston to annoy the Americans. Col. Euos, who was of 
Col. Arnold's detachment, from the army destined to cross 
the woods by a north-eastern route into Canada, having 
jjroceeded a very considerable distance, Arnold's sick re- 
turning back, and his c»wu men growing sickly, returned 
witli his part of the detacliment. This lessened the ex- 
pectation of success to the American army in Canada. 

;U)th. — Intelligence was received from Cape Ann, that 
a vessel from England, laden with warlike stores, had been 
taken and brought into that place. There was on board one 
13 inch brass mortar, 2000 stand of arms. 100.000 flints. 
32 tons of leaden ball, &c. &c. A fortunate capture for the 
Americans! 

Decemher 2d. — The l)rass 13 inch mortar, and sundry 



1 Ebenezer Bridge (1742-1S23). 

2 William Bond (d. 177fi) was lieutenant-colonel of Gardner's 

Massachusetts regiment. 



I, 



26 

military stores, takeu in the orduauce prize, were brought 
to camp. 

5th. — Intelligeuee was received, that Col. Arnold had 
made his way safely into Canada. 

12th. — A ( ausewiiy was begun over the marsh, to Lech- 
mere's Point. Two 18 pounders were brought from llox- 
bury, and mounted at Cobble Hill. 

13th. — An express arrived from Marblehead, with ad- 
vice that three British men-of-war were standing for that 
hai'bour. Col. Glover's regiment, with Capt. Foster's^ 
company of artillery, and a company of ritiemen, were or- 
dered to march to Marblehead with all expedition. 

14th, 15th, and Kith. — Approaches were carried briskly 
on to Lechmere's Point, and nearly to the top of the hill. 

17th. — The morning was foggy. A detachment of 300 
men, under the direction of Gen. I'utnam, broke ground 
on the top of the hill, uu Lechmere's Point, at a distance 
of not more than half a mile from the ship. Between 
twelve and one o'clock, the fog cleared away, and the ship 
began to cannonade the Americans, with round and grape 
shot, and some shells were thrown from West-Boston. One 
soldier was wounded, and the party driven from the 
works. Several cannon were fired from Cobble Hill, at the 
ship; one shot was supposed to have struck her. 

ISth. — Our General was ordered, with 300 men, to pros- 
ecute the work begun on Lechmere's Point. It was ex- 
pected that this would have been a bloody day, and Dr. 
Downer, one of the surgeons, was ordered down with the 
detachment, with his instruments, &c. to assist the 
wounded. Fortunately for the detachment, Capt. Smith 
of the artillery, had, in the morning, discharged an 18 
pounder from Cobble Hill at the ship, which induced her 
to weigh anchor, and run below the ferry-way. 

When our General arrived nearlv at the summit of the 



1 Capt. Thomas Waite Foster was successively in Gridley's and 
Knox's Artillery, 1775-6. 



26 [1775 

hill, he htilted the detachment, and went forward himself 
and took a view of the state of the worlds, which in some 
places were but just begun; in others were carried half 
way up. lie then ordered the front company to move up 
the hill, ground their arms, and move into a part of the 
works assigned to them — and so on through the whole, to 
prevent confusion in entering the works, and thereby in- 
creasing an object to the British gunners. As soon as the 
men were placed in the works, two centinels were posted 
to watch the British batteries, with orders, on discovering 
the discharge of cannon, to call out, a shot! The men in 
the works were ordered to be steady; on the signal of a 
shot, to settle down and remain so, until the shot had 
struck; or if a shell, until it had burst; then to rise and 
prosecute the work — no man to step out of his place. In a 
very short time, a shot was cried by the centinels. It 
proved to be a shell, which fell and burst within a few feet 
of a part of the workmen, throwing the dirt among them, 
and a piece of the shell hitting a soldier's hat. On the sec- 
ond discharge the men fell as before; when, on rising, two 
or three heavy cannon-shot struck in the face of the work ; 
the British having discharged the cannon in such time 
after the mortar, as that the shot might take effect just as 
the men arose after the bursting of the shell : but in tliis 
they did not succeed; the men being ordered to keep down 
until both had struck. Finding this deception to fail, a 
shell was broke in the air, directly over the party, at 00 or 
70 feet high. This also had as little effect iipon the Ameri- 
cans. The fire continued until the afternoon, whoj it 
ceased : and it was afterwards learnt, that the command- 
ing-oflicer of the British artillery, who stood and observed 
the effect of their fire upon the Americans, went to their 
General and informed him that from his own observation, 
their tire had no other effect than to inure the Ameri(;ans 
to danger, and advised its discontinuance. In the after- 
noon, Gen. Washington and several other General Officers 
came on to the Point. Towards night, the detachment 



/ 



1776] 



27 



were ordered to move out of the works by eoiupauies, as 
they went iu ; take up their arms, move uuder the hill, aud 
form the detachment; from whence it was marched to 
« 'andjrid.iie, attended by their surgeon, who had been in 
waiting all the day, but had no occasion to draw his in- 
struments from their case, or a bandage or dressing from 
his box. 

lytli. — The prosecution of the work on Lechmere's Point 
was continued. The British cannonaded aud bombarded 
the new detachment ; ))ut to no effect. The same took place 
(ju the 2(»th. On this day, a 13 inch shell was thrown al- 
most up to No. 2. It was probably thrown, either at the 
works before mentioned, or at the colleges. It did not 
burst. Nearly live pounds of powder was taken out of the 
shell. 

22d. — The British threw one shell, and fired two shot, 
from Bunker's Hill iri Charlestown, at the works on Lech- 
mere's Point. The cannonade, &c. continued, on the 23d 
and 24th; but to no effect. 

28th. — A strong detachment from Winter Hill marched, 
in the night, tt) surprise the British outposts in Charles- 
town. They passed on the south side of Cobble Uill, and 
were to cross the cove on the ice. When they came to the 
channel, it was found to be open. A soldier slipping down 
on the ice, his piece accidentally went oft", which caused 
an alarm, and the detachment returned. 

31st. — Intelligence was received, that there had been an 
action at Norfolk^ in Virginia, between Dunmoi'e's army 
and the Virginians, to the advantage of the latter. Fifty 
of the regular troops were said to have been killed and 
wounded ; among the former was Capt. Fordyoe, of the 
14th British regiment, an active and good officer. The 
Virginians had not a man killed. Duumore's force was 
supposed to be about 500. 

Januanj 1st, 1770, presented a great change in the 



1 This was the battle of Great Bridge. 



28 

American armj'. The officers aud men of the new regi- 
ments were joining their respective corps; those of the old 
regiments were going home by hundreds antl by thousands. 
The best arms, such as were fit for service, were detained 
from the soldiers who were going home; the^' wei'e to be 
paid for; Init it created much uneasiness. Such a change, 
in the very teeth of an enemy, is a most delicate manoeu- 
vre ; but the British did not attempt to take any advantage 
of it. 

Sth. — It having been thought expedient to deprive the 
British of the houses in Charlestowu, below Bunker's Hill, 
a detachment was ordered for the purpose. One hundi-ed 
men from the First Brigade, aud a like number from 
Frye's^ Brigade, Mith Captains Williams, Gould aud Wy- 
mau; Lieutenants Foster, Shaw, Patterson and Trafton, 
aud Ensign Cheney; the whole under the command of .Ma- 
jor Kuowlt<m, aided by Brigade-Majors Heuly and Carey. 
The detachment marched between 8 and 9 o'clock in the 
evening, aud the object was effected without the loss of a 
man. Several British soldiers were taken prisoners. The 
garrison of Bunker Hill works commenced a brisk fire 
down the hill, towards the houses; but no damage was sus- 
tained. There had been a number of deserters from the 
British, since those heretofore mentioned. 

17th. — Intelligence was received, that on the 31st of 
December, at three o'clock, A. M. General Montgomery 
made an attempt to carry Quebec by assault. Col. Arnold 



1 These officers were: Brig.-Gen. Joseph Prye (1712-1794). He 

resigned in April, 1776. Captain Edward Payson Williams (17 

1777 j. Captain Jacob Gould of Heath's regicient. (Probably) Cap- 
tain WiDiani Wyman of Paterson's (Mass.) regiment. (Probably) 
Lieutenant Samuel Foster (d. 1778), of Heath's. Lieutenant Samuel 
Shaw (d. 1794), also of Heath's, lieutenant David Patterson 
(14th Mass.) or William A. of the 15th (Mass.) Continentals. Prob- 
ably) James Cheeney, lieutenant 3rd Mass. Joshua Trafton of 
Sr'ammon's (Mass.) regiment. Major Thomas Knowlton, afterward 
killed at Harlem Heights, September 1G, 1776. Brigade-Major Thomas 
Henley was killed at Randall's Island, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1776. (Possibly 
his brother David [1794-1823] Is meant, as he was Brigade-Major of 
Heath's brigade.) 



'29 

had eutei'fd the lower city, aud (.ieii. Montgomery was as- 
ceudiug the barriers at the other end, wheu he was killed 
by a musketball, as was his Aide-de-camp. A uiuuber of 
those who had eutei'ed the lower city, were killed or takeu 
prisoners, aud the enterprise defeated. No account of the 
American loss was at this time reported. 

Great address and gallantry were exhibited on this ex- 
pedition. Tlie Americans ascending Kennebeck river, 
crossing the heiglit of land, and descending into Canada, 
was an arduous undertaking. Montgomery was tired with 
a noble ardor, lie had l)een successful hitherto, and the 
reduction of the city of (^)uel>('c would have been the tinish- 
iug str<dce. \\'\{h tliis lie hojied to close tlie ^^ear. To re- 
duce the city by siege, would require a long time, (if not 
relieved) nor had he a train of artillery for the purpose. 
With this day would expire the time of service of many of 
his troops. He therefore resolved to attempt to carry the 
place by assault. Two real attacks were to be made (m the 
lower city, at the opposite ends; one guided by liimself, 
the other by Ai'uold; aud there were to be two false attacks 
made on the upper city, to divide aud distract the euemj'. 
Everything was well arranged. Arnold forced his way in, 
was wounded, and carried away — his party fighting on. 
Montgomery passed along a very narrow defile, next to the 
bank, to a barrier obstinately defended; and here he fell — 
here was an end to his attack. The other party fought on ; 
but these being now the only enemy to oppose, the British 
turned their whole force to that quarter. They could not 
well retreat: the whole were killed, wounded, or taken 
prisoners. There was here barely a prospect of success, 
unless fortune should prove more favourable to merit than 
she is wont to do. Nothing more could lie done on the 
score of gallantry. How far the attempt was a prudent 
one, is another (juestion. It is a military maxim, (hat 
" fortune may fail us, but a prudent c<nuluct never will." 
At the same time, some of the most bi-illiaut victories have 
been obtained by a daring stroke. 



30 

18th.— Col. Knox, of the artillery, came to camp. He 
brought from Ticouderoga a tine train of artillery, which 
had been taken from the British, both cannon and mortars, 
and which were ordered to be stopped at Framingham. 

22d. — Several Indians came to camp from the west- ward. 
Intelligence was received from Canada, that the blockade 
of Quebec was continued, notwithstanding the rebuff on 
the morning of the 31st of December. 

February 1st. — A number of British soldiers from Bun- 
ker's Hill, went to pulling down the tide-mill at Charles- 
town. A cannon was discharged at them from Cobble Hill, 
which dispersed them for a short time, but they returned 
again. 

5th. — Three cows were feeding near the British out- 
post at Charlestown Neck. A party of the British came 
out, got above them, drove them to the Neck, and killed 
them. This brought on a brisk tiring at the out-posts, and 
some cannon were discharged from Bunker's Hill. It was 
sujjijosed that the British had one man killed, and one 
wounded. 

8th.— At night, a party of Americans, from Winter Hill, 
went down and burnt the old tide-mill in Charlestown. 

14th. — In the morning, a party of British troops from 
the Castle, and another from Boston, crossed over to Dor- 
chester Neck, with intent to surprise the American guard, 
which they came well-nigh effecting; the guard but just es- 
caping them. There was but one musket fired, on the side 
of the Americans. An old inhabitant and his son were 
taken prisoners. The British burnt the houses on the point, 
and then returned. 

15th. — Intelligence was received from Canada, that 
some of the British garrison of Quebec, having made a 
sally, in order to get fuel, they were driven back, with the 
loss of twelve killed, and fifteen wounded. 

The heights round Boston, except those at Dorchester, 
havingl>een taken possession of. itwasnow determined that 
these also should be occupied ; and great previous prepara- 



31 

tion was made for the purpose. It was imaoiued that so 
near an approach to the British would induce them to 
make a sally, to dislodge the Ameri.ans. It was therefore 
deliberated "in Council, that, in case the British should 
come forth, a strong detachment of Americans, from the 
Cambridge camp, in boats, should proceed down the river, 
and land at the bottom of the common, in Boston. To ihis 
our General made a most pointed opp(isiti(m; alleging, 
that it would most assuredly produce only defeat and dis 
grace to the American army; that the Bi-itish (Jeneral 
must be supposed to be a master of his profession ; that as 
such, he would first provide for the defence of the town, in 
every part, which was the great deposit of all his stores; 
that when this was done, if his troops would afford a re- 
dundancy, sufficient for a sally, he might attempt it; but it 
was to be remendiered that, at any rate, the town would be 
defended; that it was impossible for troops, armed and 
disciplined as the Americans then were, to be pushed down 
in boats, at least one mile and a half, open to the fire of all 
the British batteries on the west side of the town, and to 
their whole park of artillery, which might be drawn to the 
bottom of the common long before the Americans could 
reach it, and be flanked also by the works on the Neck; 
that undei' such a tremendous fire, the troops could not ef- 
fect a landing; and that he would never give his vote foi' it. 
It was however carried, that the attempt should be made. 

ISth. — It being Lord's day, after the public service, a 
proclamation from the General Assembly of Massachu- 
setts, for the reformatif)n of manners, was read to the first 
division by the Rev. Mr. Leonard'. 

21st.— A picket of GO men was ordered to Lechmere's 
Point; and Col. Sargent's- regimcTit at Tnman's farm was 
ordered to be in readiness to support them, in case they 



1 Rev. Abiel Leonard of Connecticut w.ns chaplain of the Third 
Conn, in 1775, and of Knox's artillery, 177fi. 

2 Paul Dudley Sargent (17— -182S) was colonel of the lOth Conti- 
nentals, March, 1776. 



32 

should be attacked hy the British ; as some grounds for sus- 
pecting it had beou discovered. 

-3<^1- — Eusigu Lyuian', of Iluntiugton's regiment, with a 
small party, took a corporal and "two men, who were cen- 
tinels at r>ro\\ n"s chimneys, on Boston Neck, without tir- 
ing a gun. These prisoners reported that the heavy can- 
non were removed from Bunkers Hill, and put on board 
ship. 

25th. — Some heavy cannon were mounted on the works 
at Lechmere's Point. The same day the British were bus- 
ily employed in erecting a work, a little to the north of the 
powder magazine in Boston. 

29th. — The British threw some shells to Lechmere's 
Point. 

March 1st. — Several mortars were sent over to Box- 
bury, and great preparations were made to anuoy the 
enemy. Bundles of screwed hay were brotight from C liel- 
sea, to be tised in the works. 

2d. — At night, a cannonade and bombardment began at 
the American works, on Cobble Hill and Lechmere's T'oint 
on the Cambridge side, and at Lamb's Dam on the Box- 
bury side, against the British works; and a number of 
shells were thrown into Boston. The British rettirned the 
tire, and threw out a utimber of shells: one of which, o' 13 
inches, reached Prospect Hill. One of the American mor- 
tars of 13 inches, and two of 10 inches, were burst. They 
were not properly beddal, as the ground was hard frozen. 

4:th. — There was an almost incessant roar of cannon and 
mortars dtiring the night, on both sides. 

The Americans took possession of Dorchester heights, 
and nearly completed their works on both the hills by 
morning. Perhaps there never was so mtich work done in 
so short a space of time. The adjoining orchards were cut 
down to make the abattis; and a very ctiriotts and novel 
mode of defence was added to these works. The hills on 



1 Ensism Lvman was Drobably Elihu Lrman. 



33 

which thej were erected were steep, and clear of trees and 
bushes. Rows of barrels, filled with earth, were i)laced 
round (he ^\■orks. They presented only the appearance of 
strenj^theniufj the works; but the real design was, in case 
the enemy made an attack, to have rolled thenj down the 
hill. They wnnld liaxc (lesccndcd with such iiicrcjising velo- 
i-it_\-, as iniisi lia\(' iliniwii l!ic assailants into ilic nlimist 
confusion, and liave killed and wounded great miniliers. 
This project was suggested liy Mr. William Davis, iiier- 
chant, of Boston, to our General, who immediately v-nm- 
municated it to the Conunamler in Cliief, who highly ap- 
proved of it, as did all the other oflii ci-s : lint the credit of 
it is justly due to Mr. Davis, and to him the writer gives it. 
As tlie regiments at Roxbury were parading, in the after- 
noon of this day, to march to Dorchester, a shot, from the 
British lines on Boston Neck, carried away a thigh of 
Lieut. John ^layo, of Learned's regiment: he soon >lied. 
One man was killed by a shell at Lechmere's Point, in the 
night. 

5th. — The British, it was expeefed. would attempt to 
dislodge the Americans from Dorchester heights. Signals 
had been prepared at Roxbury meeting-house to mark the 
moment. The detachment at Tambridge (designed to push 
into Boston in the boats) was paraded, not far from Xo. 2, 
where it remained a good part of the day. But kind Flea- 
ven, which more than once saved the Americans when they 
would have destroyed themselves, did not allow the signals 
to be made. About 3.500 of the British troops, it was said, 
had been sent down to the Castle, with the intent to have 
made an attack on the Americans: but about midnight the 
wind blew almost a hurricane from the south; many win- 
dows were forced in, sheds and fences blown down, and 
some vessels drove on shore; and no attempt was made on 
the works. Some were ready to blame our General, for the 
sentiments which he expressed against the going into Bos- 
ton, as was proposed, in the boats, and attributed it to the 
want of firmness: But the opinion of every military man, 



34 

since that time, wliether American, Freucli, or British, who 
have taken a view of the land and water which was to have 
been the scene of action, with tlie concomitant circumstan- 
ces, (as far as we have heard) hath been coincident; and 
those who may in future review them, will for themselves 
determine whether the independence of spirit and senti- 
ment of our General, expressed on the occasion, merited 
applause or censure: For himself, he has been frequently 
heard to say that he gloried in them. 

On the night of the Tth, Tapt. Erving made his escape 
out of Boston. He reported, that the British were prepar- 
ing to leave the town ; that they were putting their can- 
non, mortars, shot, shells, &c. on board the store ships; 
that some of the shot and shells, sent into the town by the 
Americans, had been well directed. 

9th. — The Americans at Dorchester Neck opened a bat- 
tery to the north-east of Bird's Hill, near the water, with 
the intent to annoy the British shipping. This night a 
strong detachment went down to open a work on Nook Hill 
in Dorchester, still nearer to Boston. Some of the men 
imprudently kindled a fire behind the hill, previous to the 
hour for breaking of ground. The enemy discovered the 
light of the fire; and there was, during the evening and 
night, a continiml roar of cannon and mortars, from the 
Castle and lines on Boston Neck, south end of that town ; 
as well as from the Americans at Roxbury, Cobble Hill, 
and Lechmere's Point, at Cambridge. The second shot 
from the British at the old fortification, south end of the 
town of Boston, killed 4 Americans, who were standing 
around the fire before mentioned, at Nook Hill; one of 
whom was Dr. Dow\ of Connecticut. Another man was 
killed at the point next to the Castle. This suspended the 
work for the night, during which more than 800 shot were 
fired. 

10th. — The cannonade continued. The British were put- 



1 I am unable to identify him. 



35 

(iiii,^ tlicir cauiiou, military stores, aud baggage, on hoard 
the store-ships and transports. This evening two pieces 
of cannon, and two small mortars, were carried on to Nod- 
dle's Island, to disturb the British shipping; but the 
enemy being quiet at their different works, they were not 
molested from that quarter. 

11th. — In the evening there was a brisk cannonade 
from the British, at the south end of Boston, and the 
lines on the Neck. 

12th. — A Mr. Woodward came out from Boston. H<^ re- 
])orted that the P>ritish were umking the greatest prepara- 
tions to leave the toAvn ; that a number of gun-carriages, 
ammunition wagons, &c. had been broken to jiieces, and 
thrown off the wharves; that some furniture had been de- 
stroyed, and that many dry goods had been seized, &c. 

18th. — Six regiments of the American army, viz. flrea- 
ton's, Stark's, I'aterson's, Bond's, Webb's, and the rifle 
regiment, were put under orders to march for New York ; 
of these our (leneral was to take the command. A detach- 
ment of artillery was also ordered to march with this l>ri- 
gade. 

On the evening of the 15th, a fire broke out in the Pat- 
erson barracks at Tandiridge, which consumed six rooms, 
destroyed some musket-cartridges, &c. This day the rifle 
regiment commenced their march for New- York. 

17th. — In the morning the British evacuated Boston ; 
their r(\Tr guard with some marks of precipitation. A num- 
b(>r of cannon were left spiked, and two large marine mor- 
tars, which tliey in vain attempted to burst. The garrison 
at Bunker's Hill practised some deception to cover their 
retreat. They fixed some images, representing men, in 
the places of their centinels, with muskets placed (m their 
shoulders, &c. Their immovable position led to the dis- 
covery of the deception, and a detachment of the Ameri- 
cans mai'ched in and took possession. The troops on the 
Boxbuiw side, nioved over the Neck and took possession of 
Boston ; as did others from Cambridge, in boats. On the 



36 

Americans entering the town, the inhabitants discovered 
joy inexpressible. The town had been much injured in its 
buildings, and some individuals had been plundered. Some 
British stores were left. The British army went on board 
their transports below the Castle. A number of American 
adherents to them, and the British cause, went away with 
the army. 

18th. — The brigade destined for New- York, marched 
from the vicinity of Boston. 

19th.— The British blew up Castle William, and burnt 
some of the barracks. 

20th. — The British cannonaded, from the Castle, the 
Americans on Dorchester Neck. The same morning our 
General left l\oxbury for New-York. He reached Menilon, 
from whence, on the same evening, he observed the light in 
the air of the finishing stroke of burning the barracks, &c. 
at the Castle. The British destroyed the gun-carriages, and 
knocked the trunnions off the cannon, and left them 
si»iked. The cannon were afterwards drilled free, and 
mounted on a new construction, in stocks, placed on car- 
riages, and were thereby rendered serviceable. 

22(1. — Our General reached Norwich in Connecticvit. 
The troops marched v>it\\ great expedition ; but by the bad- 
ness of the roads, the frost then coming out of the ground, 
the baggage-wagons moved heavily. The transports, des- 
tined for the troops, were fitting for sea. 

26th. — They fell down to New-London. 

27th. — The troops were marched to that place, wliere 
they embarked, and came to sail about noon. 

30th. — They arrived at Turtle Bay, disembarked, and 
marched into the city at noon. The transports fell down 
to the city wharves, and landed the baggage, &c. (Ten. 
Thompson' and Lord Stirling, witlv some New-York and 
New-Jersey troops, were in the city ; and works were con- 
structing in and around the city, on Long-Island, and at 



1 Brigadier-General WlUiain Thompson of Pennsylvania (17- 
1781) was colonel 1st Continentals In 1776. 



37 

Horn's Hook ; the command of the w hole devolved on our 
General. The Asia, British man-of-war, then lay off in the 
harbour, with the Ladi/ (iagc. of 20 iruns; but on the ar- 
rival of the brigade, the Asia moved further down, just out 
of shot. Our General put a stop to the intercourse be- 
tween the inhabitauts and the ships, which had, until then, 
been kept up. 

April 2d. — Major D'Hart', of the Jersey troops, with 
200 men, about midnight, made a descent on a small island 
in the harbour, which the British had begun to fortify; 
burnt a building or two, took two muskets, some entrench- 
ing tools, and came off. The Asia fired several cannon, 
but did no harm. 

On the evening of the 3d, Maj. (Jen. Putnam arrived at 
New-York, to whom the command fell. About this time, 
a vessel arrived from Frauce, with a large quantity of gun- 
powder. 

7th. — A barge fi'om one of the ships going near Stateu 
Island, was fired upon by the Ameriians: two men were 
killed, the barge and 8 men taken. The British cannon- 
aded the shore for some time, and one American was 
wounded. 

9th. — Intelligence was received that Commodore Hop- 
kins- had fallen in with the British frigate (llaf^f/oir, a 
bomb brig, and two tenders, and after a smart engagement 
took the brig and two tenders. The (llasfioir made off. 

lOth. — Gen. Sullivan's brigade arrived from the east- 
ward. 

12th. — There were eighteen pieces of brass cannon in the 
American park, at New-York, which were viewed with no 
small degree of pride and wonder. 

13th. — In the forenoon, Gen. Washington arrived in the 
city, attended by Gen. Gates and several other officers. 

14th. — The British men-of-war were all out of the bay. 



1 William DeHart (1746-lSOl) of the First New Jersey Battalion. 
2Esek Hopkins (1718-1802). 



38 

The Asia fell below the Narrows; the rhcnU: aud others 
went out to gea. 

. 15th. — Four American regiments, viz. Poor's, Pater- 
son's, (ireaton's, and Boud'.s, were ordered for Tanada; 
<Jen. Thompson was to command them. (len. Thomas had 
been, some time before, sent from Boston to command in 
Canada. 

17th. — Gen. Greene's brigade arrived at New- York, as 
did a part of Spencer's. Mrs. Washington arrived the same 
day in the city. 

21st. — The regments destined for Canada, sailed for 
Albany. 

26th. — Six more regiments were ordered for Can- 
ada, viz. two from the Pennsylvania line, two from the 
New-Jei*sey, and two from the New-Hampshire. 

27th. — Our General, having been inoculated with the 
small-pox, went to Moutresor's Island, where he went 
through the operation of that distemper. 

3Iay 8th. — An express arrved from Boston, with an 
account, that a number of British transports had arrived 
in Nantasket Road, with troops on board. All the Ameri- 
can regiments were ordered to hold themselves in readi- 
ness, to march at a moment's notice. Several soldiers were 
taken down with the small-pox, and some of them died. 

28th.— Our General having recovered from the small- 
pox, which had been pretty severe, returned to the city, 
and took the command of his brigade; and was the next 
day General of the day. 

31st. — A large ship and two tenders arrived at the Nar- 
rows. A great number of works wei-e now constructing, 
and in good forwardness. A strons work was raised at 
Paulus Hook, on the Jersey side of the Hudson. 

Jiuie 4th. — A French vessel, with 'West-India goods, ar- 
rived in the harbour. 

7th. — Intelligence was received that two Philadelphia 
privateers had taken two rich Jamaicamen, laden with su- 
gars, &c. and some plate on board. 



39 

9tli. — Unfavorable uews was i-ec-eh eil from Canada 'J'lie 
small-pox, which was raging in tlie Auieiiran army, in 
that (luarter, had carried off (ieu. Tiiomas; and that <'ol. 
Headle^ and Major tfherburue-, ^ilh the detachments un- 
der their command, were taken prisoners, at or near a 
place called 'J"he Cedars. 'The army in New- York was now 
growing sickly; and there was not a sufhciency of hos- 
pital room, or of medicines. 

14th. — Congress gave intimations, that General Howe, 
with the British army under his command, might soon be 
expected at New- York. Some persons, suspected of treach- 
erous design.s, were seized and confined. 

15th. — iSome intelligence, more favourable than the 
former, was received from Canada. The Canadians were 
friendly. Gen. Sullivan, who was now in that quarter, 
having gone from New-\"ork, with the reinforcement here- 
tofore mentioned, was fortifying; the enemy were advanc- 
ing; but Gen. Thompson was sent out to oppose them. 
This, however, proAcd ineffectual ; Thompson was defeated 
and taken prisoner. A number of Scotch troops'', with 
Col. Campbell, had been made prisoners, near Boston har- 
bour. 

ISth. — The I'ennsylvauia regiments, commanded by 
Colonels Shee and Magaw, were arriving in the city ; they 
had the appearance of tine troops. The daj' before, Gen. 
Wooster arrived from Canada. 

20th. — Gen. Gates, who was made a Major-General, was 
to proceed immediately to Canada, where he was to take 
comuuind. 

22d. — A plot was discovered in the city; it was to liave 
burst on the Commander in Chief, and others. The Mayor 



1 Col. Timothy Bedel of New Hampshire. 

2 Heni-y Sherburne of Rhode Island, 15th Continentals. 

3 Captain Seth Harding, comm;inding the Massachusetts State 
cruiser Dcfciici; captured the armed transports Aniuihcllu and Hincc, 
on board of which were 200 of the 71st Highlanders and Lieutenant 
Campbell (afterward Lieut. -Col. and distinguished in the Southern cam- 
paign against Greene). 



40 

of the city was taken into custody as was a gun-sinith, 
aud some of the Geueral's owu guard, who were foreign- 
ers, were said to be in the plot. The same day, more par- 
ticulars were received from Boston; that the troops at 
Boston had driven the King's ships from the Lower Har- 
bour, and taken several transports, with Scotch soldiers 
on board. 

25th. — Two deserters came in, from the Licerpool man- 
of war. They reported, that the fleet from Halifax, with 
Gen. Howe's army, were hourlj- expected to arrive in 
New-York. Every exertion was now in exercise, to com- 
plete the works, and to obstruct the river. The latter was 
near Fort Washington, and prosecuted by sinking a num- 
ber of large hulks, and frames called chevaux-de-frlse, 
composed of large and long timbers framed together, with 
points elevated, to pierce and stop the way of vessels 
meeting of them. These were boxed at the bottom, to con- 
tain a vast weight of stones, which were put into them, 
and with which they sunk. A line of these, and hulks, was 
formed across the river ; some of them sunk very w ell ; 
others, rather irregular; and some of the hulks, which 
were strapped together with large timbers, separated in 
going down. A passage was left open for vessels to pass 
through; and the British, as it was proved afterwards, 
found the means of knowing where it was, and of passing 
through it. 

27th. — Intelligence was received, that Gen. Burgoyne 
had arrived in Canada, with a strong reinforcement. The 
militia were called in, to reinforce the army at New-York. 

28th. — One Thomas Hickey, a private soldier in the 
General's guard, was executed. He was found guilty of 
mutiny, sedition, and the worst of practices, as it was ex- 
pressed. The same day, the British fleet arrived at Sandy 
Hook. 

29th. — The transports were coming in, during the whole 
day. At evening, nearly 100 sail had arrived. Col. Dur- 



41 

kee's' regimont was (n-dered over to Paulus Hook. The 
General Officers were in council. 

30tli.— Mrs. Washington left the city. 

J lily 2d. — Between 10 and 11 o'clock A. M. four British 
men-of-war, and several tenders, came through the ^!ar- 
rows, and anchored near the watering-place on Staten- 
Island. In the afternoon, tiiej cannonaded towards the 
island. A little before sun-setting, about -10 sail of trans- 
ports came np to the ships of war. The Americans lay on 
their arms during the night. 

3d. — The British troops landed on Staten-Island. A 
part of the stock had been taken off. The inhabitants, 
who were about 350 men, were supposed to be generally 
opposed to the revolution. 

9th. — At evening roll-call, the declaration of the Con- 
gress, declaring the United Colonies free, sovereign, and 
INDEPENDENT ST.iTES, was published at the head of the 
respective brigades, in camp, and received with loud huz- 
zas. 

12th. — Two British ships of war, the Phenix and Rose, 
and three tenders, at about 4 o'clock, P. M. taking advan- 
tage of the tide and a fresh breeze, came up from the fleet, 
and passed the city up the Hudson. A brisk cannonade 
took place from Red Hook, Governor's Island, Paulus 
Hook, and all the batteries on the North River side. The 
ships were several times struck by the shot, but received 
no material damage. The ships returned the fire, as they 
passed the batteries ; and the encampment of our General's 
brigade, (the right tlank of which being Col. Shepard's- 
regiment) was on the bank of the river. The tents were 
struck, and dropped on the ground, before the ships came 
a-breast of them. Several shots fell on the encampment, 
and one entered the embrasure of a small redoubt, on the 
flank of the encampment, and struck in the banquette on 



1 Col. .Tohn Diirkee of Conn. (1728-1782), the " Bold Bean Hiller." 

2 William Shepard (of Westfield, Mass.), one of the most efficient 
American officers, commanded the Third Continentals. 



42 

tlie opposite side of the redoubt, between the legs of two 
soldiers, but did no damage. Several American artillerists 
w ere killed and wounded, bj' the bursting of some of our 
own cannon. The ships ran nearly up to Tappan Bay, and 
came to auchor. 

14th. — A British officer came up with a flag, with a let- 
ter to Gen. Washington ; but the letter not being properly 
addressed, it was not received. The same day a flag was 
sent by Lord Howe to Amboy, with sundry letters, di- 
rected to the chief magistrates of several of the Colonies, 
aud a declaration, offering the King's pardon to such Col- 
onies, towns, or boroughs, as should submit to his Ma- 
jesty's laws, &c. Lord and Gen. Howe were Commis- 
sioners appointed to receive submissions. 

lOth. — Another flag came up from Lord Howe, with a 
letter directed to George Washington, Esq. &c. &c. &c. 
which was likewise rejected, for the want of proper direc- 
tion. 

17th. — In the morning, one or two of the British ships 
sailed out through the Narrows; and it was conjectured 
that a number sailed out during the night. The BritisJi 
ships which had sailed up the Hudson, had moved higher 
up. The Connecticut light-horse, which had come out to 
reinforce the army, were returning home. 

20th. — A flag from Gen. Howe, with Adj. Gen. Patter- 
son, came up with a message to Gen. Washington, respect- 
ing the recent capitulation in Canada, and insinuating 
that Gen. Howe was desirous, if possible, to bring about 
an accommodation. The same day, news was received 
from South Carolina, that the British, in attempting Sul- 
livan's Island, with their ships and a large body of troops, 
said to be from 1300 to 2000, were defeated by the Ameri- 
cans ; one frigate biimt and blown up, several others dam- 
aged, aud 172 men killed and wounded. On the side of 
the Americans, 10 were said to be killed, and 22 wounded. 

21st. — A man dressed in woman's clothes, was taken up, 
in attempting to get to the British fleet: he was committed 



43 

to prison. The same day, Geu. Sullivau arrived from Can- 
ada. About noon, a number of cauuou and snuill-arms 
were heard towards Elizabeth-Town. 

2r>tli. — A row-galley or two arrived from Couueeti( ut ; 
and lire-ships, rafts, &e. were preparing with great expedi- 
tion. 

2(ith. — The British ships up the river fell some distance 
lower down. 

27th. — A regimeut of militia, under the command of 
Col. Holman', arrived from Massachusetts. 

2Sth. — Two row-galleys moved up the Hudson. 

2'Jth. — Col. Sargent's regiiaent of Continental troops ar- 
rived at Horn's Hook-, from Boston, and Col. Hutchin- 
son's from the same place. Several British ships arrived 
and joined the tleet. 

31st. — Intelligence was received, that Dunmore, with 
his fleet, had got nearly 200 miles uj) Potowmack Kiver in 
^'irgiuia; that he had burnt one house, and was within 
about 30 miles of Geu. Washington's seat. 

August 1st. — About 30 sail of British .ships arrived at 
the Hook. Three or four more row-gallies went up the 
Hudson. In bringing the hulks, chevaux-de-frise, &c. 
rouud from the East Biver, to the Hudson, a sloop suuk, 
not far from the Grand Battery. 

2d. — Glover's regiment arrived from the eastward. 

3d. — About noon there was a brisk cannonade up the 
Hudson, between the American row-gallies and the British 
ships: the former had two men killed; two mortally, and 
12 slightly wounded. The British loss was not known. 

7th. — There were some movements among the British 
fleet: the men-of-war appeared to be formed in line. 'I'wo 
deserters came in , who reported that an attack on the 
Americans was intended soon. 



1 Jonathan Holman was major of Learned's regiment, tlie 3rd Con- 
tinentals. 

2 Horn's or Hoorn's Hook (in Britisli records mis-spelled Horan's) was 

the point of and where is now SSth Street, East River. N. Y. 



44 

8th. — A row-galley and two fire-sloops went up the I'iver. 
It was intended to attempt burning the British ships in 
Tappau Bay. The American army was now very sickly; 
four soldiers were buried on this day, from our General's 
brigade only. About, and a little after this time, the army 
was more sickly than at any other period. The news- 
papers at Philadelphia and Boston rated the army at 70,- 
000 strong, and in high spirits, and that they would soon 
clear the enemy from America. This was not a little mor- 
tifying to Gen. Washington, who had the evidence that 
the army did not exceed 40,000, officers included; and a 
large portion of these were levies and militia, called out for 
short periods, and uuacquainted with a camp life. Hence 
the number of sick amounted to near 10,000; nor was it 
possible to find proper hospitals or proper necessaries for 
them. In almost every barn, stable, shed, and even under 
the fences and bushes, were the sick to be seen, whose 
countenances were but an index of the dejection of spirit, 
and the distress they endured. 

9th. — It was learnt that the British were preparing for 
an attack, and were putting their heavy artillery, &c. on 
board ship. 

In reconnoitring the position of New-York, long before 
this time, all were agreed, that the upper end of the island, 
and above Kingsbridge, must be secured, or there coulii be 
no security to an army on the island ; but there was some 
difference in opinion as to the place. A commanding 
height, near Morris's house, some distance below the 
bridge, within the island, was thought by some, among 
whom was Gen. Putnam, a position which, if properly for- 
tified, would be almost impregnable. While others, among 
whom was our General, and his brother (Jen. Greene, who 
were generallj' in sentiment, insisted that there could be 
no security on the island, although the post before men- 
tioned was made as strong as Gibraltar, if the heights 
above the bridge were left unfortified, as the enemy might 
at any time, in an hour or two, possess themselves of those 



45 

heights above the bridge, aud completely entrap the army ; 
and each declared positively, that he would not rest easy 
or satislied, uutil those grounds were taken possession of. 
Fort Washington was begun ou the hill tirst mentioned, 
aud the works were pushed as fast as possible; and it was 
determined to erect another fort above the bridge, which 
was also begun, aud called Jndepeudeuce. Every exertion 
was now in exercise to complete the works in and about the 
city, some of which were strong. Indeed, immense labour 
had been bestowed on the works at the city, on Long-Is- 
land, at Horn's Hook, near Hell Gate, and at Faulus Hook 
on the Jersey side, opposite the city, on Governor's Island, 
&c. 

11th. — Our General received a communication fiom 
Congress, dated the 9th, appointing him a Major-Geueral 
in the army of the United States of America. Generals 
Spencer, Sullivan, and Greene received, at the same Lime, 
commissions of the same tenor. 

12th. — In the afternoon, 30 or 40 British vessels came 
through the Narrows, and joined the fleet. 

18th. — A number more of ships, some of them very large, 
came in and joined the fleet : the ships up the river fell a 
little lower down. 

14th. — Our General rode to Horn's Hook and Kings- 
bridge. The person who had the direction of the flre-ves- 
sels requested him to be a spectator on the bank of the 
river, of an attempt, intended to be made ou that night, to 
burn the ships. Attended by Gen. Clinton, and several 
other officers, they waited on the bank until about mid- 
night; but no attempt ou the ships was made, and they re- 
turned disappointed. 

10th. — Our General was again requested to be a specta- 
tor ou the bank of the river, the approaching night, \\ ith 
the most positive assurances that he should not be again 
disappointed : he accordingly went, attended as on the pre- 
ceding time, and took a proper position on the bank. The 
night was pretty dark; they soon found that the gallies 



46 

aud fire-vessels were silently luoviug up with the tide. 
After some time, aud almost immediately after the centi- 
uels ou board the liritish sliips had passed the word, ''all 
i« well," two of the tire- vessels Hashed iuto a blaze; the oue, 
close ou the side of the Phenix, the other grappliug oue of 
the teuders. To appearance, the flames were agaiust the 
side of tiie Illicit ix; aud there was much coufusiou ou 
board. A number of eaunou were discharged into the fire- 
vessel, in order to sink her. A number of seamen ascended, 
and got out ou the yard-arm, supposed to clear away s<mie 
grai)plings. The fii'evessel was alongside, as Avas judged, 
near ten minutes, when the Fheniw either cut, or slipt her 
cable, let fall her fore-topsail, wore round, aud stood up 
the river, being immediately veiled from the spectators by 
the darkness of the night. The tender burnt down to the 
water's edge, and was towed to the shore by the Ameri- 
cans; out of which was taken, oue iron six-pounder, two 
three-pounders, oue two-pounder, ten swivels, a caboose, 
some gun-barrels, cutlasses, grapplings, chains, &c. The 
y/o«(', and the two other tenders, remained at their moor- 
ings ; but it was said that one of the teuders was deserted 
by lier crew, for a time. Several of our gallies were 
said to have been inactive; otherwise, a very considerable 
advantage would have been reaped. The Americans sus- 
tained uo loss or injury, save oue man, who, in communi- 
cating Are to one of the vessels, got considerably burnt in 
the face, hands, &c. 

17th. — The ( -omumnder in Chief having ordered our 
Genei'al to take the command of the troops and posts, at 
the north end of the island, and above Kingsbridge, within 
which command fell the Forts Washiugtou and Independ- 
ence, aud a number of other works, he took the command 
accordingly. 

18th. — Very early in the morning, the wind being pretty 
fresh, aud it being very rainy, the ships aud tenders which 
were up the river got under sail aud ran down, keeping 
as close under the east bank as they could, in passing our 



47 

works. They were, however, briskly cannonaded at Fort 
Washington and the works below : were several times 
struck, but received no material damage. They joined 
their fleet near Staten-Island. 

19th. — It was made pretty certain, that the British were 
upon the point of making an attack somewhere. By an 
express, which oui' (General received from (Jen. Washing- 
ton, at half past 2 o'clock, A. M. of the 22d. he was pleased 
to communicate, tliat, by intelligence which he had re- 
ceived, the enemy had intentions of making attacks on 
Long-Island, Tip the North River, upon Bergen Point, 
Elizabeth-Town Point. Ambov, &c. Perhaps so many 
places were mentioned, in order to divide the force of, and 
distract the Americans. On this morning, however, ihey 
landed, near Gravesend Bay, on L(mg-Island, about sOOO 
men; Col. Hand, with his rifle corps, I'etreating moder- 
ately before them, and destroying some wheat which woulrT 
fall into their hands. The British advanced as far as 
Flatbush, where they Jialted. Six Amercan I'egi- 
ments were sent over, as a reinforcement, (ien. Sullivan 
had the command on the island. 

2-tth. — There were some skirmishes on Long-Island ; 
but nothing \erv material. 

25th. — A number of the enemy's ships fell <lown to- 
wards the Narrows; it was siipposed, with intent to l:iud 
more troops on Long-Islauil. 

26th. — In the morning, a brisk cannonade on Long-Is- 
land, for some time. The British had thrown up some 
works, at Flatbush, from which they fired at the Ameri- 
cans. 

27th. — Early \u the morning, two ships and a brig ''ame 
to anchor a little above Frog Point'. ()ur General im- 
mediately detached Col. Graham" with his regiment, to 
prevent their landing to plunder or burn. Before he ar- 



1 Throgmoi ton's Neck, commonly called Throg's Neck, the West- 
chester County point ot land, opposite Willett's Pont, L. I. 

2 Morris Graham, 1st Dutchess Co. militia. 



48 

rived, several barges full of men landed on New Citj Is- 
land*, and killed a number of cattle. Two companies of 
the regiment, immediately -in their arrival, ferried over to 
the island. The enemy carried off one man and 14 cattle 
— the remainder of the cattle were secured. 

On the same day there was a most bloody battle on Long- 
Island, between the Americims and the British. The Brit- 
ish, by a long circuitous mrirch m the night of the 2fith, 
with a part of their army, found the left of the Americans 
not so well secured as it ought to have been; and they had 
an opportunity to reach ground which gave them great 
advantage, while it equally exposed the Americans in the 
strong grounds towards Fkitbush. There was here also 
another circumstance of ground, which now proved very 
disadvantageous to the Americans. There was a consider 
able marsh, into which a creek ran, and on which there was 
a mill, known by the name of M'Gowan's. At the mill 
there was a passway over; hut unluckily, when some of 
the Americans had i-etreated by this mill, (for they were 
soon routed by the British, who formed an attack almost 
in a semi-circle) it was set on fire. This would have been 
a politic step, had all the Americans on the other side, in 
that quarter, previously parsed ; but those still beyond the 
creek were now driven to almost desperate circumstances: 
they could not pass at the head of the creek , for the British 
column, which made the circuitous movement, were in 
possession of the ground on the left; consequently many 
were here killed or taken prisoners, and numbers perish- 
ing in attempting to get over the creek, some of them stick- 
ing in the mud. Those who escaped retreated to the 
American works. The British sustained a considerable 
loss in killed and wounded, and a subaltern and 23 men 
were taken prisoners; but the American loss was far 
greater in killed, wounded, and prisoners. Among the 
latter were Gen. Sullivan and Lord Stirling. Several 



1 The present City Island, in Long Island Sound. 



49 

fleld-pieces were also lost. At evening, the British army 
encamped in front of the Americans. 

On the morning of the 28th, there was a skirmish be- 
tween the Americans and ;he British which terminated 
rather in favor of the former. The same night, the British 
began to open works, at the distance of about fiOO yards 
from tlie American works m the left. Gen. Washington 
wrote to our General, to send down to the city all the 
boats that could be spared, from Kingsbridge and Fort 
Washington; intimating, that he might possibly timl it 
necessary, at night, to throw over more troops to Long- 
Island. This order was immediately complied with, and 
the boats sent down; while the real intention of their use 
was fully understood. 

119th. — The ships on the East Kiver fell down to Hunt's 
Point. On the same night, the Americans evacuated Long- 
Island, bringing off their ruilitary stores, provisions, &c. 
Some heavy cannon were left. In this retreat from the is- 
land, and which was well conducted, an instance of disci- 
pline and of true fortitude was exhibited by the American 
guards and pickets. In order that the British should not 
get knowledge of the withdraw of the Americans, until 
their main body had eudiarked in the boats and pushed off 
from the shore, (which was a matter of the highest import- 
ance to their safety) the guards \\cre ordered to continue at 
their respective posts, with centinels alert, as if nothing ex- 
traordinary was taking place, until the troops had em- 
barked : they were then to come off, march briskly to the 
ferry, and eml)ark themselv<>s. But somehow or other, the 
guards came off, and had got well toward the landing- 
place, when they were ordered to face about, march back, 
and re-occupy their former posts; which they instantly 
obeyed, and continued at them, until called off to cross the 
ferry. Whoever has seen tr')ops in a similar situation, or 
duly contemplates the human heart in such trials, will 
know how to appreciate the conduct of these brave men, 
on this occasion. 



50 

31st. — In the foreu(»on, the British appeared at Ncw- 
tt)\VD, where thej' pitched a nuniher of tents, (lovernor's 
Island was evacuated the preceding night by the Ameri- 
cans. It was now evident that the next object of the 
enemy would be to get the city ; and it was equally so, tliat 
they would land somewhere on the island without it. This 
night, several of the regiments of Gen. Mifflin's brigade, 
of our General's division, lay on the hills towards New- 
York ; and Gen. Clinton's brigade on their arms. The 
same evening, IIand's\ Shee's, MagaAv's, Rroadhead's, and 
.Miles' battalions, joined our General's divisi(m. Some of 
these corps had suffered greatly, in the action on Long- 
Island. 

IScptenihcr 1st. — The British appeared to be encamped 
in several places on Long-Island. They had run in a ship 
between Nutten Island- and Red Hook. 

2d. — They ran a ship past the city up the East Eiver: 
she was several times struck by the shot of a 12 pounder, 
which was di'awn to the river's bank. IMajor Grane of the 
artillery was wouuded in the foot, by a cannon shot from 
this ship. It was now a question, whether to defend the 
city, or evacuate it, and occupy the strong grounds above. 
Every exertion had been made to render the works both 
numerous and strong; and immense labor and expense had 
been bestowed on them; and it was now determined that 
the city should be obstinately defended. 

4th. — Gen. Washington came up, and dined at our (tcu- 
eral's quarters. The same day, a detachment of the artil- 
lery, with one 21 pounder, three 12 pounders, three 3 
pounders, and a howitzer, joined the division. The enemy 
were plundering cattle on Long-Island, now fully in their 
possession. 



1 Brigadier Edward Har.d (1744-1802). Major Robprt Magaw 

(17 1790) was colouel of the Fifth Pennsylvania battalion in 1776, 

and commanded at Fort Washington when it was captured in Novem- 
ber. Daniel Broadhead (1736-1S09) was colonel of the Eighth Penn- 
sylvania. Samuel Miles (1740-180.')) commanded the Pennsylvania 
Rifles. 

2 Nutten Island is the Governor's Island of the present day. 



51 

5th. — Onr Genenil orflored a cliain of videttos and centi- 
uels to be formed at Morrisauia, Hunt's and Frog's Point, 
&c. The British were pressing a great number of teams 
on Long-Island — their Head-Quarters were at Bedford. 

7th. — The militia on Long-Island were ordered to mus- 
ter, to raise recruits for the King. The (ieneral Officers 
of the American army were in council, at Head-Quarters 
in New-York. The British were now erecting a work, 
nearly opposite to ours at Horn's Hook, and the distance 
not great. 

8th. — The British opened their battery against Horn's 
Hook Fort. The fire was briskly returned. The Ameri- 
cans had one man killed, and two wounded. 

9th. — In the morning there was a brisk cannonade on 
both sides. At Horn's Hook, the American artillery was so 
well plied that the British ceased firing. The British 
were said to be encamped in three divisions; one at New- 
town, which was Head-Quarters, one at Flushing, and one 
at Jamaica. 

10th. — The British landed a number of troops on ^fon- 
tresor's Island. 

11th. — The British continued to cannonade and bom- 
bard our fort at Horn's Hook, and to land more troops on 
Montresoi-'s Island. 

12th. — The cannonade c(uitinued against our fort at 
Horn's Hook, and the British were moving their troops to- 
wards the East River. This day, Col. Ward's regiment of 
Connecticut troops removed from Burditt's Ferry, and 
joined our General's division. The General Officers were 
in council. A former resolution to defend the city was 
rescinded, with three dissentients. 

13th. — Four British ships, one of which was a two- 
decker, ran by the city up the East River. The cannonade 
and bombardment at Horn's Hook continued. This even- 



52 

ing, f'ol. Chester^ with five regiments, joined our Gen- 
eral's division. 

14tli. — The British sent three or four ships up the North 
River, as far as Greenwich. The ennnon and stores were 
removing from New-Yorlv, during the night. 

15th. — About noon, the British landed at Kepp's- Bay. 
They met with but small resistance, and pushed towards 
the city, of which they took possession in the afternoon. 
They availed themselves of some cannon and stores; but 
their booty was not very great. Here the Americans, we are 
sorry to say, did not behave well ; and here it was, as fame 
hath said, that Gen. Washington threw his hat on the 
ground, and exclaimed, "Are these the men with which I 
am to defend America?" But several things may have 
weight here;- -the wounds received on Long-Island were 
yet bleeding; and the officers, if not the men, knew that the 
city was not to be defended. Maj. Chapman^ was killed, 
and Brig. Maj. Wyllys^ was taken prisoner. A few others 
were killed, wounded, and taken prisoners. The Ameri- 
cans retreated up the island ; and some few, who could not 
get out of the city that way, escaped in boats over to 
Paulus Hook, across the river. The house in the fort at 
FTorn's Hook, was set on fire by a shell, and burnt down. 
The fort was afterwards abandoned. 

16th. — A little before noon, a smart skirmish ha]>pened 
(in the heights west of Haarlem Plain, and south of ifor- 
ris's house, between a party of Hessian Yagers^\ British 
Light-Infantry and Highlanders, and the American rifle- 
men and some other troops, which ended in favor of the 



1 Col. John Chester of Connecticut (1749-1809). He was at Bunker 
Hill. 

2 Kepp's Bay— the present Kip's Bay, 34th to 37th Streets, East 
River, N. Y. 

" Major James Chapman, First Continentals. 

4 Brigadier-Major John P. Wyllys of Wadsworth's brigade. He was 
killed at the battle of the Miami, 1790, 

5 Jagers. 



58 

latter. The troops fought well on both sides, and ^jjave 
great proof of their marksmansliip. The Americans had 
several officers killed and wounded; among the former, 
Lieut. Col. Knowltou, of tlie ronnccticut line, and Tapt. 
Gleason', of Nixon's Massachusetts regiment, two excel- 
lent officers ; and Maj. Beech^, of one of the southern regi- 
ments, a I»rave officer, was among the latter. This skirmish 
might have brought on a general action ; for both armies 
were then within supporting distance of the troops which 
were engaged. 

It now became an object of high importance to calcu- 
late, if possible, where the British would nmke their next 
attempt; and here the General Officers were divided in 
opinion. A part of them imagined that the British wouldl 
first endeavour to make tlK^mselves masters of the whole of 
New- York Island, and that, therefore, the reduction of 
I'^)rt "\A'as]iiiigton and ils (l(']iendenci('s would be theii- oli- 
ject. Others supposed, that they would make a landing 
either at Jlorrisania, Hunt's or Frog's Point, which 
eventually would ])roduce as certain a reduction of the 
works on the island, with very little loss to the British. It 
Avas therefore determined in council, to guard against 
both; and for this purpose, 10,000 men were to be retained 
on the island, at and near Fort Washington. Our Gen- 
eral's division was to be augmented to 10,000 men, and a 
floating bridge was to be thrown across Haarlem Creek, 
that these two bodies might communicate Avith and sup- 
port each other, as circumstances might require; and Maj.- 
Gen. Greene was to command the flying camp on the Jer- 
sey side of the Hudson, which was to consist of 5000. The 
different arrangements took place accordingly. 

17th. — The remains of Lieut. Gol. Knowlton were in- 
terred with military honours. The same day, a troop of 



1 Micajah Gleason of Nixon's regiment. 

2 " Beech " is obviously Major Andrew Leitch of the First Vir- 
ginia. 



54 

militia liglit horse arrived from Connecticut; others, and 
many of the militia t\ ere on their waj- to join the army. 

ISth. — Gen. Parsons' and Scott's brigades, and the bri- 
gade commanded by Col. Dudley Sargent, joined our Gen- 
eral's division; and Shee's, Magaw's, Haslett'sS Atlee's*, 
and Broadhead's battalions were ordered away. The Brit- 
ish army encamped between the American army and the 
city. 

A picket from our General's division, of 450 men, con- 
stantly mounted, by relief, at IMorrisania ; from which a 
chain' of centinels, within half gunshot of each other, were 
planted, from the one side of the shore to the other, and 
near the water passage^, between Morrisania and Mon- 
tresor's'* Island, which in some places is very narrow. The 
centinels on The American side were ordered not to pre- 
sume to fire at those of the British, unless the latter be- 
gan ; but the British were so fond of beginning, that there 
was frequently a firing between them. This having ]»een 
the case one day, and a British officer walking along the 
bank, on the Montresor's side, an American centinel, who 
had been exchanging some shots with a British centinel, 
seeing the officer, and concluding him to be better game, 
gave him a shot, and wounded him. He was carried up to 
the house on the island. An officer, with a flag, soon came 
down to the creek, and called for the American officer of 
the picket, and informed him, that if the American centi- 
nels fired any more, the commanding officer on the island 
would cannonade Col. Morris's house, in which the officers 
of the picket quartered. The American officer immediately 
sent up to our General, to know what answer should be re- 
turned. He was directed to inform the British officer, that 



1 Colonel John Haslett of the Delaware regiment. He was killed 
at Princeton, January 3, 1777. 

2 Colonel Samuel John Atlee (17— -1786) of the Pennsylvania 
Musket Battalion. 

3 The "water-passage" is now known at the Bronx Kills. 

4 Montresor's is the present Randall's Island. 



the American centinels had always been instructed not to 
fire on centinels, unless they were first fired upon, and then 
to return the fire; that such would be their conduct: as to 
the cannonading of Col. Morris's house, they might act 
their pleasure. The firing ceased for some time ; but a raw 
Scotch centinel having been planted one day, he very 
soon after discharged his piece at an American centinel, 
nearest to him, which was immediately returned; upon 
which a British officer came down, and called to the Ameri- 
can officers, observing that he thought there was to be no 
firing between the centinels. He was answered, that their 
own began; upon which he replied, "He shall then pay for 
it." The centinel was directly after relieved, and there 
was no firing between the centinels, at that place, any 
more; and they were so civil to each other, on their posts, 
that one day, at a part of the creek where it was practi- 
cable, the i^ritish centinel asked the American, who was 
nearly opposite to him, if he could give him a chew of to- 
bacco : the latter, having in his pocket a piece of a thick 
twisted roll, sent it across the creek, to the British centi- 
nel, who, after taking oft" his bite, sent the remainder back 
again. 

20th. — The Commander in Chief, Maj. Gen. Putnam, 
and some other officers, came up to our General's division, 
and rode round the camp, which, by the return, given in 
on the next day, consisted of S771 ; but of these there was 
1294 sick present, and 1108 sick absent. 

On the morning of the 21st, between one and two o'clock, 
the light of a great fire was discovered to the southward, 
which proved to be at New-York; when a considerable 
part of the city was consumed. 

22d. — Two seamen, belonging to La Brane, a Brit- 
ish ship of war, which lay near Montresor's Island, de- 
serted, and came to our General's quarters; and informed 
him, upon examination, that the British had then but a few 
men on the island, stating the number; that the piece of 
cannon, which had been put on the island, was taken back 



6G 

again, on board La liniiie; that there were a number of 
officers at the house, in which there was a considerable 
quantity of baggage deposited, &c. Our General supposed 
that these troops might be easily taken ; and, having called 
the (ieneral Officers of his division together, took their 
opinion, who all coincided with him in sentiment. He then 
communicated his intention to the Commander in Chief, 
who gave it his approbation. Two hundred and forty men 
were destined for this enterprise : the command was given 
to Lieut. Col. Michael Jackson, of the Massachusetts line, 
with Majors Logan' and , whose name cannot be recol- 
lected, of tlie New- York troops. They were to embark on 
board thi*ee Hat-boats, covered by a fourth with a detach- 
ment of artillery, with a light three-pounder, in case it 
should be found necessary in retreating from the island. 
The mode of attack was settled, and every circumstance 
secured, to promise success. They were to fall down Haar- 
lem Creek with the ebb. The time was so calculated, that 
the young flood was to be so much made, at the break of 
day, as to cover the flats at the island, sufficiently for the 
boats to float. Matters being thus settled, our Genei-al 
ordered the two sailors to be brought in : he then told them 
that in consequence of their information, an enterprise 
against the British troops on Montresor's Island was to 
take place that night ; that he had ordered them to be kept 
in safe custody until the next morning, when, if their dec- 
larations i-especting the state of the British on the island 
proved to be true, he would give them a passport to the 
l)ack country, whither they wished to go ; but, in case their 
information was false, he would order them hanged im- 
mediately, as spies ; that he gave them the opportunity, if 
they had made a wrong statement to him, then to correct 
it. They both answered, with perfect composure, that they 
would cheerfully submit to the condition. Major Thomas 
Henly was now one of our General's Aids-de-camp. He 



1 Major Samuel Logan, 5tli New York. 



impoi'timed that he might go with the detachment. He 
was i-efused, and tokl that he liad no business there; that 
he oouhi exercise no eomuiaud. lie grew quite impatient, 
returned again to the General's room, and addressed iiim: 
" Pray, Sir, consent to mj- going with the party — let me 
have the jjieasure of introducing the prisoners to you to- 
morrow." All his friends present advised him not to go. 
The (leneral finally consented. The troops, at the hour as- 
signed, embarked. Our (.Jeneral informed them, that he, 
w ith othei's, would be spectators of the scene, from a cer- 
tain iJoint near Haarlem Creek. Notice had been given to 
the guards and pickets on the York Island side, not to iiail 
the party as the^' N\ent down, rnfortunately, the lower 
ceutiuel had not been so instructed. He was nearly oppo- 
site to the point where our (ieneral was to be; and just at 
the instant when he arrived, had challenged the boats, and 
ordered them to come to the shore. From the boats they 
answered, " Low! we are friends." The challenge was re- 
peated. The answer was, •' >\e tell you we are friends — 
hold jour tongue." A bounce into the water was heard; 
and instantly' Maj. Henly came wading to the shore, 
stepped up to our General, catched him by the hand, and 
said, " Sir, will it do?" Our General, holding him by the 
hand, replied, " 1 see nothing to the contrary;" to which 
Henly concluded by saying, " Then it shall do." He waded 
back to his boat, and got in. The centinel called again : 
" If you don't come to the shore, I tell you I'll tire." A 
voice from some one in the boats, was, " Full away!" The 
boats went on and the centinel tired his piece. The boats 
reached the island almost at the moment intended, just as 
the glimmer of dawn was discoverable. The three iield- 
officers were in the first boat. Their intention, on the mo- 
ment of landing, was, for the two seconds in commauil to 
spring, the one to the right, and the other to the left, and 
lead on the troops from the other two boats, which were 
to land on each side of the first boat. The field-officers 
landed, and the men from their boat. The enemy's guard 



\ 



58 

charged them, but were instantly driven bacli. The inen 
in the other two boats, instead of landing, lay upon their 
oars. The British, seeiug this, returned warmly to the 
charge. The Amei'icaus, tindiug themselves thus deserted, 
returned to their boat; but not until Lieut. Col. Jackson 
received a musket-ball in his leg, and Maj. Henly, as he was 
getting into the boat, one through his heart, which put an 
instant end to his life. The boats joined the others, and 
they all returned, having, in the whole, about 14 killed, 
wounded and uiissing; Maj. llenly deeply regretted. Had 
only one of the other boats landed her men, the success 
would have been very probable; but the two would l?ave 
insured an execution of the whole plan, in the opinion of 
all concerned. The delinquents in the other boats were ar- 
rested, and tried by court-martial, and one of the Captains 
cashiered.* 

On the night of the 23d, the British got possession of 
the works at Paulus Hook. The Americaus had previously 
taken off all the cannon and stores. On the afternoon of 
the 24th, the remains of Maj. llenly were interred by the 
side of Lieut. Col. Knowlton, on New York Island', with 
military honours. 

25th. — The militia, which had come out from the west- 
ern parts of the State of Connecticut, were discharged. 

2(ith. — The General Officers were in council with a lomi- 
mittee of Congress, sent to make inquiry into the condi- 
tion of the army, and agree upon the necessary augmen- 
tation. 

27th. — The Council set again. The same day, -Maj. 
Gen. Sulllivan, who had for some time been a prisoner 
with the British, came to Head-Quarters. The American 
prisoners which were taken in Canada, were sent round 
by water, and lauded at Bergen Point, New-Jersey, where 
they were set at liberty. Gen. Thompson was among them. 



1 John Wisner, of the Orange County militia. 

2 In Trinity Cemetery. 



59 

28tb. — Seven recruits fur Maj. Kogers's' corps, raising 
for British service, were taken, going to Long Island, and 
sent in. 

2yth. — Tliere was an unusual movement of boats from 
Long Island to Moutresor's Island, and an attack was soon 
expected. 

30tb. — Tile moving over of boats to Moutresor's Island 
continued. Tlie same day, a frigate went through TIell 
Gate, and came to anchor about 10 o'clock, A. M. near 
La Brunt'. At 12 o'clock, she came to sail, and stood to the 
eastward. Just at evening another ship came up; and the 
uext morning, 

October 1st, was at anchor in the channel, between 
Haarlem and Bamau's- or Eldridge's Islands 

3d. — The Bi-igadier-Generals of our General's division 
were in council, and several new works were laid' out; 
among others, a redoubt on the hill above Williams's 
Bridge. Our (ieneral, in reconnoitring his position, ac- 
companied by Col. Hand, below the camp of the rifle corps, 
being apprehensive that the British might land on Frog's 
Neck, took a view of the causeway between West-Chester 
and the point. Upon the creek, which runs between these 
two, is a tide-mill and a plank bridge : at the mill, at the 
west end of the causeway, (the side of the American army) 
was at this time a range of cord-wood, as advantageously 
situated to cover a party to defend the pass, as if con- 
structed for the very purpose. After taking a full view, 
our Geueral directed Col. Hand, immediately upon his re- 
turn to his camp, to tix upon one of the best subaltern of- 
ficers, and 25 picked men of his corps, and assign them to 
this pass, as their alarm-post at all times; and, in case the 
enemy made a landing on Frog's Neck, to direct this officer 
immediately to take up the planks of the bridge; to have 
every thing in readiness to set the mill on fire; but not to 



1 Major Robert Rogers, the noted Indian fighter and hero of 
" Rogers' Rock," Lake George. 

2 Raman's Island is now Ward's. 



60 

do it, imless the fire of the riflemen should appear iusuffl- 
cient to check the advance of the enemy on to the cause- 
way ; to assign another party to the head of the creek ; to 
reinforce botli, in case the enemy lauded; and that he 
should be supported. Col. Hand made his arrangements 
accordinglj'. 

4th. — The brig and tenders in the East Kiver came down, 
and cast anchor near La Jiriiuc frigate; and the Roe- 
buck and Phenia; sailed up the North IJiver, and joined the 
other ships which lay at anchor there. 

5th. — There were some movements amoug the British; 
and a party appeared to be very busy at work, a little be- 
low Haarlem. The same night, the Americans left the 
heights of Bergen. They were upwards of 2000 strong. 
They i*etreated as far back as Burditt's Ferry. 

6th. — Orders were given for throwing up a new work on 
Haarlem Creek, below the wood at ^Morrisania. 

7th. — Gen. Lincoln came to camp. He had come from 
Massachusetts with a body of militia. This was the first 
of his joining the main army. The same day the British 
were putting over horses from Horu's Hook to Long Is- 
land, and fixing their pontoons. 

9th. — Early in the morning, three ships, two of 40 guns, 
and one frigate, with two or three tenders, stood up the 
North River. They were briskly cannonaded from Fort 
Washington and Fort Coustitution. They however passed 
our works and the chevaux-de-f rise ; the American galleys, 
small craft, and two large ships standing on before them. 
The two sliips were ran on shore near Fhillips'si mills, and 
two of the galleys near Dobbs' Ferry. The enemy took 
possession of the two galleys, and got them off. A boat 
landed a number of men, who plundered a store, stove the 
casks, and then set the store on fire, and left it. The Ameri- 
cans soon extinguished the fire. 



1 Phillipse's — the present Yonkers. 



Gl 

Uur < Jeueral ordered Col. Sargeut, with SOU iufantry, 40 
light-hoi'se, Capt. Hortou' of the artillery, with two 12 
pounders, and Capt. Crafts'- with a howitzer, to march im- 
luediately, witli all possible expeilitiou, to Dobbs' Ferry. 
The enemy took a schooner loaded with rum, sugar, wine, 
&c. and sunk a slooi>, which had on board the machine,^ in- 
vented by, and under the direction of, a Mr. Bushuell, in- 
tended to blow up the British ships. This machine was 
worked under water. It couve^'ed a magazine of powder, 
which was to be tixed under the keel of a ship, then freed 
from the machine, and left with clock-work going, which 
was to produce fire when the machine had got out of the 
way. Mr. Bushuell had great contidence of its success, 
and had made several exjieriments which seemed to give 
him countenance; but its fate was truly a contrast to its 
design. 

Our General's division was formed in line, with its ad- 
vance, reserve, flank-guards, and artillery, all in order of 
battle, when they were moved down over the different 
grounds, which it was supposed might be the scene of ac- 
tion. Some of this ground was very broken, and there 
were many fences. These afforded frequent opportunities 
for the troops to break off and form; for the pioneers to 
open avenues, &c. and for the whole to become acquainted 
with every part of the ground, and the best choice of it, if 
suddenly called to action. 

loth. — One of the ships which was ran aground, was 
got off by the Americans. Col. Sargent returned, having 



1 Captain Jotliam Horton of Knox's artillery. 

2 Captain Edward Crafts of the same. 

?, The Tuith- deservei a better fate. It was the invention of David 
Bushnell of Saybrook, Conn., and had very nearly succeeded in blow 
Ing up the British frigate Eagle in the previous August, when she lay 
near Governor's Ii=land. Ezra Lee of Lyme, Conn., managed the craft, 
as Bushnell was sick at the time. Commander F. W. Barber. U. 3. N., 
carefully examined the plans of the Turtle a few years ago. His con- 
clusion was that " it seems to have been the most perfect thing of 
its kind that has ever been constructed, before or since." 



62 

left 180 meu to watch the motious of the British up the 
river. 

11th. — Tliere was a considerable movement among the 
British boats below. This afternoon, Gen. Washington's 
pleasure-boat, coming down the river with a fresh breeze, 
and a topsail hoisted, was supposed, by the artillerists at 
Mount Washington to be one of the British tenders run- 
ning down. A 12 pounder was discharged at her, which 
was so exactly pointed as unfortunately to kill three 
Americans, who were much lamented. The same day, sev- 
eral of (ien. Lincoln's regiments arrived, two of which were 
posted on the North River. 

12th. — Earlj in the morning, 80 or 90 British boats, full 
of men, stood up the sound, from Montresor's Island, 
Long Island, &c. The troops landed at Frog's Neck, and 
their advance pushed towards the causeway and bridge, 
at West Chester mill. Col. Hand's riflemen took up the 
planks of the bridge, as had been directed, and commenced 
a firing with their rifles. The British moved towards the 
head of the creek, but found here also the Americans in 
possession of the pass. Our General immediately (as he 
had assured Col. Hand he would do) ordered Col. Pres- 
cott, the hero of Bunker Hill, with his regiment, and Capt. 
Lieut. Bryant' of the artillery, with a 3 pounder, to rein- 
force the riflemen at West Chester causeway; and Col. 
Graham of the New-York line, with his regiment, and 
Lieut. Jackson of the artillery, with a 6 pounder, to rein- 
force at the head of the creek ; all of which was promptly 
done, to the check and disappointment of the enemy. The 
British encamped on the Neck. The riflemen and Jagers 
kept up a scattering popping at each other across the 
marsh ; and the Americans on their side, and the British 
on the other, threw up a work at the end of the causeway. 
Capt. Bryant, now and then, when there was an object, 
saluted the British with a field-piece. 



1 John Bryant of Massachusetts. 



63 

In the aftei'uoon, 40 or 50 sail of vessels passed up, and 
came to anchor off Frog's Point. The same evening, <:5en. 
M'Dougal's brigade joined our General's division. 

13th. — The brigade formerly under the commnnd of our 
General, when lie was Brigadier, joined his division. The 
division now became very strong. The General Officei-s of 
the army were this day in council, at our General's quar- 
ters. 

14th. — Our General, with the Generals under his com- 
mand, reconnoitred the enemy at Frog's Neck; afterwards, 
the General Officers of the army reconnoitred the various 
grounds. The same day, Maj. Gen. Lee was ordV^red to the 
command of the troops above Kingsbridge, now become 
the largest part of the American ai'my. But Gen. Wash- 
ington had desired him not to exercise the command for a 
day or two, until he could nuike himself acquainted with 
the post, its circumstances, and arrangements of duty. A 
great numbpr of sloops, lioats, &c. were passing the 
Sound eastward, just at dusk — probably conveying am- 
munition, provisions, &c. to the troops at Frog's Point. 

1.5th. — Fis'e sailors came off from Ln Brune. They 
informed, that there was a large body of the British on 
Frog's Point, and that an attack might soon be expected. 
The scattering fire across tlie marsh continued, and now 
and then a man was killed. 

16th. — Two works were discovered on Frog's Neck, 
nearly finished. The General Officers of the army rode to 
reconnoitre the ground at Pell's Neck,^ &c. and it was de- 
termined that the position of the Amercan army sh.iuld 
be immediately changed ; the left flank to be extendkHl 
more northerly, to prevent its being turned by the British. 

17th. — Wadsworth's and Fellows's brigades came to 
Kingsbridge. The British shipping, &c. continued piov- 
ing eastward. 



1 Pell's Neck is the present Rodman's Neck in the town of Pelham. 
N. Y. 



64 

18th. — The regiment at West Chester canseway had been 
relieved by another. The officer on command there, this 
morning, sent up an express to onr General, informing him 
that the British were opening an embrasure in their work 
at the end of the causeway, and tliat he apprehended they 
intended, under a cannonade from this, to attempt to pass. 
Our General ordered one of his Aids to gallop his horse to 
the officer commanding the brigade, near Valentine's^ the 
nearest to West Chester, and order him to form his brigade 
instantly. Arriving, himself, by the time the brigade was 
formed, he ordered the officer to march, with the utmost ex- 
pedition, to the head of the causeway, to reinforce the 
troops there; himself moving on with them. When the 
troops had advanced to about half the way between the 
head of the creek and the post at the head of the causeway, 
another express met him, informing him that the whole 
British army were in motion, and seemed to be moving to- 
wards the pass at the head of the creek. Upon this, the 
brigade was ordered to halt, the whole to prime and load, 
and the rear regiment to file off by the left, and march 
briskly to reinforce the Americans at the pass, at the head 
of the creek. At this instant. Gen. Washington came up, 
and having inquired of our General the state of things, 
ordered him to return imme<liately, and have his division 
formed ready for action, and to take such a position as 
might appear best calculated to oppose the enemy, should 
tiiey attempt to land anotlier body of troo])s on ;\l(irri- 
sania, which he thouglit not improbable. Our General 
imuK^diately obeyed the order. 

The wind was now fresh at south-west. The British 
crossed to the other side of Frog's Neck, embarked on 
board their boats, crossed over the cove, landed on Pell's 
Neck, and moved briskly upwards. Three or four of the 
American regiments advanced towards them, and took a 
good position behind a stone fence. When the British had 



1 Valentine's Hill, between Yonkers and Williams' Bridge. 



65 

advanced sufficiently near, they gave them a pretty close 
tire, which checked them, and even obliged them to fall 
back; but being immediately supported, they returned vig- 
orously to the charge. The action was sharp, for a short 
time; but the Americans were soon obliged to give way to 
superior force. Shepard's', Kead's, Baldwin's and 
(Jldver's regiments, had the princi])al share in this acti( n.^ 
The Americans had between 30 and 40 men killed and 
wounded ; among the latter. Col. Shepard, in the throat, 
not mortally, although the ball came well nigh effecting 
instant death. The loss of the British was not known, but 
must have been considerable. They advanced almost to 
New Eochelle, and halted. The American army extended 
its left. 

A number of boats went down towards New- York. It 
now became necessary, immediately to quit the position 
in the neighbourhood of Kingsbridge, the l'.ritish being in 
the rear of the left of our army ; and it is not a little un- 
accountable that they did not attempt to stretch them- 
selves across to the Hudson, which might have been done 
with great ease. They only moved higher up, on the other 
side of the little rivulet Bronx, which was generally ford- 
able. The White Plains wei'e fixed upon for the next posi 
tiou of the American army. A strong garrison was to be 
left at Fort ^^'ashington, and our General was to leave one 
of his regiments, to garrison Fort Independence. 

21st. — At about 4 o'clock P. M. our General's division 
nu)ved from above Kingsbridge, having, besides their light 
field-pieces, two heavy iron twelve-pounders. About 8 
o'clock in the evening, they passed Gen. Lincoln's quar- 
ters on Valentine's Hill, where the Commander in Chief 
was to spend the night. Our General waited upon him, to 
know if he had any particular commands for him. The 

1 Col. Wm. Shepard (see p. 49). Col. Joseph Read. Thirteenth M:iss. 
Col. Loammi Baldwin (1745-18071, Twenty-sixth Continentals. Col. John 
Glover (1732-1797), Fourteenth Mass. 

2 For a full account of this action, which had very important results, 
see the Editor's " Battle ot Pell's Point, Pelham." 



66 

Coiiimander in Chief only advised to send forward one of 
liis regiments, to occupy the road coming from Ward's 
Bridge, nearly to whose farm tlie British had now ad- 
vanced; h^st, apprised of his moving, they should annoy 
his right flank, which, if it had been day-light, would have 
been open to their view: But before the column reached 
this cross road, it was learnt that Col. Jonathan Brewer's 
regiment of artificers, who were pretty strong, and well 
armed, were to pass the night at the entrance of the road, 
leading to tlie bridge before mentioned. The division 
reached Chaderton's HilP, to the south of White Plains, 
at 4 o'clock in the morning of the 22d, having marched ill 
night. The instant our General ascended the hill, he 
noticed, to appearance, many flashes, resembling the flash 
of the pan of a musket, on the other side of the lot ; on 
which he immediately ordered a Captain, with a party, to 
discover what it was ; who returned, that he could not make 
discovery of any thing. These were indeed the flashes of 
discharged muskets at some distance; the height of 
ground liaving decoyed the appearance of the distance. 
Lord Stirling, who was before in this vicinity with his bri- 
gade, had formed an enterprise against Ma j. Rogers's corps. 
The old Indian hunter in the late French war, wlio had 
now engaged in the British service, with his corps, now 
lay on the out-post of the British army, near Marroneck." 
The enterprise was conducted with good address; and if 
tlie Americans had known exactly how Rogers' corps lay, 
they would probably have killed or taken the whole. As 
it was, 30 prisoners, 60 muskets, and some other articles 
were taken. The Major, conformably to his former gen- 
eral conduct, escaped with the rest of his corps. This was 
a pretty affair; and if the writer could recollect the name 
of the commanding officer'', with pride and pleasure he 



1 ChattPi-ton's Hill. 

2 Mamaroneck. 

o The officer was Colonel Haslett (see p. 62) with his own and a 
detachment of Maryland troops. 



67 

would insert it. He belonged to one of the southern lines 
of the army ; and the whole of the party were southern 
troops. 

The same day, our (leneral moved his division, and took 
post on the high strong ground, to the north of the court- 
house. Gen. Sullivan's division I'eached the Plains in the 
course of the suoeeediug uight. In the position of White 
Plains, our (ieneral's division was on the left of the line. 
On his left was a deep hollow, through which ran a small 
brook, which came from a millpoud a little aliove. On the 
east side of this hollow was a very commanding ground, 
which would enfilade the division. The top of this high 
ground was covered with wood. To this hill he ordered 
Col. Malcolm', with his regiment of New York troops, 
and Lieut. Fenuo" of the artillery, with a lield-picce, di- 
recting them to take post in the skirt of the wood, at tlie 
south brow of the hill. The ground, from our General's 
left to the right, descended gradually a very considerable 
distance, and then gradimlly ascended up to the plain, au'l 
still on to the right, to more commanding ground. On this 
was the American army formed, the line running nearly 
from north-east to south-west. There were some strong 
works thrown up on the jjlain, across the road, and still to 
the right of it. Cliatterton's Hill was a little advanced of 
the line, and separated from it by the little rivulet Bronx. 
A body of the Americans wvre posted on this hill. Head- 
Quarters were on the plain, near the cross roads. Our 
(Ieneral's division had only slight works for musketry. 

23d. — A cannonade was heard towards the Hudson. 
The same evening, Gol. Tyler's'', Huntington's^, and 
Throop's^ regiments, of General Parson's bi'igade, and of 



1 Col. William Malcolm, N. Y. 

2 Lieut. Ephraim Fenno, Knox's artillery. 

3 Col. John Tyler, lOth Conn. 

4 Col, Jedediah Huntington, ITth Conn. 

5 Dyer (or Dyar) Throop of East Haddam, was lieutenant-colonel 
25th Conn. Militia in 1775, colonel in 1780. 



68 

our General's division, moved, and took post at the head 
of King-street, near Kye I'ond. (ieu. Lee's division had 
not yet got up to the army. 

21tli. — At 5 o'clock, A. M. a firing of small arms was 
heard to the southward. It was a skirmish between 200 
men of Gen. Lee's division, and 250 Hessians — 10 of the 
latter were killed, and two taken prisoners. The British 
continued moving up, but with great caution, their rear 
scarcely advancing, when they came to encamp again, 
much further than where the advance had moved from — 
they advanced in two columns. 

25th. — Eight American regiments were ordered to be 
ready to march in the approaching night. Gen. Putnam 
was to command them ; and they were intended to make an 
attack on the enemy's advance, if it should appear to be 
practicable. The same morning, one 12 j30under at Dobbs' 
Ferry droAe the British man-of-war off that place from 
her station. 

26th. — Gen. Lee's division joined the army. In ascend- 
ing some of the hills on the road, this division, encumbered 
with many wagons, was obliged to halt, and double the 
teams, in open view of the British, and at no considerable 
distance, who did not attempt to disturb them; which, had 
the3\done, the loss of the cannon, wagons, &c. coidd not 
have been avoided. The troops woiild have bent their 
march imincumbered towards the Hudson ; but the wag- 
one, i&c. must have been left. Two or three British sold- 
iers and a Hessian were taken prisoners, and sent in. 

27th. — In the forenoon, a heavy cannonade was heard to- 
wards Fort Washington. Thirteen Hessians and two or 
three British soldiers were sent in on this day. From the 
American camp to the west-south-west, there appeared to 
be a very commanding height, worthy of attention. The 
rommander in Chief ordered the General Officers who 
were off duty, to attend him to reconnoitre this ground, 
on this morning. When arrived at the ground, although 
very commanding, it did not appear so much so as other 



69 

grounds to the uortli, and almost parallel with the left of 
the army, as it was then formed. "Yonder," says Major- 
(Seu. Lee, pointing- to the jirotinds just mentioned, "is the 
gT'ound we ought to oecupy." " Let us go and view it," re- 
plied the Commander iu Chief. When on the way, a light- 
horseuian rame up in full gallop, his horse almost out of 
breath, and addressed (Jen. Washington — " The British 
are on the eanip. Sir." The General observed — " Gentle- 
men, we have now other business than i'<'connoitring," 
putting his horse in full gallop for the eamp. and followed 
by the other oillicers. When arrived at IIead-<^)uarters, the 
Adjutant-* ieneral (r{ead,') who had remained at eamp, in- 
formed the Commander in Chief that the guards had been 
all beat in, and the whole Ameriean army were now at their 
respeetive posts, in order <>f battle. The Commander in 
Chief turned round to the ofReers, and only said, " Gentle- 
men, you will repair to your res])ective ])osts, and do the 
best you ean." Our General, on arriving at his own di- 
vision, found them all in the lines; and, from the heigiit of 
his post, found that the first attack was directed against 
the Americans on Chattertou's Hill. The little river Bronx, 
which ran betweeen the American right and this hill, after 
running round its north side, turned and ran down on the 
east and south-east. The British advanced in two columns. 
At this instant, the cann<made was bi'isk on both sides; 
directed by the British across the hollow and Bronx, 
against the Americans on the hill, and by them returned. 
Almost at the same instant, the right column, composed 
of British troops, preceded by about 20 light-horse in full 
gallop, and brandishing their swords, appeared on the 
road leading to the court-house, and now directly in the 
front of our General's division. The light-horse leaped the 
fence of a wheat-field, at the foot of the hill, on which Col. 
Malcolm's regiment was posted; of which the light-horse 
were not aware, until a shot from Lieut. Fenno's field- 



1 Joseph Reed. 



70 

piece gave them notice, by strikiug in tlie midst of them, 
and a horseman pitching from ]iishorse.Theythenwheeled 
short abont, galloped out of the field as fast as they came 
in, rode behind a little hill in the road, and faced abont; 
the toi)s of their caps only being visible to onr General, 
where he stood. The column came no further uj) the road, 
but wheeled to the left by platoons, as they came up ; and 
passing through a bar, or gateway, directed their head to- 
wards the troops on Chatterton's Hill, now engaged. 
When the head of the column had got nearly across the 
lot, their front got out of sight; nor could the extent of 
their rear be now discovered. The sun shone bright, their 
arms glittered, and perhaps troops never were shewn to 
more advantage than these now appeared. The whole now 
halted ; and for a few minutes, the men all sat down in the 
same order in which they stood, no one appearing to move 
out of his place. The cannonade continuetl brisk across 
the Bronx. A part of the left column, composed of British 
and Hessians, forded the river, and marched along under 
the cover of the hill, until they had gained sufficient 
ground to the left of the Americans; when, by facing to the 
left, their column became a line, parallel with the Ameri- 
cans. When they briskly acsended the hill, the first col- 
umn resumed a quick nmrch. As the troops which were 
advancing to the attack ascended the hill, the cannonade 
on the side of the British ceased ; as their own men became 
exposed to their fire, if continu(^d. The fire of small-arms 
was now very heavy, and without any distinction of 
sounds. This led some American officers, who were look- 
ing on, to observe that the British were worsted, as their 
cannon had ceased firing; but a few minutes evinced that 
the Americans were giving way. They moved off the hill 
in a great body, neither running nor observing the best 
order. The British ascended the hill very slowly; and 
when arrived at its suTnmit, formed and dressed their line, 
without the least attempt to pursue the Americans. The 
loss on the side of the Americans was inconsiderable; that 



71 

of the lii'itisli was not theu known. The British having 
got possession of this hill, it gave them a vast advantage 
of the American lines, almost down to the centre. 

l-'Dth. — Tin- British began to throw up some small works 
on the hill, of which they had got possession. The Ameri- 
cans were drawing back ; and a position was to be taken 
on the high strong grounds, before in the rear of a part of 
the army. The left of our General's division was not to 
move; but the remainder of his division, and all the other 
divisions of the army, were to fall back and form nearly 
east and west. About this time, Col. Lasher', who be- 
longed to our General's division, (and who had been left 
with his regiment to garrison Fort Independence, near 
Kingsbridgej sent an express, who passed the enemy in the 
night, to know what he should do, the regiment growing 
weak and sickly. Gur General applied to the Commander 
in Chief, to know his pleasure, who directed that the Col- 
onel should give notice to Col. Magaw, who commanded at 
Fore Washington, that he might take away the cannon, 
stores, (S;c. and that Col. Lasher, after destroying the bar- 
racks, huts, &c. should join the army, which he soon ef- 
fected. This day, '? prisoners were sent in ; and the Ameri- 
cans were throwing np some strong works on the high 
grounds. 

30th. — The British remained upon the ground they had 
taken. 

81st. — The British continued as before, throwing up a 
work, &c. At night, the Americans evacuated their works 
on the plain, near late Head-Quarters, setting tire to sev- 
eral barns, and one house, which contained forage, and 
some stores that could not be removed. 

Norcmbcr 1st. — In the morning, the British advanced 
with a number of field-pieces, to the north of the road, near 
late Head-Quarters, ( a heavy column appearing behind on 
the hill, ready to move forward) and commenced a furious 



1 John Lasher, Col. N. Y. militia. He died, 1806. 



72 

cauiionade ou our Geuenirs division, which was nobly re- 
turned by Capt. Lieut. Bryant and Lieut. Jaclvson', of the 
artillery. Our General's first anxiety was for Col. .Mal- 
colm's regiment on the hill, to the east of the hollow ou the 
left, lest the enemy should push a column into the hollow, 
and cut the regiment off from the division. He therefore 
ordered Maj. Keith-, one of his Aids, to gallop over, and 
orderCol. ^lalcolmtocome off immediately, with Lieut.Fen- 
no's artillery : But, upon a more critical view of the ground 
in the hollow, (at the head of which there was a stone wall, 
well situated to cover a body of troojjs to throw a heavy fire 
directly down it, while an oblicjue fire could be thrown in 
on both sides) he ordered Maj. Pollard,- his other aid, to 
gallop after Keith, and countermand the first order, and 
direct the Colonel to remain at his post, and he should be 
supported. A strong regiment was ordered to the head of 
the hollow, to occupy the wall. The cannonade was brisk 
on both sides, through which the two Aids-de-camp passed, 
in going and returning. At this instant. Gen. "Washing- 
ton rode up to the hill. His first question to our General 
was, " How is your division?" He was answered, " They 
are all in order." "Have you," said the Commander in 
Chief, " any troops on the hill over the hollow?" He was 
answered, " Malcolm's regiment is there." " If you do not 
call them off' immediately," says the General, " you may 
lose them, if the enemy push a column up the hollow." He 
was answered, that even in that case, their retreat should 
be made safe; that a strong regiment was posted at the 
head of the hollow, behind the wall; that this regiment, 
with the oblique fire of the division, would so check the 
enemy, as to allow Malcolm to make a safe retreat. The 
Commander in Chief concluded by saying, " Take care that 
you do not lose them." The artillery of the division was 
so well directed as to throw the British artillery-men sev- 



1 Daniel Jackson was of Knox's artillery. 

2 Jonathan Pollard and Israel Keith, both of Massachusetts. 



73 

era] times into confusiou; aud fiudiug that they could uot 
here make auy impressiou, drew hack their pieces, the col- 
umn not advancing. Tlie British artillery now made a cir- 
cuitous movement, and came down toward the American 
right. Here, unknown to them, were some 12 pounders; 
upon the discharge of wliich they made oft' witli their tield- 
pieces as fast as their horses could draw them. A shot 
from the American caunon at this place took oft' the head 
of a Hessian artillery-umn. They also left one of the ar- 
tillery horses dead on tlie field. >\'hat other loss they sus- 
tained was not known. Of our General's division, one man 
only, behmging to Col. Paulding's^ regiment of New-York 
troops, was killed. The British made no other attempt on 
the Americans, while they remained at White Plains. The 
two armies lay looking at each other, and within long can- 
non shot. In the night time, the British lighted up a vast 
number of fires, the weather growing pretty cold. These 
fires, some on the level ground, some at the foot of the hills, 
and at all distances to their brows, some of which Avere 
lofty, seemed to the eye to mix witli the stars, and to be of 
dift'ereut magnitudes. The American side, doubtless, ex- 
hibited to them a similar appearance. On this day, our 
General ordered three redoubts, with a line in front, to be 
thrown up on the summit of his post, so constructed that 
the whole of them could make a defence, and support each 
other at the same time, if attacked. These, to the enemy, 
in whose view they fully were, must have appeared very 
formidable, although they were designed i^rincipally for 
defence against small-arms; and perhaps works were never 
raised quicker. There were the stocks of a large corn-Held 
at the spot: the pulling these up in hills, took up a large 
lumj) of earth with eacli. The roots of the stalks aud earth 
on them, placed in the face of the works, answered the pur- 
pose of sods, or fascines : the tops l)eiug placed inwards, as 
the loose earth was thrown upon them, became as so many 



1 Levi Pawling, lieutenant-colonel N. Y. Levies ani major of Mal- 
com's regiment. 



74 

ties to the work. Avliicli was cai-i-ied up with a dispatch 
scarcely coucei% able. 

The lU'itish. as they say. had nu'diiaicd an attack ou the 
Americans, whieli was ouly prevented by the wetness of 
the night. Be this as it may, our (nmeral had ordered his di- 
vision, at eveningroll-calLto be at their alarm-posts (which 
they every morning mauneil, Avhilst at the place) half an 
hour sooner than usual, lie had then no other reason for 
doing this than the near position of the enemy, and the 
probability that they would soon make au attack. But the 
Commander in Chief must have made some other discov- 
ery; for, after our General was in bed, Col. Carey\ who 
was one of the Aides-de-camp of General Washington, 
came to the door of his marquee, and calling to him. iu- 
fornieii him that the whole army were to be at their alarm- 
posts, the nest morning, half au hour sooner than usual, 
and that he was to go\ eru himself accordingly. Our Gen- 
eral replied, that he had fortunately given such orders to 
his division, at evening roll-call. He therefore neither got 
up himself, nor disturbed any other of his division.- 

3d. — The ceutinels reported that, dtiring the preceding 
night, they heard the rumbling of carriages to the south- 
eastward; and it was apprehended that the British were 
changing their position. 

5th. — The British centinels were Avithdrawn from their 
advanced posts. It was apprehended that they meant a 
movement. The American army was immediately ordered 
under arms. At i! o'clock. P. M. the enemy appeared, 
formed on Chatterton's Hill, and on several hills to the 



1 Richard Carev of Virginia. 

2 Stedman mistakes gieatly in his history, where in Vol. II.. p. 216, 
he asserts that the Americans "' evacuated their lines on the morning 
of the firstt and retired across the Croton River to Xorth-Castle, set- 
ting fire, in their retreat, to all the houses on the "UTiite Plains. The 
Americans did not quit their strong position at the ^;;rt of White 
Plains until the British had retreated towards Kingsbridge as far as 
Dobbs' Ferry, and had there encamped, as is fully shown in these 
Memoirs. (Original note.) 



75 

westward of it. Several reconnoitiiDg parties, who were 
sent our, rejxjr-ted that the enemy were withdrawiDg. 
About 12 o'clock, thii< night, a partr of the Americans wan- 
tonly set fire to the court-house, Dr. Graham's house, and 
.several other private houses, which sto<^xl between the two 
armie.s.' This gave great di.sgust to the whole American 
army, and drew from the T'ommander in Chief the follow- 
ing paragraph, in his ordei-s of the Cth : " It i.s with the 
utmo.st a.stonishment and abhorrence, the General Ls in- 
formed, that some base and cowardly wretches have, last 
night, set fire to the court-hou.se, and other buildings 
which the enemy left. The army may rely upon it, that 
they shall be brought to justice, and meet with the pun- 
ishment they dfcserve.'' 

The British were moving down towards Dobbs" Ferry. 
A detachment from the American army was sent out in the 
morning to harass their rear, but could not come up with 
them. 

7th. — Several deserters came in from the enemy: they 
reported that they were moving towards ^ew-Yort. The 
reconnoitring parties discovered them encamped near 
Dobbs' Ferry. They were foraging grain and hay. and 
driving in the cattle. Two store-ships had run up past 
Fort '\\'ashington. 

8th. — The enemy continued encamped at and below 
Dojbbs' Ferry. A new disfiosition of the American army 
was now to take place. The southern troops were to cross 
over into the Jersies. Gen. Lee, with his own, Spencer's, 
and Sullivan's divisions, were to remain, to secure and 
bring off the stores ; and were then to follow into the .Jer- 
sies. Our General was ordered to march with his division 
to Peek's Kill. 

9th. — The division moved from near ^Tiite Plains, and 
the same night halted at North-Ca.sT:le. 

10th. — In the afternoon, the division reached Peek's 



1 For this Major Austin of Col. Brewers regiment was court-mar- 
tialled and dismissed from the service. 



76 

Kill. Gen. Washington arrived at the same place at about 
sunset. It was this day learnt, that Gen. Carleton's army 
in Canada, after pushing the Americans in that quarter 
from post to post, until they arrived at Ticonderoga, just 
made their appearance before that place, and then retireil 
towards Quebec. 

11th. — The Commander iu Chief directed our General 
to attend him in taking a view of Fort Montgomery, and 
the other works up the river. Lord Stirling, Generals 
James and George Clinton, Gen. Mifflin and others were 
of the company. They went as far up the river as Con- 
stitution Island, which is opposite to West Point, the lat- 
ter of which was not then taken possession of; but the 
glance of the eye at it, without going on shore, evinced that 
this post was not to be neglected. There was a small work 
and a block-house on Constitution Island. Fort Mont- 
gomery was in considerable forwardness. 

12th. — The Commander in Chief directed our (ieneral 
to ride early in the morning with him, to reconnoitre the 
grounds at the Gorge of the Highlands; and, on his re- 
turn, gave him the command of the troops and posts in the 
Highlands, on both sides of the river, with written instruc- 
tions to secure and fortify them with all possible expedi- 
tion, making a distribution of his troops to the different 
posts; and, at about 10 o'clock, A. M. Gen. Washington 
crossed over the river into the Jersies. 

13tli. — Our General made a disposition of the troops 
under his command, to their several destinations. Col. 
Huntington's and Tyler's regiments, to the west side of 
the Hudson, to Sidnum's Bridge on Ramapaughi River, 
to cover the passes into the Highlands, on that side : Pres- 
cott's. Ward's and Wyllys's regiments, of Parsons's bri- 
gade, (as were the other two regiments) to the south en- 
trauce of the Highlands, beyond Robinson's Bridge: Gen. 
George Clinton's brigade, to the heights above Peek's Kill 

1 Ramapo. 



77 

Lauding': Ueu. Scott's brigade, willi the three reginieuts of 
(xeu. Farsons's brigade: (leu. James Cliiitou, with tlie 
troops imder his counuaud, were at tlie forts up the river. 
Tlie British uioved dowu, uear to Kiugsbridge. 

Ou the Kith, the British made their attack ou Fort 
Washiugto)!. Ccueral Kuyphauseu, with a heavy column 
of Hessians, advanced by Kingsbridge. Tiiey were dis- 
covered by tlie Americans, from the high grounds north of 
Fort Washington, as the day broke; and cauncmaded from 
the tield pieces, placed at this advanced post. The Hes- 
sian column divided into two; the right ascending the 
strong broken ground towards Spitten-Devil' Creek ; the 
left nearer to the road, towards the Oorge. The first ob- 
tained the ground without much difficulty; but the Ameri- 
cans made a most noble opposition against the latter, and, 
for a considerable time, kept them from ascending the hill, 
making a terrible slaughter among them; but the great su- 
periority of the assailants, with an unabating firmness, 
finally prevailed: their loss was greater here than at any 
other place. Meanwhile, the British crossed Haarlem 
Creek, in two different places, charged, and finally routed 
the Americans on that side, and possessed themselves of 
the strong post on Laurel Hill, on the other side of the 
road fiom Foi't Washington, and not very distant from it; 
Lord I'ercy at the same time advancing, with the troops 
under liis command ou the island, towards the fort (m that 
side. The Americans, now generally driven from their out- 
works, retired to the fort, which was crowded full. A 
single shell, now dropping among them, must have made 
dreadful havock. 

({en. Washington was now a spectator of this distressing 
scene, from the high bank at Fort Lee, on the opposite side 
of the Hudson; and having a wish to communicate some- 
thing to Col. Magaw, the commanding officer at Fort 



1 Spuyten Duyvil. 



78 

VVasliiugton, (.'apt. Gooch' of Boston, a brave and daring- 
man, offered to be the bearer of it. He ran down to the 
rivej", jumped into a small boat, pushed over the river, 
lauded under the bank, ran up to the fort and delivered 
the message — came out, rau aud jumped over the broken 
ground, dodging the Hessians, some of whom struck at him 
with their pieces, and others attempted to thrust him 
with their bayonets — escaping through them, he got to his 
boat, and returned to Fort Lee. The British had sum- 
moned Col. Magaw to surrender, aud were prepariug their 
batteries to play on the fort, when Col. Magaw thouglit it 
best to surrender the post, which he did accordingly, be- 
tween two and three thousand men becoming prisoners. 
The loss in killed and wounded, on the American side was 
inconsiderable; but the loss in prisoners was a serious blow 
indeed. The prisouers were marched to New- York ; where, 
being crowded in prisons and sugar-houses, (mauy of them 
being militia from the Jei-sey Myiug-camp, who had been 
sent o^er to reinforce the garrison, and were unused to a 
soldier's life, much less to the poisonous stagnant air of a 
crowded prison,) they fell sick, aud daily died, in a most 
shocking manner. It was common, on a morning, for the 
car-men to come and take away the bodies for burial, hy 

loads! O ye officers of the provost! to whatever nation 

or people 30U belong, when the unfortunate of your fellow- 
men are thus committed to your charge, clothe yourselves 
with humanity, aud soothe distress as far as in your po- 
wer ; for by this, you will secure a better reward than your 
present wages. Aud you who have the honour to command 
armies, when ^our victories have tilled provosts and pris- 
ons, think it not beneath you to visit the prisons, that with 
3' our own eyes you may see the state of your prisoners : for 
such visits, the great Captain of your Salvation hath said, 
shall be considered as made to Himself; while it also gives 



1 Capt. John Gooch, 9th Continentals. 



79 

you a name among men closely allied to that of the con- 
queror. The truly brave are always humane. 

Elated ^\'ith the easy reduction of Fort Washington, the 
British determined to cross into the Jersies, and attack 
Gen. Washington on that side. 

On the 18tii, Lord rornwallis, with a strong body of the 
British forces, lauded at Closter Landing', on the Jersey 
side, above Fort Lee, the garrison of which were obliged 
to leave that post ; and some cannon, stores and provisions, 
which could not ))e removed, fell into the hands of the 
enemy. 

20th. — Just at evening, an express, wiiich our General 
had sent down to Gen. Washington before he had any 
knowledge of what had happened, returned with a most 
alarming account of what he had seen with his own pyes, 
viz. that the Americans were rapidly retreating, and the 
British as rapidly pursuing. The Adjutant-General 
(Reed) wished to write to (leneral T>ee; but he had neither 
pen, ink, or paper with liim. The liglit-horseman had a 
rough piece of wrapping-paper in his pocket, and the Ad- 
jutant-General had an old pencil. Bringing these two to- 
gether, he wrote to Gen. Lee — " Dear General, we are fly- 
ing from the British. I pray " and the pencil broke. 

lie then told tlie liglit-horseman to carry the paper to Gen. 
Lee, and tell him that he was vt>rbally ordered to add, after 
/ praii. " you to push and join us.'The light-horseman, 
when he arrived at our General's, was both fatigued and 
wet. He requested that one of his brother horsemen might 
proceed to Gen. Lee; but he was told that no other could 
discharge the duty enjoined on him by the Adjutant-Gen- 
eral, and that Gen. Lee might wish to make many inquiries 
of him. He was therefore refreshed and pushed on. Gen. 
Lee, instead of mo\ing his division, or any part of it, 
wrote our General, Iiy the returning express, the following 
letter. 



1 Traces of Cornwallis' road, up the steep ascent of the Palisades. 
;a'e yet plainly discerndble. 



80 

Camp, Nov. 21st, 177ti. 



" Dear General, 



I have just received a reooimneudation, not a posi- 
tive oi'dei", from the General, to move the eorps under my 
command to the othei side of the river. Tliis recommenda- 
tion was, I ima<iino, on the presumption that I had already 
moved nearer to Peek's Kill. There is no possibility of 
crossing over Dobbs' Ferry, or at any place lower than 
King's Ferry, which to us would be such an immense 
round, that we could never answer any purpose. I must 
therefore desire and request, that you will order 2000 of 
your corps, under a Brigadier-General, to cross the river 
opposite the Cieueral, and \\ ait his further orders. As soon 
as we have finished a necessary job, I will replace this num- 
ber from hence, which job will, I believe, be finished to- 
morrow. 

I am, dear General, yoiirs, 

(Signed) CHARLES LEE. 
Gen. Heath." 

Upon receiving this letter from Gen. Lee, (for our Gen- 
eral did not receive the least hint from Gen. Washington, 
to move any part of the troops under his command, by the 
express who bi'ought the order to Lee) he took up his in- 
structions from Gen. Washington, to see if he might dare 
to umke any detachment; upon which he wrote Gen. Lee 
the following answer to his letter. 

Peek's Kill. Nov. 21st, 1776, 
10 o'clock at night. 
" Dear General, 
I am now to acknowledge the receipt of your favours, 
of this date, the former of which I had answered early in 
the evening. With respect to the latter, upon having re- 
course to my instructions, I find they are such as not to 
admit of moving any part of the troops from the posts as- 



81 

signed to me, uuless it be bv express orders from his Ex- 
cellency, or to support you, in case you are attacked. My 
instructions, among other things, are as follow: 

" Your division, with such troops as are now at Forts 
" Montgomery, Independence and Constitution, are to be 
" under your command, and remain in this quarter, for the 
"security of the above ]iosts, and the passes through the 
" Highlands, from this place, and the one on the west side 
" of Hudson's Kiver. Unnecessary it is for me to say any 
" thing to evince the importance f)f securing the land and 
'' water communication through these passes, or to prove 
" the indispensable necessity of using every exertion in 
" your power, to have such works erected for the defence 
" of them, as your own judgment, assisted by that of your 
" Brigadiei's and Engineer, may show the expediency of. 
" You will not only keep in view the importance of secur- 
" ing these passes, but the necessity of doing it without 
"delay: not only from the probability of the enemy's at- 
" tempting to seize them, but from the advanced season, 
" which will not admit of any spade-work, after the frost 
" (which may daily be expected) sets in. 

" Lose not a moment, therefore, in choosing the groTinds 
" on the east and west side of the river, on which your in- 
" tended works are to be erected. Let your men designed 
" for each post be s])eedily allotted," &c. 

" After instructions so positive and pressing, you will 
readily agree that it would be very improjier, in me, to 
order any f>f the troops from posts to which they are so 
expressly assigned, and from business which in his Ex- 
cellency's view is so very important. Add to this, their 
present disposition is such, that to collect any thing near 
the number you mention, would occasion as great delay, 
and cause many of them to march nearly as far, as if sent 
immediately from your quarter. 

I am, dear General, with esteem. 

Yours respectfully. 
Gen. Lee." (Signed) W. HEATH. 



82 

This did not seem to satisfy Gen. Lee, who wrote our 
General the following : 

(:\A.MP, Nov. 23d, 1770. 
"Sir, 
By your nicxle of reasoning, tlie General's instructions 
are so binding, that not a tittle must be broke through for 
the salvation of the General and the army. I have ordered 
Glover's brigade to march up towards Peek's Kill, to put 
the passage of the Highlands out of danger ; but I intend to 
take 2000 from your division with me into the Jersies; so 
I must desire that you will have that number in readiness 
by the day after to-morrow, when I shall be with you eai'ly 
in the forenoon ; 

And anij 8ir, 

Your most obedient servant, 
(Signed) CHARLES LEE. 
Maj. Gen. Heath." 

To which our General returned the following answer: 

Peek's Kill, Nov. 2Uh, 1776. 
" Sir, 

Be my mode of reasoning as it may, I ocmceive it to be 
my duty to obey my instructions, especially those which 
are positive and poignant, and that to deviate from them 
even in extreme cases, would be an error ; though perhaps 
an error on the right side. 

I can assure you. Sir, that I have the salvation of the 
General and army so much at heart, that the least recom- 
mendation from him, to march my division, or any part of 
them, over the river, should have been instantly obeyed, 
without waiting for a positive order. 

My conduct must be approved or censured, as T adhere 
to, or depart from, my orders; and, as it is my duty, I 
shall strictly abide by them, until they are countermanded 
in such manner, as will justify a deviation from them, to 
him who instructed me, and to the world. 



83 

I shall 1)0 happy in lieiug huDdurcd with your coiiipany 
to-morrow ; 

Aud am, with respect and esteem, 
Your humble aud obedient servant, 

(Signed) W. HEATH. 
Gen. Lee." 

After the foregoing was sent off, onr General reflected 
for a moment, that as circumstam-cs alter cases. Gen. 
Washington being now pressed, and the ui'my with him but 
feeble, he might possibly wish for some aid from his dii- 
vision. He therefore sat down and \\-rote him a short let- 
ter, stating in what manner he had disposed of the troops 
under his command, and wishing to know his pleasure 
wlu4lier any part of them should join him; enclosing copies 
of the letters he had received from Gen. Lee, and of his 
answers. The express was directed to make the umost dis- 
patch out and returning, which he effected on the 2Gth, 
(several days before (ieu. Lee got up to Peek's Kill) 
bringing with him the following letter from Secretary 
Harrison: 



The letter appears thus in the IIi\itli Papers'- 

Peekskill, Nov. 24. 177r,. 
Dear General: — 

I some days since presented to your excellency the disposition o£ 
the troops at this post. I have not as yet received your excellency's ex- 
press approval or disapprobation. I am endeavoring to complete the 
business your excellency assigned to me, as fast as possible. On the 
21st instant, I received a letter from General Lee, a copy of which is 
enclosed. 1 returned him for an answer, that my division was posted 
at important passes and with such positive and pressing instructions 
from your excellency, that I dare not remove them without your ex- 
cellency's express orders; which was also the opinion of my brigadier- 
generals, that it would be extremely hazardous. The last evening I 
received another letter from him. which I also enclose. It needs no 
comment. I still conceive myself strictly bound by your excellency's 
instructions, and that the importance of this post is enhanced by the 
enemy's having got possession of Fort Lee and thereby secured to 
themselves the entire navigation Hudson's River up to this place. 
Should the number of troops mentioned by Gen. Lee be drawn from 
this post, there wo\ild not be more than four hundred men, exclusive of 
the garrisons of the forts, left on this side of the river. I consider my- 
self as accountable for the post, being so expressly instructed by your 
excellency and shall most strictly adhere to them until countermanded 



84 

Newark, Nov. 2oth, 1776. 
*• Deae General, 

I am directed 1)y his Excellency to acknowledge his 
receipt of your letter of yesterday, and to inform you, the 
disposition of the troops, mentioned in your former letter, 
has his approbation. 

" In respect to the troops intended to come to this quar- 
ter, his Excellency never meant that they should be from 
your division. He has wrote Gen. Lee, since, so fully and 
explicitly upon the subject, that any misapprehensions he 
may have been under at first, must now be done away. He 
will most probably have reached Peek's Kill before now, 
with his division, and be pushing to join us. No new event 
has taken place. 

I am, Sir, very respectfully, 
Your most obedient servant, 
(Signed) R. H. HARRISON. 
Maj. Gen. Heath. 
21st. — A heavy cannonade was heard towards Amboy. 
22d. — Col. Tupper, who was do-rni near Tappan, got up 
to King's Ferry. He brought off the two 12 pounders 



by your excellency's orders, or a signification of your excellency's 
pleasure that I am to obey such orders as I shall receive from some 
other my senior officer; which alone. I think, can warrant a departure 
from my instructions. I wish also to know your excellency's pleasure 
as soon as agreeable to you, as it may prevent altercation and confus- 
ion. I beg leave also to acquaint your excellency that the time to 
which the garrisons of Fort Montgomery and Constitution are engaged 
expires (except as to three hundred and twenty-eight privates) in six 
days, as does that of General Scott's whole brigade and Colonel 
Tash's regiment. I cannot conclude without observing that General 
Lee, in his first letter to me, mentions that he has received a recom- 
mendation, not a positive order, to move the corps under his command 
to the other side of the river; and yet, although he did not think it ob- 
ligatory on himself, in his second letter he positively orders me to 
hold two thousand of my division in readiness to march with him across 
the river, directly contrary to my instructions, extracts of which I had 
furnished him with. I have the honour to be, with great respect, your 
excellency's most humble servant, 

W. HEATH. 
His Excellency, General Washington. 



85 

which were at Dobbs" Ferry, aud a qnantitj of provisions. 
The same evening, our General ordered the Washiufiton 
galley to take station at King's Ferry. 

24th. — Onr fJeneral gave orders for riiuton's and Scott's 
brigades to hold themselves in readiness to march to the 
Jersey side. 

25th. — Scott's brigade was ordered over to Haverstraw, 
and Col. Tyler's regiment, then at Kamapo River, to 
march down to Tappau, to secure and bring off the pro- 
visions which were at that place. 

27th.— Capt. Treadwell', of the artillery, with a three- 

The followiDg remarkable letter does not appear to be referred to in 

the Memoirs. — (/VrtM. His/. Sec'y.) 

Camp, Phillipsburg, Nov. 2fi, me,. 
Sir: — 

I perceive that you have formed an opinion to yourself that, should 
General Washington remove to the Straits of Magellan, the instruc- 
tions he left with you upon a particular occasion have to all intents 
and purposes invested you with a command separate from, and Inde- 
pendent of, any other superior; that General Heath and General Lee 
are merely two major-generals, who perhaps ought to hold a friendly 
intercourse with each other, and, when, their humour or fancied in- 
terest prompts, may afford mutual assistance; but that General Heath 
is by no means to consider himself obliged to obey any orders of the 
second in command. This idea of yours, Sir, may not only be prejudi- 
cial to yourself but to the public. I could wish, Sir, before things go 
any further, you would correct the notion. I enjoined you to send two 
thousand men over the river, aud informed you that I would replace 
them with an equal number. This was the only mode in my power of 
complying with the intuitions of the general, but it seems your danger 
was so immense and your instructions so positive, that, instead of tak- 
ing a step which both duty and common sense dictated, you are so kind 
as to advise me to send the troops from hence; the two days' march 
to Peekskill, and the want of wagons, with the badness of the roads, 
making no sort of difference. But I must inform you. Sir, that we could 
not have been (such are our circumstances) in less than five days at 
Peekskill; and that five days may turn the fate of an empire. If any 
misfortune should happen from this refusal, you must answer for it. If 
any misfortune had happened to your post by the detachment of those 
two thousand men from your corps, the blame would have fallen upon 
me. But enough on this subject. I shall therefore conclude, that the 
Commander-in-Chief is now separate from us; that I, of course, com- 
mand on this side of the water; that, for the future, I will and mii'^t be 
obeyed, I am, Sir, your most obedient servant. 

To Major-General Heath, Peekskill. CHARLES LEE. 



'William Treadwell (of Massachusetts) of Knox's artillery (died 
April, 1795). 



86 

poimder, was ordered to move over the river, and join Gen. 
Scott's brigade. It was learnt tliat many of tlie inhabi- 
tants of New-Jersey, especially in the neighborhood of 
Plackensack, were swearing allegiance to King George, 
taking letters of protection, &c. 

28th. — Mr. Livingston came from Congress, to advise 
with our General on measures to obstruct the river. The 
same day, Capt. Harrod brought off from Tappan a con- 
siderable quantity of pearl-ash, bees-wax, oil, &c. 

29th.— Two of the regiments of Gen. Clinton's brigade 
were ordered to move to Fort Constitution, in order to at- 
tempt the forming of obstructions in the river near Poli- 
pins^ Island. 

30th. — Just before dinner. Gen. Sullivan arrived at our 
General's quarters; and in the afternoon Gen. Lee ar- 
rived. He called at the door; when our General waiting 
upon him, requested him to alight, he asked if he could 
have a cup of tea, and was answered that he should have 
a good one. Upon coming into the house, before he sat 
down, he wished to speak in private, which being instantly 
granted, he told our General that, in a military view, or, to 
use his own words exactly, " In point of hiir. you are right; 
but in point of policy, I think you are wrong. I am going 
into the Jersies for the salvation of America; I wish to 
take with me a larger force than I now have, and request 
you to order 2000 of your men to march with me." Our 
General answered, that he could not spare that number. 
He was then asked to order 1000 ; to Avhich he replied, that 
the business might as well be brought to a point at once 
— that not a single man should march from the post by h is 
order. Gen. Lee replied, that he would then order them 
himself. He was answered that there was a wide differ- 
ence between the two ; that Gen. Lee was acknowledged by 
our General to be his senior ; but, as he had received posi- 
tive written instructions from him who was superior to 



l.Pollopel's 5s the modern spelling. 



87 

both, he wouhl not h'uiisiJf break those orders. If Geu. Lee 
was disposed to coimteraot them, its being done by him 
could not be imputed to any other person; and that lie 
knew tlie Commander in Chief did not intend any of the 
troops should be removed from that post — having ex- 
pressed it not only in his instruetions, Init also in a letter 
just reeeived from him. Un the letter being shewn to Gen. 
Lee, he obserxed, "The Commander in Chief is now at a 
distance and does not know \\hat is necessary here so well 
as I do" — asked if he might be favoured with the return- 
book of the division, ilajor Huntington, the Deputy-Ad- 
jutant (Jeneral, was directed to hand it. Gen. Lee ran his 
eye over it, and said, "I \\ill take Prescott's and Wyllys's 
regiments" and turning to Major Huntington,' said,"You 
will order those two regiments to march early to-morrow 
morning to join me." Our General, turning to the Major, 
said, " Issue such orders at your peril ! "' and then turning 
to Gen. Lee addressed him : " Sir, if you come to this post, 
and mean to issue orders here, which will break those posi- 
tive ones which I have received, 1 pray you to do it com- 
pletely yourself, and through your own Deputy Adjutant- 
G'eneral, who is present, and not draw me, or any of my 
family, in as partners in the guilt." Gen. Lee replied, " It 
is right. Col. Scammell, do 30U issue the order;" which 
he did, and Uuntington communicated it to the regiments, 
who were now posted at the gorge of the mountains, near 
Kobinson's Bridge, afterwards called the Continental 
Village. Matters caried thus far, our General turned to 
Gen. Lee again : " (Sir, I have one more request to make, 
and that is, that you will be pleased to give me a certificate, 
that you exercise vointitdiul at this post, and do order from 
it Prescott's and Wyllys's regiments." Lee replied, " I do 
not know that I will comply with your request." (Jen. 
Clinton, who was present, observed, " Gen. Lee, you can- 



1 Ebenezer Huntington, afterward brigadier-general. (Died June 17, 
1834.) 



88 

not refuse a request so reasonable." Upon which Gen. Lee 
wrote as follows : 

Peek's Kill^ Dec. 1st, 177G. 

"For tile satisfaction of Gen. ITeatli, and at his re- 
quest, I do certify, that I am commanding officer, at this 
present writing, in this post, and that I have, in that ca- 
pacity, ordered Prescott's and Wyllys's regiments to 
march. 

(Signed) CHARLES LEE, Maj. Gen." 

(ien. Lee, stepping out on the piazza, observed to an of- 
ficer, " Gen. Heath is right." Early the next morning, the 
regiments moved from their cantonment towards Peek's 
Kill ; but before they had reached it. Gen. Lee, now ready 
to pass into the Jersies, rode up to our General's door, and 
calling him, observed, "Upon further consideration, I 
have conclufied not take the two regiments with me — 
you may ord^T them to return to their former jiost." This 
conduct of (reneral Lee's appeared not a little extraordi- 
nary, and one is almost at a loss to account for it. He had 
been a soldier from his youth, had a perfect knowledge of 
service in all its branches, but was rather obstinate in his 
temper, and could scarcely brook being crossed in anything 
in the line of his jjrofession. 

Gen. Len took with him into the Jersies Svjme 
as good troops as any in the service; but many 
of them were so destitute of shoes, that the blood left 
on the rugged frozen ground, in many places, marked the 
route they had taken ; and a considerable number, unable 
to march, were left at Peek's Kill. The time of service for 
which Gen. Scott's brigade was engaged to serve, expired, 
when the whole, except about 50, went home, notwith- 
standing the generous encoiiragement offered them by their 
State, (New-York) if they would continue one month 
longer- 

2d and 3d. — Gen. Lee's troops were passing the ferry. 
Gen. Garleton having returned into Canada, a number of 



89 

Gen. Gates's regiments were now moving to reinforce 
(Jen. Wasliiugtou — tlieir van as far as ;\Iorristowu — the 
enemy as far as Brunswick. 

6th. — Intelligence was received, that on the 4th, about 
sunset, 70 sail of shiijs of war and transports passed in 
the iSound towards New England. Our General immedi- 
ately sent expresses to Crcneral AVashington, Gov. Trum- 
bull, Mr. Bowdoin\ at Boston, the Convention of New- 
York, &c. 

7th. — Three regiments, viz. Greaton's, Bond's, and Por- 
ter's-, arrived off the landing from Albany, on their way to 
Gen. AA'ashington. Matters now looked serious in Jersey. 
The Briti.sh were extending themselves in all directions, 
and the inhabitants obliged to become passive, if not worse. 
Gen. Gates had ordered the troops, moving from the north- 
ward, to rendezvous at (ioshen. 

8th. — Our General wrote Gen. Lee, that the troops were 
moving on from the northward, and as Gen. Gates had not 
yet overtaken them, some of the commanding-officers ap- 
peared to wish for orders how to proceed. Gen. Washing- 
ton, it was said, was as far as Trenton — Lee, the preceding 
night, as far as Pompton. A flag schooner came up from 
New- York, to obtain leave for some families to go in. A 
Parson luglish^ was on board. Orders were given to treat 
the flag with politeness, and at the same time with proper 
precaution ; and the business was laid before the ('onven- 
tiou of the State. 

The same day. Gen. Clinton, with two British and two 
Hessian I)rigades, with a squadron of ships under the com- 
mand of Sir Peter Parker, took possession of Rhode Is- 
land, without the loss of a man ;the Americans quitting the 
island without making any (opposition. Rhode Island was 



1 James Bowdoin (17 1790), later Governor of Massachusetts. 

2 Probably Col. Elisha Porter of Massachusetts. 

3 Rev. Dr. Charles Inglis, rector of Trinity Church. N. Y.. and an 
undaunted Tory. His wife and Mrs. Beverly Robinson were the only 
women attainted of treason during the Revolution. 



PO 

a great acquisition to the British, for quarters, forage, and 
a safe harbour; but lessenetl tlieir ability for otlier more 
important operations in the tield. 

On the evening of the 9th, our General received orders 
from the Commander in Chief, to move over the Hudson, 
with Parsons's brigade, and to move on so as to give pro- 
tection to tlie country, and vigour to the cause in Jersey. 

10th. — A little after noon, Parsons's brigade marched 
down to King's Ferry; the greatest alertness having l)een 
discovered by both officers and men on the occasion. 

11th. — About ele\en o'clock, A. M. our General left 
Peek's Kill, and proceeded for the Jersies; on crossing 
King's Fei'ry, gave orders for the tlag to be detained from 
returning until further orders. The troops crossed the 
ferry, and marched as far as Col. Hay's' at Haverstraw. 
Huntington's and Tyler's regiments were ordered to ad- 
vance from Kamapo Bridge to Paraxuus. Our General 
received a letter from Gen. Lee, in answer to the one he 
wrote on the Sth from Peek's Kill, as follows: 

Chatham. Dec. Wtlt. 1770. 

" Dear Genekal, 
I am very much obliged to you for your welcome tid- 
ings; and have only to beg that you will direct the regi- 
ments you speak of, to march without loss of time to Mor- 
ristown. I sent an express to you last night, from the 
General, ordering your division over the river, which I con- 
fess, for my own part, I am heartily sorry for; as I think 
we shall be strong enough without you, and oS^ew-England, 
with your district, will be too bare of troops. I am in 
hopes here to re-conquer (if I may so express myself) the 
Jersies. It was really in the hands of the enemy before 
my arrival. Adieu, dear Sir, 

Maj. Gen. Heath.'' (Signed) CHARLES LEE. 



1 Col. A. Hawkes Hay was commander of the Haverstraw militia 
regiment, and an active patriot. A letter from General John Morin 
Scott describes him as "a gentleman uncommonly spirited in the pub- 
lick cause." 



91 

The foregoiug k'tt»n- appears very different from the for- 
mer ones. 

12th. — Early in tlie iiiorninff, the troops tooli up their 
line of luareli from ilaverstraw, ami before sun-set reached 
Tappan. 

13th. — Sent out a reoonnoitrinjij party towards Haeken- 
sack, to get intelligence, &.c. This day (Jen. Lee was taken 
prisoner, near Chatham, by a party of light-horse, com- 
manded Ijy Co], llareourt.' Lee took (juarters at a small 
distance from his trcjops: an inhabitant gave notice of it 
to CoL Harcourt, who was out reconnoitring near that 
neighborhood, and who had the address to take and carry 
him off. 

14th. — Our General l\eld up every appearance of moving 
to Paramns, and sent off his baggage under escort to that 
place; and between 11 and 12 o'clock, marched briskly for 
Hackensack, having sent orders for Huntington's and Ty- 
ler's regiments to move from Paramus at the same time. 
Buskirk's- regiment was at Hackensack Bridge the pre- 
ceding day, where they did duty, and it was expected they 
were still at the same place. To surprise and take them 
was the object; hut it was found that Buskirk's men had 
moved the pi-eceding day to Bergen, in order to draw new 
arms. The town was completely surprised, not having an 
idea that any but British troops were near them. One 
British soldier and 20 or 'M) of their adherents, were taken, 
a number of arms, &c. and at the wharf, .several vessel.s 
loaded with hay, &c. on the point of sailing for New- York. 
A brig had come to sail in the morning, and run some dis- 
tance down the river, and came t(t anchor. An officer with 
a party Avas sent down to take her, and bring her up; but 
the wind was so strong aiiead that it C(juld not be etfected. 
The officer was then directed to destroy the vessel, as she 



1 Harcourt's regiment was the 16th Light Dragoons. Lee was con- 
sidered so important a capture that Harcourt was promoted to the 
colonelcy and received other and substantial marks of the royal 
favor. 

2 Buskirk was a New York Tory of the rank of lieutenant-colonel. 



92 

liad a large quantity uf forage ou board, destined for New- 
York; but it was said, there Avere some valuable articles 
on board, which might be taken out and brought up in the 
boats. The orders were varied accordingly, with direc- 
tions, that in case the enemy advanced before the business 
was completed, to set the brig on Are. The boats brought 
up one load ; but on returning to the brig, they discovered 
a body of the enemy advancing, when the brig was aban- 
doned without being set on fire. The enemy immediately 
took possession of her. Among the articles taken out, was 
a large chest of plate. This was conveyed to Peek's Kill, 
and delivered to the Deputy Quarter-Master-General ; and 
when the British afterwards destroyed the public stores 
at that place, the chest of ftlate was removed by the 
Quarter-Master into Connecticut; where afterwards Gen. 
Parsons, in behalf of the officers and soldiers of the divis- 
ion, filed a libel in the Maritime Court, and the officer who 
boarded the vessel filed one in his own behalf. On trial, 
the Court adjudged the plate to the latter, although he 
boarded the vessel in obedience to express orders. About 
100 barrels of flour, which had been abandtoned by the 
Americans when they retreated before Lord Cornwallis, 
were recovered and sent off ; and about 100 arms were also 
secured, with a quantity of rum, gin, &c. In the evening, 
as two or three American officers were walking along the 
street, a gentleman, who was an inhabitant, came up to 
them, and expressed his joy ou the arrival of the troops, 
(supposing they were British.) The officers immediately 
conducted him to our General, and on entering the room 
informed him, that they came to inti'oduce a friend who 
had joined them in the street, and who was able to give 
some important information. Our General expressed a 
high satisfaction, and wished to know what information he 
could give. He replied, that he heard there was a large 
body of rebels collecting up above them. He was asked if 
in case these rebels should advance, any assistance could 
be afforded by the people of the town, and whether they 



93 

could be depended upon? He answered there were a (ou- 
siderable number, and that they might be depended upon. 
He was asked, whether there was not a number in the 
town who were in favour of the rebels? He answered, 
that there was; but that they had seized and sent off the 
principal ones among them, and that now the others dared 
not shew tiiemselves. The joke was thus going on, when 
Col. Prescott, who stood near him, holding his hat in his 
hand, in which there was a red cockade, (at that time a 
mark of the distinction of rank) the gentleman fixed his 
eye upon it, and his countenance immediately fell. He was 
then told that those whom he termed rebels were now in 
possession of the place, and had now received his informa- 
tion. He was ordered into custody. 

loth. — All the wagons in the vicinity were collected, 
and the Hour and other stores moved off to Paramus. Re- 
connoitring parties were sent out to a distance, to observe 
the motions of the enemy. 

16th. — The effects were generally removed, and about 
noon the reconnoitring parties reported that the enemy 
were advancing on l)oth sides of tiie place. They were soon 
after discovered by the guard at Acquackanuck Bridge. 
A little before sun-set, the troops left the town. A strong 
rear-guard was ordered to remain on the high ground liack 
of the town, until after dark, to light up a nundjer of tires, 
and then to move on after the troops. Just before the di- 
vision left the town, Gen. George Clinton, attended by 
some light-horse, joined the division. 

17th. — Keconuoitriug parties were sent out on all the 
roads. 

IStli. — Intelligence was received, that some of the Jersey 
militia had liad a skirmish with a body of I'ritish troops 
under Gen. Leslie, near Springfield. Botii parties retired. 
Of the militia, several were killed and wounded. 

The Couv'ention of New-York, greatly alarmed at the re- 
moval of our General with the continental troops from 
the important passes of the Highlands, sent a request to 



94 

Gen. Washiugton, desiring that they might be ordered 
back again. To insure dispatch, they offered the express 
extra pay. The Commander in Chief was pleased to grant 
their request, and ordered our General to return to Peek's 
Kill, and re-occujjy his former positions. 

Our General, having received certain information that 
Buskirk's regiment was at or near Bergen Woods, it was 
determined to strike them. For this purpose, on the even- 
ing of the IDth about 8 o'clock. Gen. Parsons, with 250 
continental troops, and (len. Clinton, with a like number 
of the militia of New- York, marched from Paramus church, 
and a covering party of 300 men Avas ordered to Tappan. 

About 1 o'clock the next morning the detachment 
reached Bergen, and completely surprised the enemy's 
guard, making 22 men prisoners. The regiment was 
alarmed, and a pretty brisk skirmish ensued. The enemy 
were collecting, and it was judged best for the detachment 
to come off, having been so far victorious. 

20th. — About 1 o'clock, P. M. the detachment returned 
to Paramus, having, in the short interval of time, marched 
(out and returning) upwards of 40 miles. They brought 
back with them, besides their prisoners, 16 new lire-locks, 
6 horse-s, and one wagon ; having sustained the loss of one 
man. The enemy were supposed to have had several killed. 

21st. — Orders were given for the troops to be ready to 
march earlj- the next morning. The gentleman who was 
taken into custody at Hackensack, chagrined almost to 
death, had been spending his time, like April, in weeping 
and lowering; and much intercession having been made for 
his X'elease, our General told him that in case he would 
faithfully perform a piece of secret service allotted to him, 
he should be released. This he performed with punctu- 
ality, and consequently was set at liberty. 

22d.— The troops marched from Paramus round by the 



95 

side of Kakaat', to Clark's-Town, which they reached 
about sim-set. 

23d. — The troops took up their line of inarch, crossed the 
Hudsou, and arrived at Peek's Kill. 

24th. — Ciave permission for the fiag to return to New- 
York, Iiaviug on board the families of Mr. Inglis, Jloore, 
&c. 

2.5th. — It was learnt that a body of Hessian troops had 
not long before moved to the upper end of York Island. 
The militia of the State of New-Y''ork were this day begin- 
ning to come in. 

2Gth. — A severe snow-storm. Some of the militia from 
Massachusetts had reached Danbury. 

29th. — Intelligence was received from Providence, that 
a most ^■aluable prize, taken by the ship Alfred, had ar- 
rived safe at New Bedford, in Massachusetts. 

30th. — Col. Chester, of Connecticut, arrived at Peek's 
Kill, from Gen. Washington's camp, with the agreeable 
news, that on the preceding Thursday morning, being the 
2<>th, Gen. Washington, at the head of about 3000 men, 
crossed the Delaware, and attacked the enemy at Trenton, 
being about 1600 Hessians; and in about 35 minutes en- 
tirely defeated them. One Colonel, 2 Lieutenant-Colonels, 
3 Majors, 4 Captains, 8 Lieutenants, 12 Ensigns, 1 Judge 
Advocate, 2 Surgeon's Mates, 92 Sergeants, 20 Drummers, 
9 Musicians, 25 Ofdcers' servants, and 740 rank and tile 
were taken pi-isoners, besides the killed and wounded. Six 
pieces of brass cannon, 12 drums, 4 standards, 1200 small- 
arms, (i wagons, a number of swords, caps, &c. were the 
trophies of victory. The same day. Colonel Sparhawk's' 
regiment of militia arrived fi'om Massachusetts. 

31st. — Information was given, that a company of 00 dis- 



1 Kakaat is now Ramapo. It and Clarkstown are in Rockland 
County, N. Y. 

2 Nathan Sparhawk. 



96 [1776 

afFected iuhabitauts were on their way to join the enemy. 
Parties were sent out to intercept them. 

1777. Jannanj Ist. — By a letter from Gen. Washing- 
ton, it appeared that the enemy were retreating towards 
Amboy. Generals Mifflin and Ewing, and Col. Cadwalla- 
der had crossed the Delaware, and Gen. Washington was 
about to follow them, and pursue the enemy. 

2d. — Several infamous disaffected persons were taken 
and sent in. The same day, Gen. Washington being at 
Trenton, Gen. Howe advanced to attack him; a cannonade 
ensued : Gen. Washington retired to the other side of the 
Mill Creek; and, as soon as it was dark, ordering a great 
number of fires to be lighted up, to deceive the enemy, stole 
a march, and at 9 o'clock next morning attacked three regi- 
ments of the enemy who were posted at Princeton, routed 
them, driving them from two small redoubts. The enemy 
lost, in killed, wounded and taken prisoners about 500. The 
American loss was inconsiderable, except in the brave Gen. 
Mercer, of Virginia, who fell in this action, greatly regret- 
ted. In this manoeuvre and action Gen. Washington ex- 
hibited the most consummate generalshi]), and the British 
were struck with consternation. Amhuncade. ^iitrprisr (Did 
stratagem are said to constitute the sublime part of the 
art of war, and that he who possesses the greatest resource 
in these, Avill eventually pluck the laurel from the brow of 
his opponent. The stratagems of war are almost intiuite, 
but all have the same object, namely, to deceive — to hold 
up an appearance of something which is not intended, 
while under this mask some important object is secured; 
and be a General never so brave, if he be unskilled in the 
arts and stratagems of war, he is really to be pitied ; for his 
bravery will but serve to lead him into those wily snares 
which are laid for him. 

3d. — Thirty-seven recruits going to Rogers,^ taken the 
preceding night, were brought in; and our General ordered 



1 Major Robert Rogers (see p. 74). 



1777] 97 

out Capt. Graham' at 12 o'clock at night, to intercept an- 
other gang. 

4th. — Gen. Lincoln arrived from Massachusetts; he had 
come on witli a body of militia. 

5th. — It was learnt that on the 1st inst. (^tcu. Putnam 
took a large quantity of baggage, provisions, &c. at Bor- 
dentown ; and on the 3d, Gen. AVashingtou's army came up 
with the rear of the enemy, at or near Rocky Hill, when a 
briKsk action ensued, and the enemy were defeated, with the 
loss of between 50 and GO killed, and upwards of 100 taken 
prisoners, together with pieces of cannon, and all their 
baggage : the Americans had (i men killed. The same day 
Col. Sparhawk's regiment of militia, from Massachusetts, 
with two field-pieces, marched for King's Ferry, on their 
way to the Jersies. 

7th.— Our General received the following letter from 
Gen. Washington : 

Pluckemin. Jan. 5th. Mil. 
" Sir, 

We liave made a successful attack ui)on Princeton. 
General Howe advanced upon Trenton; we evacuated the 
town, and lay at the other side of the W\W Greek until 
dark; then stole a nmrch, and attacked Princeton about !) 
o'clock in the morning. There were three regiments quar- 
tered there. The killed, \\ounded, and prisoners taken, 
amounted to about 500. The enemy are in great consterna- 
tion ; and as the present affords us a favourable opportu- 
nity to AvixQ them out of the Jersies, it has been deter- 
mined in Council, that you should move down towards 
New-York with a considerable force, as if you had a design 
upon the city; that lieing an object of great importance, 
the enemy will be reduced to the necessity of withdrawing 
a considerable part of their force from the Jersies, if not 
the whole to secure the citv. I shall draw the force on this 



1 Probably Capt. John Graham, 1st New York (Died May 7, 1S32). 



98 

side the North River together at Morristown, where I shall 
watch the motions of the euemy, and avail myself of evex'j 
circumstanr-e. You will retain -iOOO of the militia coming 
on from the New-England Governments for the expedition. 
You will act with great precaution, Imt avail ^yourself of 
every favourable opportunity of attacking the enemy, when 
you can do it to advantage. 

Gen. Lincoln must cross the North River, and come on 
with the remainder of the militia to Morristown. Leave a 
sufficient guard at the Highlands. 

You will also have as many boats collected together, 
or in such a manner as you may always avail yourself of 
the]n, if it should be found expedient for your troops or any 
part of thejn to cross the North River, at Dobbs' Ferry, or 
any other of the landings. 

I am, &c. 
(Signed) GEO. \VASHINGTON. 
Gen. Heath." 

I'roparations for the before mentioned movement were 
immediately put in train. The militia and volunteers were 
coming in. 

8th. — Gen. Parsons went down to King-street. 

9th. — The remainder of Col. Sparhawk's and Col. AYhit- 
ney's regiments passed over the river, to join Gen. Wash- 
ington. 

10th. — Col. Frost's regiment marched to North Castle, 
and Gen. Scott's militia to White Plains. 

11th. — A number of British officers, taken at Princeton, 
passed Peek's Kill, on their way to Connecticut. The same 
day it was learnt, that on the 8th, Gen. Maxwell, with the 
Jersey militia, and some continental troops, routed the 
enemy at Elizabeth-Town, where he took 50 Highlanders, 
a schooner loaded witii baggage, and fell in with a party of 
30 Waldeckers, whom he also took prisoners. 

12th. — (ien. jMoulton' from Massachusetts, and Col. 



1 Johnson Moulton, Lieut.-Col. 7th Continentals. 



99 

(Jilraan' from New Hampshire, came to camp. A number 
of British prisoners, taken in the -Tersies, passed Peek's 
Kill, on their way to Connecticut. 

13th. — Our General moved to the southward, and reached 
North-Castle just before sun-set, Mliere he found part of 
four regiments had arrived, and Gen. Scott's militia of 
New-York had moved down to Wright's Jlills. 

14th. — Our Geuei'al moved to King-street to Mr. 
Clap's — about 3000 militia had arrived, and Gen. Lin- 
coln's division marclied to Tarrvtown on this dav. The 
C(nnniauder in Oiief in another letter had intimated that 
Gen. Lincoln, instead of moving on to join him, should 
staj on the east side of tlie Hudson, and join in the expedi- 
tion. 

15th. — The Connecticut volunteers marched from King- 
street to New Rochelle, and Gen. Scott's l)rigade to 
Steplien Ward's, rienty of provisions were arriving. A 
dteserter came in from the enemy, and gave an account of 
their situation and niimbers. 

17th. — At night the three divisions began to move to- 
wards Kiugsbi'idge: Gen. Lincoln's from Tarrvtown, on 
the Albany road; Generals Wooster and Parsous's from 
New Kochelle and East-Chester, and Gen. Scott's in the 
centre from below White Plains. The several distances 
and rate of marching were so well calculated, that, on the 
ISth, just before sunrise, the three divisions, although so 
far apart, arrived at the out-posts of the enemy almost at 
the same instant. Gen. Lincoln's on the heights above Col. 
Van Cortland's; Wooster's at Williams's-; and Scott's on 
the back of Valentine's. Our General, who moved with 
the centre division, knew that Valentine's house was the 



1 This may have been either David Oilman, who was a colonel of 
militia, 1776-77, or Nicholap (1776-80). 

2 Williams' Bridge, a part of the town of West Chester, now within 
the NeT? York City limits. The name is from a bridge there over the 
Bronx River. The Van Conrtlandt house is still standing, east of 
Yonkers. in Van Conrtlandt Park. 

L.ofC, 



100 

quarters of one of the guards ; he did not know but it might 
he defended: as he approached it, he ordered Capt. Lieut. 
Bryant to advance a field-piece to the advance-guard, and 
if there \\'as any opposition from the house, to cannonade 
it immediate!}'. He then ordered 250 men from the head 
of the column (as it was moving on) to incline to the 
right, and bv a double step to push into the hollow be- 
tween the house and the fort, to cut off the guard who were 
at the house, in cast they should run towards the latter. 
At this instant, two light-horsemen who had been sent out 
by the enemv as the day broke to reconnoitre the vicinity, 
came unexpectedly at the descent of a hill, i^lump upou 
the head of Wooster's column. They attempted to turn 
about, but before it could be fully effected, a field-piece 
was discharged at them ; one of them was pitched from his 
horse and taken prisoner, the other galloped back to the 
fort, holloing as he jiassed, " The rebels! The rebels! " This 
set all the outguards and pickets running to the fort, leav- 
ing in some places their arms, blankets, tools, provisions, 
&c. behind them. Those who fled from Valentine's and the 
Negro Fort were fired at as they ran, but none were killed : 
one, who could not run so fast as the rest, was taken pris- 
oner. Ten muskets were taken at Valentine's house. The 
guard above Van Cortland's was as completely surprised 
as the others, where Gen. Lincoln took about 40 arms, 
some blankets, &c. &c. The left and centre divisions moved 
into the holiow, between Valentine's house and the fort, 
from whence our General immediately sent a summons to 
the commanding officer of the fort to surrender. The 
Commandant of the fort, and a considerable part of the gar- 
rison, being Hessians, the summons held out to these gen- 
erous terms. The answer, which was verbal, was a I'efusal 
to surrender. A detachment with tAvo field-jjieces was 
ordered to move to the south of the fort, to a hill above 
Haarlem Creek, not far from the New Bridge. When the 
(letachuient arrived at this place, a battalion of Hessians 
appeared drawn up on the side of the hill just within Kings- 



101 

bridge, aud hack of Hyatt's tavern. Onr (Jeneral ordered 
the artillery to cannonade them hiiuiediately. The first 
shot just cleared the right of the battalion, nearly a pla- 
toon settliu!^: down as the shot passed them, which entered 
the bank close behind them. The second shot passed abont 
the centre of the battalion, when to the amount of a grand 
division settled down, which was an evidence that thej 
would not stand much longer. One of the pieces was or- 
dered to be drawn lower down the hill; on which the bat- 
talion quitt.^d their ground, and marched otT as fast as 
they could without running, to get behind the redoubt and 
hill at the bridge, receiving one shot moi-e as they were 
turning rouiici the point. Tt was not suspected that the 
enemy had any cannon in the redoulit within the bridge, 
but they now began to cannonade the artillerymen who 
had descended the hill, who had to draw up their piece as 
fast as possible, which they effected without any loss, but 
recei\ed three or four shot quite among them, before they 
could reach the top of the hill. 

This success at the out-posts flew through the country, 
and was soon magnihed to a reduction of the fort, and cap- 
ture of the garrison. It reached Gen. Washington long be- 
fore the official account, and he had cojnmunicated the re- 
port to Congress; hence a double disappointment, when the 
true state of facts was received. 

19th. — The enemy cannonaded from the fort, and killed 
one American, as the guards were relieving at the Negro 
Fort. It was determined to make an attempt to cut off the 
battalion within Kingslu-idge, early the next morning, by 
passing a strong detachment over Spuyten Duyvil Creek 
on the ice, whicli, however, w-as not now very strong, but 
the weather was cold. One thousand were detached for the 
purpose; but the weather having grown w^arm in the night, 
the ice was judged, by tlie unanimous ojunion of all the 
General Ofdcers on the ground, to be too hazardous on the 
morning of the 20th to venture the attempt. On this day 
there was a cannonade on both sides, and the enemy on the 



102 

island side were thrown into much confusion. Our Gen- 
eral observing that when the enemy within the island were 
cannonaded across Haarlem Creek, they sheltered them- 
selves behind the little hill near the bridge, next to Spuy- 
ten Duyvil Creek, on this afternoon he rode round on to 
Tippit's HilP, which was in its rear, and found that a field- 
piece drawn np on that side Avould leave the enemy no hid- 
ing-place. 

21st. — A cannonade on both sides. In the afternoon a 
field-piece was hauled up to Tippit's Hill, and the enemy 
were cannonaded both in front and rear : they were thrown 
into the utmost confusion: some secured themselves in 
their redoubt, others under the banks: some lay fiat on the 
ground, and some betook themselves to the cellars; so that 
in a short time there was no object for the gunners. The 
weather had now grown very moderate. 

22d. — There was a pretty smart skirmish with the enemy 
near the fore. This day our (General ordered a number or 
chandeliers,^ fascines, &c. to be made ; and having nothing 
but light field-pieces with him, in order to keep up an ap- 
pearance of a serious design on the fort, he sent to North- 
Castle, where was a field brass 24 pounder and some how- 
itzers, to bring forward the former and one of the latter. 

23d. — A smart skirmish took place just before dusk, in 
the broken ground near the south side of the fort; an En- 
sign and one man belonging to the New-York militia were 
killed, and live wounded ; the loss of the enemy unknown, 
as it was close under the fort. 

24th. — E.xcessive stormy. Gen. Lincoln's division, who 
were in huts in the woods, back of Col. Van Cort- 
land's, were obliged to quit their ground, and move back 
into the houses where they could find them ; some of them 
as far as Dobbs' Ferry ; with the loss of a great many car- 



1 Tibbetts' Hill and brook are not far from Spuyten Duyvil. 

2 Chandelier: a wooden frame, filled with fascines, to form a tra- 
verse in sapping. — Farrow's Military Encyclopedia- 



103 

tridges, from the baduess of the boxes. The fall of rain 
was so great as to cause a great fresh in the Bronx, the 
water running over the bridge by Williams's. 

25th. — Early in the morning, the enemj- made a sally to- 
wards Delancey's^ Mills, where they surprised and routed 
the guard, wounding several, but not killing or taking any 
of them ; and a regiment near that place quitted their 
quarters. Emboldened by this success, about 10 o'clock, 
A. M. tliey made a powerful sally towards \'alentine's, in- 
stantly driving the guards and, pickets from the Negro 
Fort and Valentine's house ; pushing on with great impet- 
uosity, keeping up a brisk lire, the balls passing at Wil- 
liams's house sufficiently strong to do execution. The re- 
treating guards threw themselves into the old redoubt on 
the north Kide of the road, to the west of the bridge; on 
which the enemy lined a strong stone wall, a few rods dis- 
tant to the southwest. Two regiments of the militia be- 
ing at this instant formed in the road near Williams's, and 
the horses in the limbers of the field-pieces, our General 
ordered Capt. Bryant to ford over the bridge with his 
piece, and the militia to follow and cover the artillery. 
When Capt. Bryant had ascended almost to the top of the 
hill, to prevent his horses being shot he unlimbered, and 
the men took the drag-roijes ; but the ascent of the hill was 
such that they were obliged to drag the piece almost with- 
in pistol-shot, before the ground would admit the piece to 
be so depressed as to bear on the enemy. The moment this 
was effected, a round shot opened a breach in the wall, 
four or five feet wide ; a second shot in less than a minute 
opened another, when the enemy fled back to the fort with 
the greatest precipitation. Of the Americans, two were 
killed and a number wounded. 

2Tth. — The brass 24-pounder and howitzer were brought 
up, and ordered to open upon the fort; on the third dis- 
charge of the toi'mer, she sprang her carriage; nor were 

1 De Lancey's Mills were in what is now Bronx Park, in the former 
town of West Farms, now a part of New York City. 



lOi 

there any live shells for the howitzer, there being none at 
North-Castle; nor was a regular cannonade or bombard- 
ment of the fort ever contemplated. Every attempt was 
now made, by feint and otherwise, to draw the enemy out 
of the fort. A detachment was sent down to Morrisania, 
to light up a great number of tires in the night, to induce 
the enemy to suppose that a body of Americans were col- 
lecting at that place, with a design to cross on to New- 
York Island, at or near Haarlem; and to heighten this, 
several large boats were sent for, and brought forward on 
carriages. The British guard on Moutresor's Island were 
so much alarmed at this as to set the buildings on lire, and 
flee to New-York. A brigade of the British were said to 
have moved towards Fort Washington; and orders had 
been sent to Rhode Island, for a detachment to be sent 
from thence. 

29th. — There was the appearance of a severe snow- 
storm coming on, when all the General Officers on the 
ground, viz. besides our General, Lincoln, Wooster, Scott 
and Ten Broeck, were unanimously of the opinion that the 
troops ought to move back before the storm came on, to 
places W'here they could be covered from the inclemency of 
the weather, as there was no artillery to batter the fort. 
And from tirst to last they were unanimously opposed to 
any idea of an assault or storm of the fort with the militia, 
the principal object being now to secure and bring otf 
or destroy the forage, which could be as well done where 
the ti'oops could have covering, as to harass them in the 
open fields by multiplying guards, or their being constantly 
exposed in the scattered houses to be surprised and cut off. 
For these sevei-al reasons, the troops were ordered as soon 
as it grew dark to move back, Gen. Lincoln's division to 
Dobbs' Ferry and Tarrytown, Gen. Wooster's to New 
Kochelle, and Gen. Scott's to White Plains; the guards to 
remain at their posts and alert, until the troops were all 
moved otT, and then to form rear guards on the several 
roads, following the troops to whom they respectively be- 



1U5 

lunged; all of which was perfoniied iu good order, iu a 
very heavy fall of snow. 

30th. — The storm cleared up, when 15 ships, 1 brig, 2 
schooners, and 2 sloops came to, between Heart' and City 
Islands; they wei'e from the eastward, and were supposed 
to have troops on board. The troops on this expedition, as 
it was called, were iu a \ery hazardous situation, and had 
continued in it from the morning of the 18th, to the evening 
of the I'iJth; they were entirely a body of militia, except a 
few artillery-men. tio apprehensive of this being a critical 
situation was the Commander in Chief, in the year 1780, 
when Gen. cjii-. Henry Clinton menaced the French army 
at Khode Island, and had embarked his troops on board 
transports for the purpose of proceeding to that place, and 
Gen. Washiugton liad determined to move down towards 
Kingsbridge to induce Sir Henry to give up his design by 
menacing New-York, our General being then at iihode Is- 
land with the French armj'. Gen. Washington wrote him 
on the 31st of July from Kobinson's Hotise in the High- 
lands — among other things, *' You know the critical situ- 
ation iu whioji this army will be in a position below." This 
was undoubtedly a very just observation ; but if the Com- 
mander iu (Jhief, with the whole American army in 1780, 
well armed and highly disscipliued, should so justly judge at 
the distance of 30 miles from the spot, what shall we say 
of those brave militia men who continued in the position 
itself, for more than ten days in the midst of winter? 

Whenever an enterprise is to be attempted in the teeth 
of an enemy, it should be a danh and away. 

31st. — A cordon of troops was ordered to be formed, to 
extend from Dobbs' Ferry to Mamaroneck. 

Fehruanj ^st. — Foraging now being the object, a large 
number of teams were sent out towards Mamaroueck, and 
upwards of Sd loads of forage were brought off. Twelve 



1 Hart's Island is just below City Island in Long Island Sound. 



106 

more ships, 4 uf which were of 40 guns, came down the 
Sound the pi-ecedtug day. 

2d. — Col. Iluiuphries^ of New- York, arrived with a regi- 
ment of militia from Albany county, to continue in service 
six weeks. 

3d. — There was another grand forage. 

6th. — A siti'ong detachment under the command of Col. 
Enos- was sent toward Fort Independence, to attempt to 
surprise some of the enemy's out-posts, but nothing could 
be effected. 'J'he small-pox was now making its appear- 
ance in the neighbourhood. 

8th. — There was a grand forage to the lower parts of 
Westchester county. A row-galley and a sloop were com- 
ing up the North River. The covering party to the foragers 
on this day was nearly 1000 strong, and large quantities 
of forage were brought off. 

10th. — Our General rode to Peek's Kill, where he arrived 
a little after dark. Gen. Lincoln's troops were on their 
march to join Gen. Washington. Our General had ob- 
tained leave of the Commander in Chief, to make a short 
visit to New-England, under an injunction to return very 
early. 

12th. — About 10 o'clock, he left Peek's Kill, and arrived 
at his house iu Roxbury on the 19th, about sun-set. 

March IWi. — Our General set out from Roxbury, on his 
way back to the army ; but before he had got to ^^"atertown, 
an express overtook him, with orders from Gen. Washing- 
ton, for him to take command of the Eastern Department ; 
Gen. Ward iinving applied for leave to resign the com- 
mand, meaiiiug to retire from the service: he therefore 
turned back, and rode into Boston. 

This year, 3777, formed an important era in the annals 
of America. Congress had determined to make great ex- 
ertions to drive the British troops from America; for this 



1 Probably William Humphrey of the 5th Dutchess Co. regiment. 

2 Roger Enos, Lieutenant-Col. 2(i Connecticut. (Died Oct. 6, 1808). 











^:^-_ 



107 

purpose, they bad ordered 88 battalions to be raised in the 
United States, 15 of which fell to the share of Massachu- 
setts. Besides the foregoing 88 battalions, they also or- 
dered the raising of 10 others, called the additional bat- 
talions; and of these, three were raising in Massachusetts, 
viz. Jackson's, Lee's and Henley's; besides Armand's' 
Legion, Artificers, &c. The arming, equipping and send- 
ing on the recruits — furnishing the Recruiting Officers 
with bounty niouies-^aud the forwarding on immense 
quantities of all kinds of military stores, (for Massachu- 
setts uught now be called the great magazine of military 
stores of the Union, partly on account of her own re- 
sources, mantiged by the indefatigable industry of her 
Board of War) — and the arrivals of public stores here 
and at Portsmouth, called for the utmost diligence and ex- 
ertion of the commanding General. The Commander in 
Chief had given dii'ectious for the troojis to be forwarded 
on, with all possible dispatch, to Ticonderoga. 

120th. — Maj. Gen. Ward resigned the command of the 
Eastern Department to our General, who took the com- 
mand accordingly. 

23d. — A detachment of British troops, consisting as was 
said of about 500 men, destroyed the American stores at 
Peek's Kill; they met with but very little opposition: here 
our General lo.st a part of his baggage, which was left when 
he came away for Boston, in February. Monsieur De 
Bore-, a French General, came to Boston : he had been en- 
gaged by our Ministers in France, to enter the American 
service, &c. 

27th. — Our General received orders from the Comman- 
der in Chief to make an alteration in the destination of the 
Massachusetts regiments, sending eight of the regiments to 
Peek's Kill, and seven to Ticonderoga. 



1 The French Colonel Armand, Marquis de la Rouerie. 

2 Preudhomme Deborre, dismissed for insubordination at Brandy- 



108 

31st. — Our General took a view of the state of the works 
at Dorchester, &c. 

April 3d. — Capt. Sumner, of Greatou's regiment, 
marched a detachment of his regiment for Peek's Kill. 

4th. — A part of Col. Shepard's regiment marched for 
Peek's Kill. 

7th. — Our General took a view of the barracks at Pros- 
pect Hill, preparatory to the putting of the recruits under 
inoculation with the small-pox. 

9th. — About 120 men of Paterson's' regiment marched 
for Peek's Kill. 

11th. — A part of Nixon's regiment marched for Peek's 
Kill ; on the 12th, 160 men of Bailey's for Ticouderoga ; 
and on the 13th, 200 of Wesson's- for the latter place. The 
same day, began to inoculate the recruits at Prospect Hill. 

15th. — Col. Jackson's Independent Company marched 
to do duty at Providence; and a company of Col. Crane's 
artillery for the main army. 

10th. — Two hundred men of Col. AYigglesworth's' regi- 
ment marched for Peek's Kill. The same evening, our 
General received orders from Gen. Washington to send the 
troops to Peek's Kill, by the route of Kinderhook. The 
same day, 10 tons of powder arrived at Boston, from 
Portsmouth, (N. H.j 

A second division of recruits for Bailey's^ regiment 
marched for Ticonderoga, as did a division from Col. 
Bradford's for the same place. 

20th. — A large letter-of-marque ship arrived at Boston 
from Xantz'^ in France, with a valuable cargo on private 
accoimt. 

23d. — An express from Portsmouth brought an account 
of the arrival at that place of the French ship Amphitrite, 



1 Col. John Paterson of Mass. (afterwarJs brigadier-general — died 
July IS, 1808). 

2 James Wesson, Col. flth Mass. (Died Oct. 15, 1809.) 

3 Edward Wigglesworth, 13th Mass. 

4 Col. John Bailey (Mass.) 23d Continentals (Died May 12, 1820). 

5 Nantes. 



109 

having ou board 52 brass field-pieces, completely mounted, 
with apparatus ; ()132 muskets ; 120 barrels of powder, aud 
many other articles. 

24th. — A second division of Col. Crane's artillery 
marched for the army. 

28th. — A division of Wesson's regiment marched f(»r 
Ticonderoga. 

29th. — An express arrived from Gov. Trumbull, giving 
an account that the enemy bad landed a body of men near 
Fairfield, and that a number of ships were standing up 
Hudson's River. This body of the enemy consisted of 
about 2000; they landed on the 25th at Fairfield, and 
l>ushed for Daubury, where the Americans had magazines 
of stores, which the British burnt and destroyed. <_;eu- 
erals Wooster and Arnold were in that part of Connecti- 
cut; they assembled the militia of the vicinity, and at- 
tacked the British ou their return; and there were s>everal 
very sharp skirmishes, at and near Kidgefield, in one of 
which the brave Cen. Wooster fell ; and Gen. Arnold hav- 
ing his iiorse shot down under him, by a soldier who was 
very near him, and who was following up his shot with his 
\)ayonet charged, Arnold catched one of his pistols from 
the holsters on the slain horse, and instantly shot the 
soldier dead on the spot. The loss was considerable on 
both sides, in killed and wounded: the British say theirs 
did not exceed 172, killed, wounded and missing. The loss 
to the Americans in stores, &c. was considerable, and could 
but illy be spared at that time. 

May 5fh. — Col. Jackson's Independent Company re- 
turned from doing duty at Providence. 

14th. — Gen. Du Coudray', an experienced French artil- 
lery officer, engaged by our Commissioners in France to 
act at the head of the American artillery, arrived at Bos- 
ton : on viewing, from Beacon Hill, the situation of Boston, 
and the American works around the town, he made a laugh 



1 P. C. J. B. Du Coudray (see p. 128). 



110 

at the British leaving the town when under no greater dan- 
ger; adding that the force which they had might have de- 
fended the place against an army of 50,000 men. A valu- 
able prize, loaded with dry goods, was sent into Newbury- 
port. 

21st. — The Continental frigates, and a fleet of private 
ships of war, sailed on a cruise, with a fair wind. 

28th. — Intelligence was received, that a detachment of 
Americans, under the command of Col. Meigs,^ of Con- 
necticut, had passed the Sound on the 23d to Long Island, 
and crossed to Sag Hai'bour, where they destroyed and 
burnt a number of vessels at the wharf, and every thing 
on shore, and brought otf 80 or 90 prisoners. This enter- 
prise was conducted with much address and great expedi- 
tion. 

29th. — A prize brig was sent iu, laden with salt, cordage, 
&c. She was from Topsham in England. No reinforce- 
ment for the army iu America had sailed the last of 
March. 

June Sth. — Two prizes were seut in; one laden with 
coals, the other with dry goods. 

9th. — A 50 gun ship of the enemy, and two frigates 
were cruising in our bay. 

14th. — A prize taken by Commodore Manly, laden with 
duck, cordage, &c. and two brigs from Bilbao, arrived 
safe. 

July Is^.— Intelligence was received, that Gen. Howe 
evacuated Brunswick- on the 18th of the preceding mouth ; 
he had before advanced as far as Somerset court-house, 
and had thrown up a number of works, which he aban- 
doned ; the American light troops harassed his rear. This 
day, four of the enemy's cruisers came so near in, as to be 
discovered from Nantasket. 



1 Return Jonathan Meigs, afterwards distinguished at Stony Point. 

2 New Brunswick, N. J. 



Ill 

■ith. — The cmuivei'sary of the Independeuoe of the Uni- 
ted States was celebrated with proper deuioustrations of 

joy. 

6th. — All express arrived from Peek's Kill, with intelli- 
gence from Gen. Washington, intimating that on the 
morning of the 1st inst. the enemy's fleet which lay at Am- 
boy sailed round that town ; and that the troops who lay 
encamped oj)posite to the town, struck their tents and 
marched off. The enemy were also advancing on the Lake 
with their fleet towards Ticonderoga. A detachment of 
soldiers for Col. M. Jackson's^ regiment marched for the 
northern army. 

7th. — ('apt. Clustoir arrived from France with powder, 
arms, &c. for the State; he had also made a successful 
cruise. 

11th. — Intelligence was received, that the Americans 
evacuated Ticonderoga on the Gth, at night; a great many 
stores, &c. were lost. The British no sooner arrived be- 
fore Ticonderoga, than they were discovered on Mount 
Hope: this steep and rugged hill was thought to be inac- 
cessible by the Americans, at least with artillery; and 
therefore, notwithstanding its nearness to the works, and 
overlooking of them in part, it was not taken possession of ; 
but they should have recollected what had been said by the 
late King of Prussia, as to such positions — that " where 
a goat can go, a man may go ; and where a man can go, ar- 
tillery may be dra■\^■u up." The British were no sooner seen 
on this hill, where the wily Phillips of the artillery is said 
to have ascended, than they saw an additional reason for 
quitting the post. This was a sore and heavy loss to the 
Americans; but in the issue proved a more certain and 
earlier overthrow of all BurgojTie's army : yet so exasper- 
ated were the people at the time, that had the commanding 



1 Michael Jackson, 8th Mass. 

2 There were two Capts. Cloustou. Thomas and John from Mas- 
sachusetts and New York respectively. It is impossible to decide 
which of them is referred to. Each was a privateersman. 



112 

CJeneral, St. Clair, been immediately brought to trial, he 
would have stood but a poor chance: he was afterwards 
tried and acquitted with honour. The British took posses- 
sion of the works, and pushed on rapidly after the Ameri- 
cans, taking and destroying eyery thing that fell in their 
way. Brig. Gen. Fraser, with the light troops, pursued 
with great ardour, and on the 7th came up with a body of 
the Americans, commanded by the braye Col. Francis,' of 
Massachusetts. A warm action ensued; the Americans 
were worsted ; the Colonel was slain, and many other offi- 
cers and soldiers killed, wounded and taken prisoners. 
This flew through the country like a shock of electricity, 
and roused the people to noble exertions. Gen. St. Clair 
joined Gen. Schuyler at Fort Edward after a fatiguing re- 
treat. On the 10th, a most conspicuous piece of gallantry 
was exhibited at Rhode Island. Maj. Gen. Prescott haying 
command of the British troops at that place. Col. Barton^ 
of Providence formed a resolution to surprise and take 
him ; he accordingly proceeded to the island with a party of 
chosen men in two boats with muffled oars, taking vith 
him a negro mau whose hard head was nearly as efficacious 
as a beetle, to burst a door; and on this night with great 
address evading the British water-guards, passed down 
the west side of the island, and landed near a hollow 
ground, and instantlj' pushed for the house of a Mr. Over- 
ing, where the General was quartered. The centinel at the 
door was seized, the house entered and demand made 
whether the General was there; and finding that he was, 
and the apartment, the dour A\as burst t)pen and the Gen- 
eral and his Aid-de-camp seized, and told they must go off 
instantly. The General asked if he might put on his 
clothes. The Colonel answered, "very few, and vei'v quick, 
Sir." The Colonel returned to his boats, and repassed the 



1 Ebenezer Francis, 11th Mass. This was the battle of Hubbard- 
ton. 

2 William Barton of Stanton's regiment of R I. militia (Died Oct. 
22, 1831). 



113 

water-guards, wliich the (icncral had tuucIi cDiifidencc 
would have released hiiu; for on passing the last, he ob- 
served to the Colonel, " Sir, I did not think it possible you 
could escape the vigilance of the water-guards."" This was 
a brilliant affair; and Tougress duly rewarded Col. Barton 
for his distinguished address and gallantry. 

13th. — An express arrived from Cen. Washington, with 
information that the British were preparing their trans- 
ports for the embarkation of their troops from Staten Is- 
land, were fixing berths for the light-horse, &c. but their 
destinati(in could not be developed. They had puslied into 
the Jersies, as if designing to march to Philadelphia, and 
then turned back, as lias lieen mentioned, from Amboy, and 
were nt)w j)repariug to embark ; and we shall anon see more 
of their mananivres and deceptions. 

16th. — A number of Americans, who had left the north- 
ern army when it retreated, as is generally the case on nim- 
ilar occasions, came to Boston; they were immediately 
taken up and confined, to be sent back again: the best 
method in like cases. 

19th. — At evening an express passed through Boston, on 
his way to Philadelphia, with dispatches which had been 
brought to Portsmoutli, ( X.H. ) by a vessel in 42 days" pas- 
sage from France. It was said that there was great pi'ob- 
ability of an immediate war between France and Eng- 
land. 

21st. — By intelligence from Peek's Kill it was learnt, 
that on the preceding Wednesday 10 pieces of cannon were 
shipped for Albany ; that a division of the American array 
was opposite to Fishkill; and that Ueu. Washington was 
moving towards King's Ferry with the main army, said to 
be 20,000 strong, with near 800 waggons, and having a 
number of Hat bottomed boats on carriages, &c. 

2Gth. — Count Pulaski, a Polish nobleman, came to Bos- 
ton, and dined at head-quarters. 

Aiigutit ist. — Information was sent from Cape Ann, 
that a fleet of vessels, said to be near 100, had been seen 



114 

from the high lands, standing to the northward. This 
caused some alarm : the guards at the magazines, &c. were 
doubled. 

4th. — Intelligence was received that Gen. Washington 
was moving with the main army towards Philadelphia, and 
had detached <Jen. (UoAer with his brigade to join the 
northern army. An account was received that there had 
been a skirmish on Wood Creek, between a party of the 
Americans and the enemy, to the advantage of the former. 

6th. — Intelligence was received that the American north- 
ern army had fallen back to Saratoga. About this time, a 
party of the enemy landed on Boston Neck ( so called ) in 
Rhode Island: they were driven off without doing much 
damage. The same day intelligence was received, that on 
the 23d of the preceding month the British fleet sailed from 
Sandy Hook, aud had arrived off the Capes of Delaware. 

8th. — Intelligence was received, that the British Heet 
sailed out of the Capes of Delaware on the 31st ult. stand- 
ing to the eastward. This induced Gen. Washington to 
retrograde the main American army towards the North 
River. 

11th. — There was a report that the northern army had 
fallen back to Stillwater. One sixth jjart of the militia in 
a number of counties of Massachusetts were ordered to 
be detached and marched immediately to i-einforce the 
northern army. 

14th. — Intelligence was received that the British fleet 
had returned again to the Capes of Delaware. Col. John- 
sou aud St. leger ^ere advancing with a body of the 
enemy towards Fort Schuyler, on the Mohawk River. 

About this time, a Miss M'Crea, said to be a beautiful 
young lady, and in all the innocence of youth, her father 
warmly engaged on the side of the British, and she on the 
very point of marriage with a British officer, on some dis- 
pute between two Indiaus, as to which of them she of right 
belonged as a captive, was most inhumanly massacred ! 
The act was probably as ablutrreut to the British as to the 



115 

Americans ; but they ought not to hare engaged the sava- 
ges in their cause, as they might well have known their 
ungovernable temper, and disposition for blood; for this 
was not the only instance — a Rritisli officer sending his 
waiter to a spring for some cool water, in a few minutes an 
Indian came in, with the scalp of the waiter smoking in 
his handv 

St. Leger having gone up the Mohawk to reduce Fort 
Schuyler, Gen. Burgo.vne determined to send out another 
strong detachment on his left, towards Bennington. The 
command of this detachment was given to Lieut. Col. 
Baum, a Hessian ; and Col. Breyman, with another detach- 
ment, was ordered to cover and support Baum. These were 
met by the brave Gen. Stark, who gave them a complete 
overthrow. On the morning of the 16th, 32 officers and 
near 700 men were taken prisoners, with 4 light field- 
pieces, nearly 1000 arms, a quantity of baggage, &c. The 
Americans as ere said to have had al)out 2.5 men killed : the 
loss f)f the enemy in killed was judged to be ueai' 200. Fort 
Schuyler was closely besieged by St. Leger; and the brave 
Col. Herkimei", with the Tryon county militia, was march- 
ing to its relief. St. Leger learning his advance, drew off a 
large part of his besieging troops, to meet and give him 
battle, before he got near the fort : the battle was obstinate, 
and the militia behaved with great bravery, but were at 
length defeated ; their brave Colonel and many of the mi- 
litia were slain : it was said that the action lasted 5 or 6 
hours. Matters now appearing more serious in this quar- 
ter. Gen. Arnold marched with a sufficient detachment to 
raise the siege. As soon as St. Leger learnt his approach, 
he sent off some Indians, as if friends, to meet Arnold and 
inform him that St. Leger had received a strong reinforce- 
ment, and advise Arnold to halt and wait for a reinforce- 
ment himself — then abandoned the siege with precipita- 
tion, leaving his tents standing, his baggage, artillery, &c. 
behind him. Thus were both Burgoyne's wings effectually 
clipped. 



116 

September 1st. — lutelligeuce was received, that after 
nuifli maiKPUvriug, Mowe'ss fleet eaiue to anchor iu (Miesa- 
peak Bay, on the 21st ult. consisting of near 200 sail, and' it 
Avns expected that he would soon land his troops. The 
21th, Gen. \A'ashiuoton's army was (»n full march to meet 
Howe and thou within 5 miles of Philadelphia. A valuable 
cargo arrived safe from Spain ; among other articles, a 
large number of shoes, hose, blankets, shirts, cordage, 
duck, &c. 

2d. — Intelligence was received, that (leu. ITowe's army 
had landed -at the Head of Elk. A detachment from <len. 
Sullivan's division a little before this time made an excur- 
sion on to Staten Island, and brought off sevei'al hundred 
prisoners, a;id a large quantity of baggage. Tlu^ Ameri- 
can loss was said to be about GO, including officers. 

.Ith. — Four liundred and one prisoners, taken near Ben- 
nington by Hen. Stark, were escorted to Boston; they con- 
sisted of British, Brunswick and Canadian troops. 

9th. — Cap!, Harden^ arrived at Boston in a Connecticut 
State ship of 20 guns: he brought in with him a Jamaica 
packet, which he took during his cruise. It was said the 
packet had a large sum in specie on board ; and a Mr. Shir- 
ley and family, on their passage to England. The last ac- 
counts stated both (leu. AVashington's and the northern 
army to be near the enemy; and important news might be 
momently exi)ected. 

19th. — Col. Lee's" legiment moved int° Boston. 

20th. — The disagreeable news was received, that on the 
11th inst. a severe action took place between Gen. Wash- 
ington's and Howe's armies, near the Brandywine, which 
ended rather in favour of the latter, who remained masters 
of the field. The British here, as in several other instances, 
had recourse to stratagem : they held out the appearance 



1 Capt. Jonathan Haraden (1745-1803) — see Maclay's "History of 
American Privateers." 

2 William R. Lee of the Additional Continentals. (Died Oct 26, 
1824). 



117 

of au inteutioii of foniug their way at Chad's Ford, which 
(xen. Kuyphaiuseu menaced witli a heavy column of Hes- 
sians; while the British column, by a long circuitous 
march, readied the forks of the river, and there secured a 
safe passage. Gen. Washington was pretty early apprised 
of this uKjvement, and immediately took measures 
for strengthening his right, by ordering some troops 
from his left. After the action had become pretty 
warm on the right, and the British had got tiie 
advantage, Kuyphau.sen passed Chad's Ford; and al- 
though the troops who were still on the left beha\ed 
well, they were by no means sufficient to resist the heavy 
column of Hessians. It is said that after the Hessian 
Grenadiers had crossed the Ford, they halted at the foot 
of the hill, behnv the Americans, under a warm fire, and 
with great deliberation changed their hats for their heavy 
brass caps, which they carried by a loop on a button at the 
hip, and then ascended the hill, from which the Americans 
were obliged to retire. Here the brave Capt. Bryant, of the 
artillery, wlio had before several times distinguished liim- 
self under the eye of our General, received a musket-ball 
in the bottom of his belly; a brother officer carried him off 
the field, but he died of the wound. Gen. Washington, 
seconded by his officers, did everything in their powei- to 
check the British ; and a part of the American army took 
a position wiiich ])i'oI)ably saved the army from a total de- 
feat. Perhaps the American army were, more or less, 
moi'e gener.'iily engaged in this action than in any oLher 
during the wnv. The American loss was considerable in 
killed and wounded, and a number of pieces of brass lield 
artillery were lost. The British also suffered j^retty se- 
verely in killed and wounded. 

The next night, (Jen. (Jrey' made, with much secrecy, an 
attack on a body of Americans, under the command of 
tieu. Wayne : tlie bavonet was chieflv made use of, and it 



1 This was Grey, the " no flint general." The scene was Paoli, Pa, 



118 

proved but too efficacious against the Americans, who suf- 
fered consirkrable loss, in killed and wounded. Gen. 
Washington lolreated first to Philadelphia, and then left 
the city. The British army a few days afterwards ad- 
vanced to Germantown, and on the 27th a detachment of 
their army took possession of Philadelphia. 

23d. — Gen. Washington's orders for sending forward 
Golonels Lee, Henley and Jackson's regiments, were re- 
ceived by our General. 

24th. — Several prizes were sent in by a privateer brig be- 
longing to I'ol. Sears. 

25th. — Intelligence was received, that on Friday, the 
19th instant, there ^^•as a warm and bloody action between 
Gen. Gates's and Burgoyne's advanced troops, ^\■hlch 
lasted until dark. The troops behaved with the greatest 
bravery on both sides. Col. Morgan's light corps, and 
eleven other American regiments were more or less en- 
gaged. Of the Americans, 2 Lieutenant-Colonels, Coburn* 
and Adams, 3 Captains, 3 Subalterns, and 56 non com- 
missioned officers and privates were killed, and 248 
wounded, ''he loss of the enemy was very considerable, 
and much greater than that of the Americans. On the ISth, 
the day preceding the foregoing battle. Col. Brown^ made 
an excursion in the enemy's rear to Lake George; made 
293 of the enemy prisoners : retook 100 Americans : he 
also took near 100 batteaux, several large gun-boats, an 
armed sloop, &c. — took possession of the French lines (so 
called) at Ticouderoga, and summoned Fort Independence 
to surrender. 

27th. — Col. Crafts' regiment of State artillery marched 
out of Boston, with 4 light field-pieces and an eight-inch 
howitzer, towards Providence, on a secret expedition, as 
it was called. 



1 Ijieut.-Cols Winborne Adams, 2d N. H., and Andrew Colburn. 3d 
N. H. 

2 Lieut.-Col. John Brown. Berkshire militia. Arnold's accuser, after- 
wards killed at Stone Arabia. N. Y. 



119 

29th.— Intel] igeiue was received, that several valuable 
prizes had beeu seut iiitu Dartmouth. 

^ October 2d.— Intelligeuce was received, that ou the JGth, 
Geu. Du Coudra.v was drowued iu the KSchuylkill; he rode 
into the ferry-boat at oue eud, but was uo't able to com- 
mand his horse, who went out at the other end of the boat, 
plunging into the river. This officer, as before mentiouedi 
was engaged to come to America to take command of rhe 
artillery; but whatever may have been his talents, the ar- 
tillery was .so well commanded that the placing a foreign 
officer over them, in such a manner, and whose rank would 
also have soared above many other officers in the line, 
would most cei'tainly have produced a convulsion in ihe 
army, had it beeu persisted in. This circumstance pre- 
vented the danger. The same day Col. Lee's regiment 
marched for the main army. 

0th.— Col. U. Jackson's regiment encamped on Boston 
common, and the next day, about noon, marched out of 
town for the arm.^ ; the regiment, although small, made a 
good appearance. About the same time that the regiment 
marched out of town, upwards of 100 British and Cana- 
dian prisoners, taken near Lake George, by Col. Brown 
marched iu. ' 

«th.— It was learnt that a body of the enemy, said to be 
about 3000, were moving from New- York towards Peek's 
Kill. Gen. Washington, after he left Philadelphia, en- 
camped near a place called .Skippack Creek, about 10 miles 
from German town. 

13th.— At 3 o'clock A. M. an express arrived from Gen. 
Gates's arm}, with an account that on Tuesday, the 7th 
inst. a smart action took place between the right of Gen. 
Burgoyne's ai-my and the American left, when the enemy 
were repulsed, drove back to their works, and then forced 
from them. Three Field-Officers, Captains, 10 Subalt- 
erns, 1 (iuarter-Master-General, and 190 privates were 
taken prisoneis, besides 300 taken in the hospital— 8 pieces 
of brass canu&n, 2 twelve and six pounders, 3 ammuni- 



120 

tion wagons, 300 tents, 200 barrels of flour, and a large 
quantity of baggage A\'ere trojihies of the victory. One 
hundred of the enenij lay dead on the ground. The Ameri- 
can loss, although not exactly known, was said not to be 
more than 30 killed and 100 wounded; among the latter, 
Generals Arnold and Lincoln, both in the leg, the foriuer 
but slightly; it was problematical whether the latter was 
wounded by a I'.ritish or American soldier. Gen. Fraser, 
an enterprising ofticer of the British, was mortally 
wounded, and died of his wounds. 

15th. — Intelligence was received, that a body of rhe 
British from Jvew-York, in about 30 transports, had pro- 
ceeded up the Hudson; they had made sevei'al landings be- 
low and at Peek's Kill : on Monday, the (ith, they crossed 
over, landed on the west side of the river, and marched 
along the hills towards Fort JMontgomery and its depend- 
encies: this fort was tolerably situated on the bank of the 
Hudson, to annoy shipiDing going up the river; and the 
works were pietty good on that side, but were not so, nor 
fully completed on the back side; and the right flank was 
commanded by higher ground on the south, and near the 
fort, on the other side of Pooplop's' Creek, the mouth of 
which was near to the south side of the fort ; on this higher 
ground, and near to the small deep pond, a strong redoubt, 
called Clinton, was erected; it was equally essential that 
this redoubt should be taken, as a reduction of the fort : the 
Brtish therefore moved against this redoubt, while an- 
other column, by a more circuitous movement, fell in the 
rear of Fort Montgomery; they were met in the detiles, 
where the skirmishes were sharp; but they ccmtinued to ad- 
vance to the I edoubt, which was nobly defended, and before 
which they sustained very considerable loss, (a numbei- of 
their slain were afterwards drawn out of the pond, where 
they had been thrown for concealment) but soon carried 
it, and afterwards Fort Montgomery. The garrison prin- 



1 Now spelled Peploop's or Peploap's. 



121 

cipally made liieir e.sca2:)e in the dusk of the evening; 
among them were (iov. riiutim and his brother, who \va!< 
a Brigadier Ceueral also: they made their escape in a ■,'erj 
hazardous manner, and the latter was wounded. After the 
reduction of Fort Montgomery, the Americans evacuated 
Fort ronstinitiou and the bhjck-iiouse on Constitution Is- 
land, opposite to West-Point (the latter was not yet forti- 
fied;} and two new frigates, Vongress and Montgomery, 
Mliich lay in I lie river, were set on lire by the Americans 
and burnt. The enemy afterwards proceeded up the river, 
and burut Esopus; their object was if possible to form a 
junction with Burgoyue, or open a water communication 
to Albany ; and spie« passed between them. 

Kith. — Two or three of the enemy's cruisers appeared in 
the bay, but a few leagues from the Light. While the Brit- 
ish army lay encamped at (iermautown. Gen. Washington 
resolved to attack them. This was a brave design ; and the 
success of tlie tirst onset, at about 3 o'clock, A. M. of the 4th 
inst. after liie Americans had marched all the night, was 
eciual to the design; for the British, where the attack was 
first made, were ahuost instantly pushed from their 
ground, and were falling back panic struck on their other 
troops, when Lieut. Col. .Musgrave had the presence of 
mind to throw several companies into a strong stone house. 
Houses at all times, and especially those of stone and brick, 
under a judicious cojuluct, admit of a good defence; and at 
this time probably proved the means of the Americans los- 
ing an advantage, which no one can tell how far it might 
have been pushed. \A'heu an enemy is routed, and panic- 
struck are flying before the assailants, the best, if not the 
only way is to follow them, if the ground will permit of it, 
close at their heels, taking care not to fall into ambuscades. 
Thus the panic of fear continues to multiply; but if the 
pursuers stc^), and especially if those who were Hying hear 
a tiring behind them, but not upon them, they conclude 
that their own troops in turn have gotten an advantage, or 
at least are holding their pursuers at bay. This immedi- 



122 

ately recoveis theui from tbeir panic; they will next re- 
turn to the cliarge, and A\ill be more likelj' to make an ob- 
stinate resisrancp tlian before they were at first routed; 
while their return to the charge willgreatlydampthose who 
before considered themselves almost in the grasp of vic- 
tory. Hence what took place at Germautown was no won- 
der. The fogginess of the morning was unfortunate for 
the Americans: but the British taking possession of ihe 
stone house, and defending it, was the most unfortunate 
circumstance. The loss on both sides was considerable; on 
the side of the Americans, Brig. Gen. Nash% and on the 
side of the British Brig. Gen. Agnew, were among the 
slain ; but though this attempt was not crowned with vic- 
tory, it caused the British to have a more reverential opin- 
ion of Gen. Washington, whom they now found dare to at- 
tack their whole army, even in a chosen position of their 
own. Perhaps is was best that the action closed as it did; 
had the Americans made their way far into the long street 
of that town, probably many other houses would have been 
occupied in the same wa^'. The burying-yard, with a strong 
wall, was lined with troops by the enemy ; and the position 
in which their army lay was calculated for their wings 
closing in to much advantage; at any rate, the battle must 
have been very bloody, and situation and circumstances 
were in favour of the British. After the British were in 
possession of Philadelphia, they had much to do in order 
to get possession of the Delaware, and remove the obstruc- 
tions which had been formed in it. There were also sev- 
eral works to be reduced; among others, a fort on Mud- 
Island, and a pretty strong work at Bed Bank. 

22d. — Highlj' important and most interesting intelli 
gence was received, that on the 17th inst. Gen. Burgoyne 
and his whole army surrendered, under Convention. They 
were to be marched to the neighborhood of Boston, and 
from thence sent to England. Upon receipt of this news, 



1 Francis Nash of North Carolina. 



123 



the caunon on Fort Rill were discharged, and joy was 
seated on every brow. 

23d.— At 1 o'clock, P. M. the cannon on Fort Hill and on 
the heights of Dorchester were discharged, and also on 
board the ships in the harbour. In the evening, our (ien- 
eral's quarters (the house of the late Hon. Mr. Russel ) 
was beautifully illuminated. The following is the number 
of troops which surrendered to Maj. Gen. Gates, and the 
state of Gen. Burgoyue's army after he left Canada: 
Under the Convention.) 

British, 2,442 

Foreign, 2,198 

Canadians, &.v. sent back to Canada, . . . 1,100 
Stalf 12 



Prisoners taken at different times, 
iSick and wounded, 

Deserters, 

Lost at Bennington, 

Killed since the 17th of SSeptembei-, 

Killed and taken at Ticonderoga, 



5,752 
400 
528 
300 

1,220 
(300 
413 



Total, 9,213 

The brass ordnance taken were as follows: 2 24- 

pounders; 4 12-pounders; 18 G-poimders; 4 3-pounders; 2 

8-inch mortars; 5 howitzers; total, 35, exclusive of those 

taken at Bennington. 

Thus were the British totally disappointed in this quar- 
ter. The troops intended to form a junction on the Hud- 
son were as high up as Boughkeepsie ; and Gen. Burgo.vne 
informed our General after he arrived at Boston, that on 
the evening after he had proposed to Gen. Gates to surren- 
der, in case he could obtain honourable terms, which were 
to be settled the next day, a spy came in from the troops 
down the river, stating how far they had got up and what 
steps were next to be taken ; on which he (Gen. Burgoyne) 



124 

assembled liis officers more generally than usual in coun- 
cils, and stated to them the circumstances and situation of 
hoth armies, and whether, consistently with fair principles 
of honour they could break off the negotiation for an hon- 
ourable Convention, or not; when it was tlie unanimous 
opinion of every officer present that they could not. But in a 
situation like this at that moment, danger at hand is more 
powerful on the mind than the hope of relief at a distance. 
The troops who were up the river returned down. 

The capture of Gen. Burgoyne and his whole army, who 
were now on their way to Boston, ojjened a new, impor- 
tant and delicate field for our (xeneral. This army, in 
which there were many officers of military erudition and 
some of refined and courtly manners, who had a high opin 
icm of national honour and prowess, and who, in con- 
sequence of the Convention which they had formed, had 
their spirits by no means depressed, as those who are com- 
pelled to surrender at discretion, — were sure to lay a heavy 
task on his shoulders. As soon as he was notified that 
these troops were coming under his direction, he set him- 
self in earnest to prepare for their reception. The barracks 
at Prospect and Winter Hills were directed to be put in- 
stantly in order. The Council was applied to, to aid in the 
procurement of quarters from the citizens for the officers; 
nor was this an easy task. The families of the citizens 
generally wanting the room in their respective houses, ren- 
dered it difficult to obtain so many quarters as were neces- 
sary for so great number, and extended the limits of the 
parole very considerably. The Council were disposed to 
do everything in their power, and gave orders accordingly 
whenever they were necessary. A heavy duty was also fall- 
ing on the Quarter-Master's dejiartment, as it respected 
quarters, and also fuel, the latter of which had been ren- 
dered scarce in the vicinity by the American army having 
been here in 1775 ; and the enemy's cruisers prevented its 
being brought from the eastern country. But by the exer- 
tions of Col. Chase, who was Deputy-Quarter-Master-Gen- 



125 

eral, and the assistants and conductois in tliis department, 
and of Col. Davis, who was Deputy-Barrack-^Master, and 
who, in the prociirenient of fuel, was iudefatif^ahle, a com- 
fortable supply was obtained. Before the arrival of the 
troops at rand)ridge, our (Jeueral had digested and drafted 
a parole, and several articles for the government of the 
troojis in quarters ; these he had drawn in as an article in 
the parole; and the honour of the officers in this way was 
pledged for their observance of the articles, which rendered 
the government of them much easiei-; being thus bound to 
govern themselves with propriety, or infringe their pa- 
roles; knowing that many things in minutiae would be to 
settle, which would be tedious in an epistolary way. As 
soon as Gen(n'al Burgoyne had arrived at Cambridge, our 
General sent over one of his Aides-de-camp to invite Gen. 
Burgoyne to dine with him the next day, bringing with hini 
his two Major-Generals, Phillips and Reidesel. An ele- 
gant dinner was prepared, and many other gentlemen in- 
vited, among \Ahom were (.lenerals (Jlover of Massachusetts, 
and ^Vhipple' of New Hampshire, who were at the capture 
and had commanded the escort, &c. from Saratoga to Cam- 
bridge. 

November (Stli. — Our General sent one of his Aids to ac- 
company Gen. Burgoyne and the other officers into Boston 
by the way of Roxbury; they arrived some time l)efoi'e din- 
ner, as was intended, that business might be considered. 
The parole was shewn to them, and the articles for their 
government in quarters, with which they were wellpleased. 
But here a discovery was first nmde of something which 
they wished to retain while in our country, and which our 
General would neA'er for a moment allow; General Phil- 
lips turning to our General, observed, "Sir, you well know 
the disposition of soldiers, and that they will more or less 
in all armies commit some disorders; suppose you should 
delegate to ({en. Burgoyne the power of seeing i/oiir ordeis 



1 William Whipple, brigadier-general N. H. militia. (Died Nov. 28, 
1785). 



126 

executed." Our Geueral replied that he knew the dispo- 
sition of soldiers, and also tlie necessity of order and dis- 
cipline; that he was not only willing, but expected that 
Gen. Burgoyne, and every other ofdcer, would exert them- 
selves to keep order; that for this purpose among them- 
selves, and for the internal order and obedience, he might 
command and punish as might appear to be necessary; but 
iu no case to attempt capital punishment. But as to the 
exercise of his own command, and enforcement of his own 
orders when necessary, this was a jurisdiction which Gen. 
Burgoyne must not expect to exercise while here. Gen. 
Burgoyne smiled, and Gen. Phillips turned it off by say- 
ing, " 1 only meant it for your easement, Sir.'' 

Before dinner was done, so great was the curiosity of the 
citizens of both sexes, and of all ages and descriptions, to 
get a peep at Gen. Burgoyne, that the streets were filled, 
the doors, windows, the tops of the houses and fences 
crowded. Gen. Burgoyne had asked our General if he 
would indulge him to go out of town by the way of Charles- 
town, which \^'as instantly granted. When he was ready 
to depart, our General told him that he should accompany 
him to the ferry ; and a procession was formed, the Ameri- 
can gentlemen mixing with the British. The streets were 
so crowded, that it was difficult getting along; but not a 
word or a gesture that was disrespectful. When arrived 
opposite to the Province- House, General Burgoyne turned 
round to the other (ienerals, and observed, " There is the 
former residence of the Governor;'" when some person on 
the side of the street, and iu a tone fully to be heard, added, 
*'««(/ on the other side is the riding school;" alluding to 
the Old South Meeting-House having been put to that use 
in 1775 : but the General, who must have heard it, made no 
reply, but soon after observed, " Sir, 1 am astonished at the 
civility of your peojjle; for were you walking the streets of 
Loudon in my situation, you would not escape insult." 
When arrived at the ferry-ways, the crowd were down to 
the water's edge ; but when the boat put off, there was not 



127 

the least indecency, or wrv countenance discovered. O 

my dear countrymen ! how did this your dignified conduct 
at that moment charm my very soul! Such conduct flows 
from a greatness of mind, that goes to conquer a world. 

fol. Keith was appointed Deputy-Adjutant-General, and 
Major Swasey' Town Major. 

14th. — The Council were still deliberating on the sub- 
ject of quarters, and determined to do every thing in their 
power; but some individuals were refractory. 

19th. — Gen. Hancock arrived in town, and was saluted 
by the discharge of the cannon of tlie Fort, Park, «&c. 

22d. — Intelligence was received of the repulse of thi' 
enemy before the redoubt at Red Bank, on the 22d ult. 
This redoulit or fort had a garrison by no means suifici(Mit 
properly to man the whole work. The commanding officer 
had therefore wisely lessened it, by running a parapet with 
a ditch across the area of the fort, but had left tiie work en- 
tire in its largest extent. A body of chosen troops were 
sent to reduce this work, under the command of the Hes- 
sian Col. Donop, a brave and good officer. In order if pos- 
sible to get some idea of the work, he sent his summons for 
the fort to surrender by a very capable Adjutant; but the 
Commandant of the fort took care to have him stopped 
without the work, and Avhere he had no opportunity to see 
more than the ditch and parapet on that side. The com- 
manding officer refusing to surrender, an assault was 
nmde ; the assailants at the head of the column bringing in 
their hands a sufficient number of short fascines to fill the 
ditch where they meant to pass, which was well done, and 
the parapet was mounted ; but to their disappointment and 
surprise, they now foimd there was another ditch and par- 
apet to pass, and in the face of a dreadful fire too, which 
made great slaughter; a number of them, liowever, ad- 
vanced into the second ditch, and began to remove the fri 
zes on the berme; but these were generally killed in the 



1 Joseph Swasey of William R. Lee's regiment. 



128 

flitch, aud snch as were not killed or wounded obliged to 
quit the outer work. Their loss in killed aud wo\mded was 
great; among the latter Col. Douop mortally ; he was taken 
after the action uear the fort, aud hrought in. An Ensign 
had made his way over the second ditch, had got on to the 
frizes, and lay close against the base of the parapet until 
the action was over, and then got up and surrendered, ob- 
serving that he thought his position the only safe one; for 
had he attempted to put his head above the parapet, he 
knew his brains would have been instantly blown out; or 
if he had attempted to re-cross the ditch, he should have 
been shot in the back. Besides this severe check, the Brit- 
ish met with considerable opposition and loss at other 
places, before they got full aud peaceable possession of the 
river; particularly at Mud Island. They lost the Angustu 
man-of-war, and suffered other naval damage. 

Gen. Washington being now considerably reinforced 
with a part of the northern conquering army, advanced to 
White Marsh, about 14 miles from Philadelphia, where he 
encamped in a strong and well chosen position. Gen. 
Howe, apprehensive that this movement indicated a design 
upon Philadelphia, determined to move out, and either in- 
vite Gen. Washington to a general action, or, if he found 
him vulnerable, to attack him in his own position. Accord- 
ingly, on the evening of the -1th of December, he marched 
Avith the British army, and on the next morning tctok poRt 
on Chestnut Hill, in front of the American right. Gen. 
Washington, knowing the goodness of his position, Avisely 
continued in it ; nor dare Gen. Howe attack him. The latter 
then changed his ground to a new position, opposite to the 
American left and centre, but neither dare he attack either 
of these. Several skirmishes took place, as is usual in 
such cases; in one of which Brig. (jen. Irvine on the Amer- 
ican side was wounded. After several days spent in this 
way, Howe was obliged to return without effecting any 
thing, to the no small injury of his army, who had suffered 
much from the inclemency of the season. Indeed nothing 



129 

is mure (U'structive to au army than winter (•am]>aigns. 
After this, ( ieu. M'ashiugton moved the Americau army to 
Valley Forge, ou the Schuyllcill, about 16 miles from Phil- 
adelphia, where he took a position as wisely cliosen as the 
other, and where the army erected lints for the winter. 

We now return to talje up our chain of events. 

23d. — A French ship, with dry goods from France, by 
the way of Bt. PetersS arrived at Boston. 

(ren. Bnrgoyne had not yet signed the ])aroh'; he pre- 
tended to delay until their (juarters were fully furnished, 
although he had every assurance that it should be done as 
fast as circumstances would ]K)ssibly admit. On this day, 
therefore, our. General wrote him the following letter. 

HE.\i)-QrARTERS, Boston. Nov. 1*3, 1777. 

" Sir. 

Two weeks have now elapsed since 1 had fully expected 
that the ofiftcers would have signed their paroles. They 
liaA-e, during this time, been enjoying in a great measure 
the liberty of the limits intended to be assigned to them, 
without pledging their honour by parole; which is not only 
contrary to the established custom of nations, but con- 
trary to the eleventh article of the Convention. Whatever 
objections might at first be made to giving the parole must 
now be done away, by the fidlest evidence that proper 
quarters shall be provided, and which in a very consider- 
al)le degree is already done. I must, therefore, in the most 
explicit terms, insist that the officers who wish and exi^ect 
to be permitted on parole, agreeably to the Convention, do 
sign it to-morrow. Tliis is so reasonable, that I expect there 
will be no further hesitancy; and I still assure your Excel- 
lency, that no endeavours of mine shall be wanting to ful- 
fil the Convention, and to treat the officers with politeness 
and generosity. 

I am, &c. 
(Signed) WILLIAM HEATH. 



1 Presumably the island of St. Pierre. 



]30 

25th. — (xen. Burgojne and the other officers of the Con- 
\eution signed their parole. 

Congress befoi'e this, viz. on the 8th instant, passed the 
following resolve : 

In Congress, Nov. 8, 1777. 

" Resolccd, That Maj. Gen. Heath be directed forthwith 
to cause to be taken down the name and rank of every com- 
missioned officer, and the name, former place of abode and 
occupation, size, age, and description of every non-com- 
missioned officer and private soldier, and all other persons 
comprehended in the Convention made between Lieut. (Icn. 
Burgoyne and Maj. Gen. Gates, on the 16th day of Octo- 
ber, 1777, and transmit an authentic copy thereof to the 
Board of War, in order that if any officer or soldier, or 
other person as above mentioned, of the said army, shall 
hereafter be found in arms against these States in North- 
America, during the present contest, he may be convicted 
of the offence, and suffer the punishment in such case in- 
flicted by the law of nations. 

That Maj. Gen. Heath be directed to take the parole in 
writing of the officers, according to the Convention, and 
transjuit authenticated copies of such paroles to the Board 
of War. 

Ea'tract from the Minutes, 
(Signed) Charles Thomson, He&y. 

Upon the foregoing being communicated to Gen. Bur- 
goyne, and he called upon to have the said descriptive lists 
made out accordingly, he wrote our General the following 
letter : 

Cambridge, Nov. 20, 1777. 
" Sir, 
I received a paper, dated head-quarters, Boston, Nov. 
20th, purporting to be founded upon express orders from 
the Honourable Continental Congress, which paper I re- 
turn as inadmissible, because extending to matters in 
which the Congress have no right of interference. 



131 

A list of the names and rank of every commissionefl 
oi3Beei', and the numbers of the non-commissioned officers 
and soldiers, may be necessary to you, Sir, for the purpose 
of fulfilling the Tonvention, in quartering officers, and 
the regular delivery of provisions, fuel, &c. Such lists 
shall be prepared at your request; but before any other 
lists can be granted, I must be assured of the purposes for 
which they are intended, and the word order must neither 
be mentioned or implied. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 
(Signed) J. Burgoyne. Lieut. Gen. 

To Maj. Gen. Heath." 

To the foregoing, our General wrote an answer as fol- 
lows : 

HEAD-QiiAKTEits. RosTON, Nov. 21, 1777. 
" Sir. 

Yours of yesterday is before me; and although you 
might at first imagine that the Hon. Continental Congress 
have no right of interference in nijittors of the Convention, 
yet I conclude upon further reflection you must be con- 
vinced, that as that body are the Representatives of that 
people who are to reap the advantages or disadvantages 
of the Convention, and as all continental officers are acting 
by virtue of their authority, and under their direction, 
they assuredly have a right of interference, and to give 
such orders to their officers as they may think jiroper, for 
tlie full completion of the Convention, and for the safety 
and good of the people. 

The paragra]>h of my orders of the 20th inst. respect- 
ing the troops of the Convention is founded in reason and 
justice, being designed only to ascertain the officers and 
soldiers who were comprehended in the Convention, that 
in case any of them (contrary to their faith and h(jnour) 
should hereafter be found in arms against these States, in 
\(U'th America, during tlie present contest, they may l)e 
convicted of the offence, and suffer the punishment in sucli 



132 [1777 

case inflicted by the law of nations. I must therefore in- 
sist that YOU furnish me with proi)er lists of names and 
descriptions, for the purpose before mentioned, as soon as 
may be. 

The other lists of the names and rank of the commis- 
sioned officers, and number of non-commissioned officers 
and soldiers, so essentially necessary for the several pur- 
poses of regularity with Quarter-^fasters and Commissar- 
ies (and which should be frequently renewed, as circum- 
stances may vary) should long ere this have been exhibited. 
Some days since, I directed my De])uty-Adjutant-General 
to call for them; and I expect they will be sent in without 
delay, for the purposes above mentioned. 

I shall at all times endeavour to found my orders on 
the principles of honour, reason and justice, and not to in- 
fringe those delicate principles in othe:-s; but my orders 
for the purposes of order and regularity, must be obeyed 
by every man placed under my direction; and fully deter- 
mined I am, that offenders shall not pass with impunity. 
I am, &c. 

(Signed) W. Heath, Maj. Gen. 
Lieut. Gen. Burgoyne." 

23d.^Gen. Burgoyne wrote an ans^\e^ to the foregoing. 
But he now acknowledged a further exient of the supreme 
power, than in his former letter; buC still at least obliquely 
denied the right of their interferenc with the Convention 
troops, who were under express stipuiations until they 
quitted the country, and that no new conditions could be 
imposed upon them ; and asserting that no such requisi- 
tions were laid upon the American prisoners in Canada; 
and concluding, that if it could be found that such had 
been required by the British in any case, he would submit 
to it. About this time, an officer who had been a prisoner 
in Canada returned to Boston on parole, and gave infor- 
mation that he and others had complied with similar in- 
junctions before they came away; u^jou this being com- 



1778] 133 

nmuicated to Geu. Biirgoyue, he found 'lial lie liiul got to 
the end of his tether of evasion ; he did not attempt to dis- 
pute more, but observed that he supposed if it was done 
an J time before the troops departed, it v. ould answer the 
purpose. Our General found that nothing could l»e done 
by force, for were he to attempt of himself to have the lists 
taken, every thing might be evaded excejit the size and com- 
plexion. He therefore laid the matter before Congress, 
with the copies of what had passed. I'ongress took the 
matter into consideration, and Pres-.lont Laurens wrote 
our General an approbation of his conduct, and not to push 
t]i(> matter, as Congress would take a more extensive vi(nv 
of the business; concluding his letter, " 1 have in conclu- 
" sion to assure you. Sir, that Congress repose the utmost 
"confidence in your address and abilities for conducting 
" with propriety this important business, in which, on one 
"side, the faith and honour of these infant States are to 
" be preserved, and on the other, the magnanimity and res- 
" olution of Congress to be exemplified." 

December. — Congress had received some intimations 
that an application would be made to them for leave for the 
troops of the Convention to embark at some other place 
than Boston ; they therefore on the 1st of December passed 
a resolution that no other place than that stipulated in 
the Convention, viz. Boston, should be admitted. A few 
days after, ({en. Burgoyne applied, as was suspected, but 
to no purpose. 

Congress also passed resolutions that all the assistance 
of provisions and other necessaries furnished to the troops 
of the Convention should be paid for in specie, or replaced 
in quantity or quality. 

1778. Jan 11(1 ri/. — Gen. Burgoyne had now got himself 
into a very serious entanglement; he had not only refused, 
and then delayed to give descriptive lists of the troops of 
the Convention, but some time before, viz. in the month of 
November, had written a letter to (Jen. Gates, complaining 
that the troops had not been furnished with quarters as 



134 

they had a right to expect, and among other things a para- 
graph as follows : 

" While I state to you, Sir, this very unexpected treat- 
ment, I entirely acquit Maj. Gen. Heath and evei'y gentle- 
man of the military department of any inattention to the 
public faith engaged in the Convention. They do what they 
can ; but while the Supreme Powers of the State are un- 
able or unwilling to enforce their authority, and the inhabi- 
tants want the hospitality, or indeed the common civiliza- 
tion to assist us without it, the public faith is broke, and 
we are the immediate sufferers." 

This was unreasonable, both as it respected the civil po- 
wer and the peojile; for the former did everything in their 
power, unless they had turned the citizens out of their 
houses to have let the Convention officers in, which was not 
to be expected ; nor coiild it be supposed that the citizens 
would turn their families themselves into the streets. But 
Congress considered the conduct of Gen. Burgoyne, and 
these and other of his expressions on the occasion, as call- 
ing for serious consideration. They therefore investigated 
the whole in all its latitudes; and the President of Con- 
gress wrote to our General that as it was a matter of high 
importance, and required deep deliberation, it would prob- 
ably occupy some days, before the resolutions would be 
completed. But that, in case the fleet arrived before the 
papers were sent to him, to forbid the embarkation. 

Gen. Burgoyne had received intimations that a fleet of 
transports were about to come round for the troops, and 
that the .l<tno frigate was to wear a flag for his particular 
accommodation. This he mentioned to our General, and 
wished to know if the frigate might come up into the har- 
bour. Our General had no apprehensions of any danger 
from a frigate entering the harbour, but apprehended that 
some people might think that he was not sufficiently vigi- 
lant, in case he allowed it. He therefore told Gen. Bur- 
goyne that the frigate could not come up into the harbour, 
and hinted to him the taking of one of the most convenient 



135 

trauspoi'ts in iLe tleet for the purpose; and he might do as 
be pleased when he got off. This touched Gen. Burgoyne 
exeeediugly, who wrote a letter to our General, in which 
was the followug paragraph : 

"As to your allotment of a ''coiirriiirnf transport" for 
my passage, if it was from yourself, I am to thank you Sir, 
for a sort of insult which the most haughty man of otiice 
\\-ould be ashamed of, in any other country. However, as 
I am determined every transaction concerning this Conven- 
tion shall be notorious, and l)eyond the powers of subter- 
fuge to explain away, I have directed the frigate together 
with the transports to come round, and it will then be foi' 
you. Sir, to prohibit the entry of Boston harbour to any 
ships bearing a tlag of truce, and declaring they are sent 
for the express purpose of conveying to Great Britain any 
part of the troops of the ( 'ouvention. 

(Signed) J. Burgoyne. 

Maj. Gen. Heath." 

To which our (ieneral wrote the following answer: 

Head-Quarters, Boston, Jan. 5, 1778. 

" Sir, 

Your Excellency's favour of yesterday came duly to 
hand; and I must confess I was not a little surprised at 
some expressions iu it. 

As by the Convention, transports only are stipulated 
to receive the troops, 1 submit to you, Sir, whether a hint 
(if you were even sure that it came from myself) that you 
should take a convenient one, rather than introduce a fri- 
gate, which is neither expressed or implied in the CouA^en- 
tiou, merits those epithets which you are pleased to besto\A- 
on me. 

I have every aimed to treat you with politeness ; and the 
plighted faith and honour of my country require me to pay 
strict attention to the Convention on tiieir part: of course, 
when transports arrive to receive the troops, they will enter 



136 

the barbour; aud if yon can find by the Tonvention that a 
frigate is to enter for the pai'ticniar reception of yourself, 
she will not be prohibited. But if it is rather uncommon 
for ships of war to bear flags of truce, and if consenting to 
it in the present case should appear to be rather an act of 
Ijoliteness aud generosity than otherwise, 1 leave you to 
your own reflections whether you have made choice of the 
most happy expressions to obtain it. 

(Signed) W. Heath. 

Lieut. Gen. Burgoyne." 

Gen. Burgoyne somehow communicated to Viscount 
Howe the subject of the frigate, who wrote Gen. Burgoyne 
the following letter some time after, but before the trans- 
ports came round. 

Eagle, Rhode Island, Feb. 3, 1778. 
" Sir, 

I am much concerned to find by your letter I had the 
honour to receive from you, on the return of Capt. Piper, 
that you have suffered so greatlj- in your health. But I hope 
that a speedy removal to a milder climate will contribute 
to your etfectual recovery. 

The transports have only been delayed to take the pre- 
cautions necessary for their safe passage at this season of 
the year. As it is not to be expected that the frigate or- 
dered for your reception, though carrying a flag of truce, 
and restricted from every act of hostility in consequence, 
whilst attending this service, should be admitted within 
the port of Boston, the commander, Capt. Jacobs, will be 
to land a letter under the same sanction, for giving you 
notice of his arrival off the entrance of the port. He will 
wait to be favoured in your answer with notice of the time 
you may expect to embark, on which occasion I trust you 
will find every facility that your impaired state of health 
may require. 

(Signed) Howe.'' 



137 

Thus did the Admiral's opiuiou perfectly coincide with 
that of our Oeiieral. 

But Congress had passed a resolutiou, ou the Sth day of 
January, upon principles clearly expressed in a report of 
a committee upon which the resolutiou was founded : 

" That the embarkation of Lieut. Gen. Burgoyne, and 
the troops under his command, be suspended, till a distinct 
and explicit ratification of the Convention of Saratoga 
shall be prperly notified by the Court of Great Britain to 
Congress." 

Our General's correspondence with Gen. Burgoyne, re- 
specting the frigate, &c. was transmitted to Congress, and 
the President soon after wrote him — 

" The House appeared to be pleased with your conduct 
in every respect relative to that officer." 

Gen. Burgoyne applied to Congress for leave to go to 
Europe himself; but Congress did not then think proper to 
grant his request. Although this denial must have been 
very painful to the General, he did not express himself, or 
write any thing in the least improper. He ob.served to our 
General, that he was sorry; for that not only his health 
urged his departure, but that every day he was detained 
here, gave his enemies at home an opportunity for piercing 
the wound of his reputation the deeper. 

But Col. Kingston was not so prudent as the General : a 
packet of letters which Gen. Burgoyne wished to send to 
Gen. Howe, was sent to our General for inspection ; among 
these was one from Col. Kingston to Lord Harcourt, ia 
which, after observing that fortune had not shewn theia 
the smooth side of her face, yet they thought their misfor- 
tunes honourable, proceeded, that he (Gen. Burgoyne) 
was not well, but "you know his firmness. But 1 think 
the insincerity of France, bigotry of Spain, or the \ indic- 
tive Portugese, situated as he is, would not have sought for 
means unnecessarily to detain him." This insult to the au- 
thority of the country induced our General to detain this 
letter, and he notified Gen. Burgoyne of it, adding, that 



138 

while it was his wish to gratify the officers as much as pos- 
sible iu writing to their friends, he expected they would be 
cautious and prudent in their manner of expression. When 
the American Deputy-Adjutant-General gave the letter 
from our ( rcueral to Gen. Burgoyne, and he had read it, he 
observed : " I told Col. Kingston that Gen. Heath would 
not let that letter pass." lie should have done more — for- 
bid his making the attempt. 

Another serious matter took place about this time: Col. 
Ilenley, who had the immediate comumud at Cambridge, a 
brave and good officer, but warm and quick in his natural 
temper, having ordered some prisoners who were under 
guard turned out, that he might examine them, one of them 
treated him, as he judged, with much insolence; upon 
which he pricked him with a sword, or bayonet. Gen. Bur- 
goyne immediately presented a complaint against Col. Hen- 
ley, charging him with barbarous and wanton conduct, 
and intentional murder, as appears in the following letter: 

Cambridge, Jan. 9th, 1778. 
" Sir, 

A report has been made to me of a disturbance that 
happened at the barracks on Wednesday afternoon, for 
which I am much concerned ; and though the provocations 
from your people, which originally occasioned it, were of 
the most atrocious nature, I was willing the offender on our 
part should be properly punished. But Col. Henley, not 
content with that, made prisoners of eighteen innocent 
men, and sent them on board a guard-ship, as alleged by 
your order. It is not only a duty to my situation to de- 
mand the immediate discharge of these men, together wit)i 
a satisfactory apology ; but I also mean it as an attention 
to you. Sir, that I give you an immediate opportunity to 
disavow so unjustifiable a proceeding as committing men 
to the worst of prisons upon vague report, caprice and pas- 
sion. 

Insults and provocations, at which the most placid dis- 



lay 

positious would revult, are daily giveu tu the officers and 
soldiers of this army. Ifegular, decent complaints are re- 
ceived by your officers, sometimes with haughtiness, some- 
times with derision, but always without redress. These 
evils flow, Sir, from the general tenor of language and con- 
duct held by Col. Henley, which encourages his inferiors, 
and seems calculated to excite the most bloody purpos(,'i-:. 
For want of sufficient information, and not bringing my- 
self to believe it possible that facts as related by common 
report could be true, 1 have hitherto declined taking public 
notice of this man; but upon positive grounds I now and 
hereby formally accuse Col. Henley of behaviour heinously 
criminal as an officer, and unbecoming a man ; of the most 
indecent, violent, vindictive severity against unarmed men, 
and of intentional murder. 1 demand prompt and satisfac- 
tory justice, and will not doubt your readiness to give it. 
\V'henever you will inform me that a proper tribunal is ap- 
pointed, I will take care that undeniable evidence shall be 
produced to support these charges. 

I am, &c. 
(Signed) J. Burgoyne." 

To which our Ceueral returned the following answer : 

Head-Quarters^ Boston, Jan. 10th, 177.S. 
" Sir, 

YUUKS of yesterday's date, I received the last even- 
ing. What provocations you allude to, as having been of- 
fered by my troops, I am at a loss to determine. The in- 
sults and abuses which they have received, I will venture 
to say, unless I have been most grossly misinformed, are 
unparalleled; and whether you are willing or unwilling, 
Sii", offenders shall no longer pass with impunity. 

If it can be made to appear that any of those soldiers 
sent to the guard-ship by my order's, are innocent, they 
shall be released from their confinement : but with respect 
to such as have been guilty of violating my standing orders 
of the garrison, instead of disavowing or making any 



140 

apology for the confinement of such, be assured that I do 
most explicitly avow it. And as I have before observed to 
your Excellency in a former letter, of which you may bt; 
assured, I shall at all times endeavour to found my orders 
on the principles of honour, reason and justice, and not 
to infringe those delicate principles in others: so also be 
assured, Sir, that such my orders shall be obeyed by every 
officer and soldier placed under my direction ; and such as 
have the hardiness to transgress them, shall abide the con- 
sequences. 

I have been informed of late, that some liave hinted 
that such of your troops as break my orders, ought to be 
tried and punished by 3'our oi'ders. Even the mention of 
such a thing, I conceive to be ( to use your own words in a 
late letter, Avith a little variation ) a sort of insult that a 
man of military erudition in any country would be 
ashamed of, as being repugnant to every idea of military 
discipline; and from my opinion of your military knowl- 
edge, I cannot admit that you ever hinted it. 

To convince you that it is my fixed determination to in- 
quire into all abuses, whether committed by my own troops, 
orthoseoftheConvention, whilst they remain within my de- 
partment, I have ordered Col. Henley under arrest, and ap- 
pointed a Court of Inquiry, whereof Brig. Gen. Glover is 
President, to examine into the grounds of your complaint, 
on Wednesday next, at 10 o'clock, A. M. at Cambridge ; and 
if any complaints have heretofore passed unredressed it is 
because they have not been laid before me. You hinted to 
me when I had the pleasure of seeing you last at Cam- 
bridge, that one of my officers had been enticing some of the 
troops of the Convention to enter our service. I then in- 
formed you, that if you would send the complaint, I would 
immediately bring the officer to trial. You promised to do 
it, but I have not yet received it. I now call upon you to 
exhibit that charge, or any other that you have to make 
against any officer under my command, for practices of 
that kind, or any other; being with yourself fully deter- 



141 

mined that all my conduct respecting the Convention shall 
be notorious, and l)evond the powers of subterfuge to ex- 
plain away. Complaints of most enormous abuses have 
lately been made to me; one, of the conduct of a number of 
officers on the evening or night of the 25th of December, at 
Bradish's Tavern; others, of prisoners being rescued from 
the guards — centinels abused and insulted on their posts 
— passes counterfeited, and others filled up in the most uT 
frontive manner; and of late, several highway robberies 
committed in the environs of the garrison — one the last 
evening, in which a gentleman was robbed of between 7 and 
8Ut) dollars, and a watch. The robberies I do not charge to 
3'our people, as it is unknown who were the perpetrators ; 
but there are several reasons to suspect it. All these. Sir, 
tend not only to exasperate the troops, but to enrage the 
inhabitants of the country, who view such abuses as unsuf- 
ferable. I therefore call upon you to exert your endeav- 
ours to suppress all abuses, as far as in your power. 
(Signed) I am, &c. 

Lieut. Gen. Burguyne." W. Heath. 

Col. Henley was ordered under arrest, and Col. Lee to 
take command at Caudnidge ; and the general order of the 
10th of January announced — 

" Lieut. Gen. Burgoyne having entered a complaint 
against Col. Henley, charging him with gross misconduct 
while in command at Cambridge ; the honour of the United 
States, and the justice due to an officer of Col. Henley's 
character, demand a public inquiry : for which purpose a 
Court of Inquiry is to sit at Cambridge on Wednesday 
next, at 10 o'clock in the morning, at such place as the 
President shall appoint." 

Brigadier-General (tLOVER, President. 
Col. M. Jackscm, | 

„ / ,T. ' ! Members. 

Col. Jsixon, i' 

Col. H. Jackson, j 

All persons concerned, to attend the Court. 



142 

Gen. Burgoyne found fault, that a Court of Inquiry only 
Avas appointed, and not a Court-Martial. He was answered, 
that this was frequently the case ; that it did not preclude 
the latter; and where an officer of rank, and in particular 
one who had the immediate command was the object, this 
previous step was both justifiable and proper. The Court 
of Inquii'y met, and gave in their opinion ; and in the gen- 
eral orders of January ISth, the following was announced : 

" The Court, whereof Brig. Gen. Glover was President, 
appointed by the orders of the 10th iust. to inquire into tlie 
grounds of a complaint exhibited by Lieut. Gen. Burgoyne 
again Col. Henley, late commanding officer of the Ameri- 
can troops at Cambridge — after mature consideration are 
of opinion, that from the evidence offered on the side of 
Gen. Burgoyne against Col. Henley, it will be most for the 
honour of Col. Henley, as well as for the satisfaction of all 
concerned, that the judgment of a Court-Martial should be 
taken on his conduct, during his command at Cambridge. 

The General, approving the opinion of the Court, or- 
ders that a special general Court-Martial sit on Tuesday 
next, at 10 o'clock, A. M. at the court-house in Cambridge, 
for the trial of Col. David Henley, late commanding officer 
at that post, accused by Lieut. Gen. Burgoyne of a general 
tenor of language and conduct heinously criminal as an of- 
ficer, and unbecoming a man ; of the most indecent, violent, 
vindictive severity against unarmed men, and of inten- 
tional murder. 

Brigadier-General Glover^ President. 
Col. Wesson, Capt. Langdon, 



Col. M. Jackson, Capt. Sewall, 

Col. Lee, Capt. Hastings, 

Col. H. Jackson. Lieut. Col. Popkin, 



B 

o- 

Lieut. Col. Colman, Maj. Curtis, j 3 

Lieut. Col. Badlam, Capt. Kandall, j 

"Ihese officers were (probably) Dudley Coleman, 13th Mass.; .lohn 
Popkin, 3rd Continental Artillery; William Curtis. Henley's Additional 
Continentals; Thomas Randall, 3rd Cent. Art'y; John Langdon, Jack- 
son's Continentals; Stephen Sewall of Lee's Add'l Continentals (pos- 
sibly Henry, 12th Mass.); John Hastings o£ Lee's; William Tudor was 
Judge Advocate General ot the Army at the time. 



143 

Lieut. Col. Tudor is desired to act as Judge-Advocate. 
All evidences and persons concerned, to attend the Court." 

The Court met, and adjourned several times, through a 
long, particular, and tedious trial. Gen. Burgoyne at- 
tended, and in a very engaged and eloquent manner said 
every thing which he judged proper; which, although novel 
in Courts-Martial, was yet permitted. 

The general orders of the 27th of February announced 
as follows : 

"Col. David Henley, late commanding oflficer of the post 
at Cambridge, tried at the special general Court-Martial, 
whereof Brig. Gen. Glover was President, accused by 
Lieut. Gen. Burgoyne of a general tenor of language an<l 
conduct heinously criminal as an officer, and unbecoming 
a man ; of the most indecent, violent, vindictive severity 
against unarmed men, and of intentional murder. 

The Court, after mature consideration, are of opinion 
that the charge against Col. Henley is not supported, and 
that he be discharged from his arrest. 

The Cieneral approves the opinion of the Court; thanks 
them for their unwearied endeavours to investigate the 
truth ; and orders Col. Henley to resume his command at 
Cambridge immediately. 

The General thinks it to be his duty on this occasion to 
observe, that although the conduct of Lieut. Gen. Bur- 
goyne, (as prosecutor against Col. Henley) in the course 
of the foregoing trial, in his several speeches and pleas, 
may be warranted by some precedents in British Courts- 
Martial, yet as it is altogether novel in the proceedings of 
any general Court-Martial in the army of the United States 
of America, whose rules and articles of war direct that the 
Judge- Advocate-General shall prosecute in the name of the 
United States; and as a different practice tends to render 
Courts-Martial both tedious and expensive— he does 
protest against this instance being drawn into precedent 
in future." 



144 

7th. — A Britisli soldier at Cambridge stabbed one of the 
American guard. 

18th. — Intelligence Avas received from Gov. Cook,' that 
three frigates and twenty-three sail of transports sailed 
from Newport, on f^unday the 15th instant, standing to the 
north-east. Our General received a letter from the Presi- 
dent of Congress, in which he observed, " I had the honour 
of receiving, by Mr. Closki, the 5th instant, your favour of 
the 10th ult. including a late correspondence with Lieut. 
Gen. Burgoyne; these were immediately reported to Con- 
gress, and transmitted to the Board of War, from whence 
a report has not yet ascended ; therefore I have no partic- 
ular commands relative to your said dispatch. I may, 
however, with propriety and pleasure intimate, that your 
conduct towards the British General and his dependents 
receives the continued approbation of Congress, if I may 
be permitted to make this conclusion from the general 
sentiments of the Members." 

23d. — Just before noon. Gen. Lincoln arrived in Boston 
from Albany; his leg was recovering fast, but he was still 
very lame, and was conveyed from place to place on a move- 
able bed, with handles, which was fixed on the runners of 
his sleigh, with a canopy and curtains, and was convenient 
also to remove into the house, &c. In this was blended in- 
genuity and convenience. 

28th. — Intelligence was received that the British trans- 
ports, destined to take away the troops of the Convention, 
had arrived at Holmes's Hole; and the next day, March 
1st, that they had arrived at Cape Harbour, Province- 
Town, Cape Cod. But Gen. Burgoyne was not now to de- 
part. 

March 8th. — A cartel arrived from Cape Cod, with the 
following letter to Gen. Burgoyne : 



1 Nicholas Cooke (1717-1782), Governor of R. I., 1775-78. 



145 

.1 inio. Cape Cod Harbour, 4th March, 1778. 

" Sir. 

I take the earliest opportunity, by Lieut. Carter, in the 
HaarJvm cartel, to inform yon of the arriyal of the trans- 
ports under my cliarj^e, and that I am appointed by the 
Viscount Howe, to receive you and your suit on board the 
■Juno, under my command, for your conveyance to Eng- 
land, when you shall be at liberty to embark separately, or 
together with the troops, as yon will let me know in return 
to be your intention. And I am to acquaint you that I 
will move the Juno to Nantasket Road, for facilitating 
'sowY embarkation, if you will please to inform me of your 
having negotiated an agreement to such effect, upon faith 
duly pledged, that no insult shall be offered in the mean 
time to any of the ships of war, or other ships and vessels, 
appointed for fulfilling the purpose of the Convention, and 
distinguished by flags of truce, in testimony of the restric- 
tion they are under from committing any acts of hostility. 
You are otherwise to take your passage in the Haarlem, 
in order to your l)eing received on boai'd the Juno, in Cape 
Cod Harbour. 

Inclosed is a list of the transports, with their tonnage, 
that you may be able to settle the proper arrangement 
of the troops destined for Europe ; for ever^- thing else 
I refer you to our meeting on board the Juno, where I have 
a number of private letters for you. Gen. Phillips, and 
Col. Kingston, and a large box of letters for the army. 

I am, &c. 
(Signed) Hugh Dalrymple. 

LieAt. Gen. Burgoyne." 

Gen. Burgoyne having written an answer to Capt. 
Dalrymple, and submitted it for inspection, requested our 
General to send it down by the cartel ; which he did under 
the following cover : 



146 

Head-Quarters, Boston, March 10, 1778. 

" Sir, 

Inclosed are sundry letters from Lieut. Gen. Bur- 
goyne, by which you will learn his present situation. 

Although I wish on every occasion to extend the ut- 
most generosity to the gentlemen of the army, yet to al- 
low letters to pass unopened wfiuld be betraying the trust 
reposed in me. Therefore any idea of granting such an in- 
dulgence cannot be admitted. 

If any advantage in the economy of expense to the 
government of Great Britain may be derived from land- 
ing any overplus of provisions from the fleet, for the use of 
tiie troops of the Convention, I have not the least objection 
to it ; but wish you would ascertain the matter as soon as 
possible. 

I rest assured that whilst your vessels enjoy perfect 
security under the sanction of their flags, not the least mo- 
lestation or inconvenience will happen to any of our ves- 
sels or inhabitants. 

I do myself the pleasure to send down to the flag a tur- 
key, sent here by Gen. Burgoyne. 

I am, &c. 
(Signed) W. Heath. 

Capt. Dalrymple." 

Man,y people having grown jealous that the troops of the 
Convention had collected and secreted arms in the bar- 
racks, they could not be quieted until the matter was ascer- 
tained; and on the 18th, our General ordered a strict 
search to be made, when nothing was found but the offi- 
cer's fusees, to which by the Convention they had a right. 
A irag, coming from the barracks, was asked if anything 
was found ; he answered, "Yes — in one of the rooms a 
large brass mortar." This spread, and was alarming to be 
sure. The fact was, that in one of the rooms there was a 
large bell-metal pestle and mortar, for family use. Jeal- 



147 

ousj, like the other passions, althougli a virtue iu itself, 
may exceed its bounds ; and when it does, " trifles, light as 
air, to jealous minds are strong as proofs of holy writ." 

Capt. Dalrymple wrote to Gen. Burgoyne again, on the 
15th, and proposed to put the spare provisions on board 
one of the flags, and send them up to Boston harbour. 

But on the 23d, Capt. Braithwait of the Ceniunon wrote 
tlie General that he had arrived with orders from Viscount 
Howe for the men-of-war and transports with the jn-ovis- 
ions on board them to return to Rhode Island, which they 
did accordingly. 

7th. — General Lincoln left Boston for Hingham; our 
General accompanied him as far as ]\rilton. 

12th. — Intelligence was received that a 40 gun ship had 
arrived at New Loudon laden with with clothing for the 
United States. 

ISth. — A detachment of Col. Henley's regiment marched 
out of Boston for the army. 

19th. — Gen. Burgoyne having again applied to Congress 
for leave to go to England himself, they now gave him lib- 
erty. This was joyous to the General, and he wrote our 
General that he had assured himself that there would be 
nothing thrown in the way on his part, and wished for his 
passports. The President of Congress, in his letter to our 
General, by the same express, informed him that it was 
late in the evening when the resolve, granting Gen. Bur- 
goyne leave to depart, passed, and nothing was said re- 
specting the settlement of the accounts before his depart- 
ure; but that it was fully his opinion that the former re- 
solve should be strictly observed ; for Congress had before 
resolved, that neither he nor the troops of the Convention 
should depart, before the accounts were settled and paid. 
Our General, therefore, told Gen. Burgoyne that this must 
first be done, and that then he should meet with no delay: 
on this he hesitated, and then asked how the accounts were 
to be settled? He was answered — Strictly conformable to 
the resolves of Congress. He then asked if Congress could 



148 

be serious in their resolution, requiring in specie the same 
sum which they had expended in paper money. Our Gen- 
eral replied thathesupposedthathonourable body were ser- 
ious in all their resolutions. He then replied that this was 
unjust, for the odds was double ; and appealed to our Gen- 
eral to say whether he thought it just himself ; Our Gen- 
eral answered, that as an executive oflftcer, it was not for 
him to judge or determine whether the orders of his super- 
iors were just or not. General Burgoyne replied that was 
true. He was then told, that if he did not choose to pay for 
the supplies, the act allowed him to replace them, in qual- 
ity and quantity; and this seemed to remove his objections. 
After further disciission the two Generals pledged their 
faith and sacred honour to each other, in which they both 
had the fullest confidence, that Gen. Burgoyne should pro- 
ceed to Rhode Island, accompanied by such officers as our 
General might think proper to send, to whom Gen. Bur- 
goyne should pay in specie the amount of supplies fur- 
nished in the Quarter-Master's department; and that he 
should forward in vessels bearing flags, provisions of the 
different species they had received, within a certain num- 
ber of days stipulated ; that no advantage should be taken 
by delay occasioned by stress of weather; that a box of 
gold, as a pledge for any deficiencies in the provisions, 
should be deposited with our General, the balance of which, 
after the full settlement of the accounts, to be paid to the 
senior of3Bcer of the troops of the Convention. 

April 2d. — Gen. Burgoyne came into Boston, and dined 
at head-quarters; and before he took leave of onv General, 
observed, " I know your situation. Sir, and the difiiculty 
of obtaining many foreign necessaries you may want or 
wish. If you will give me a memorandum, on my arrival 
in England I will with great pleasure forward them to 
you." Our General thanked him for his politeness, but was 
careful not to mention any, choosing rather to suffer with 
his fellow-countrymen the necessities of the times, than to 
avail himself of so exclusive a favour. 



149 

5th. — Between 11 and 12 o'clock General Biirgoyne left 
Cambridge for Khode Island, accompanied by Colonel 
Pollard and Samuel Barrett, Esq. 

8th. — The Raleigh frigate, it was learnt, had arrived at 
Portsmouth, (X. H.) 

A part of the Convention troops were ordered to be re- 
moved to Rutland, in the county of Worcester, and tem- 
porary barracks were erected for the purpose. 

15th. — A division of the Convention troops marched for 
Rutland under escort of a detachment of militia, com- 
manded by Major Read. Our General received a letter 
from the President of Congress, dated the 4th instant, in 
which he observed, " Yesterday I had the honour of pre- 
senting to Congress your favours of the 21st and 24th of 
March; and, although I have received no particular com- 
mands relative to their several contents, I am warranted 
by the general voice of Jfembers to intimate, that you have 
received the applause of the House for your determination 
respecting the adjustment of accounts with General Bur- 
goyne." 

IStli. — ilr. Barrett returned from Rhode Island, accom- 
panied by a British Commissary, Major Morrison, who was 
sent on by (Ten. Pigot, to negotiate a plan for the future 
supply of the troops of the Convention. 

19th. — About 2 o'clock P. M. a wagon arrived from 
Rhode Island with a large sum of money, received in dis- 
charge of the accounts, and for the troops of the Conven- 
tion. 

The same day, Mr. Dean^ arrived from France, with the 
highly important intelligence that the Court of Prance 
had acknowledged the Independency of the United States 
of America, and a treaty of alliance was concluded. 

22d. — Five sail of victuallers arrived in the lower har- 
bour from Rhode Island, with pi-ovisions, for a replace of 
those supplied the troops of the Convention. 



1 SUas Deane. 



150 

28th. — The British hand-bill for quieting America, as it 
was called, was received at Boston. It was forwarded 
from Connecticut, where it had been sent by Governor 
Tryon — Governor Trumbull had made a most magnani- 
mous reply. 

30th. — A valuable prize was sent into Boston, laden with 
dry goods, teas, flour, &c. 

May 4th. — Several French ships had arrived with goods 
and stores from France for the United States. 

5th. — The French frigate 'Nymplie, Capt. Senneville, ar- 
rived in Boston harbour, and sailed out again on the 16th. 

23d. — Certain intelligence was received, that the French 
Ambassador left England about the 20th of the preceding 
March, and that the English Ambassador had returned to 
England. 

30th. — The British made an excursion to Tiverton and 
Little Compton, and did some damage. 

Our General concluded with Gen. Pigot a system for the 
future supply of the troops of the Convention, by sending 
provisions from Ehode Island. This mode tended to the 
increase of provisions in the States, and the easier supply 
of our own troops. The plan was submitted to Congress, 
who were pleased to honour it with their approbation, 
which they expressed in the following resolution: 

In Congress, May 22d, 1778. 

" Resolved, That Congress approve of Maj. Gen. Heath's 
conduct relative to the proposals made by Maj. Gen. Pigot, 
for supplying with provisions the troops who surrendered 
prisoners under the Convention of Saratoga. 

That the President be directed to inform Maj. Gen. 
Heath, that Congress expect that all assistance afforded 
to the enemy, in unloading, storing, or transporting pro- 
visions for the support of the Convention prisoners, be paid 
for in solid coin, agreeably to the spirit of their resolution 
of the 19th of December last." 

The Convention troops complained exceedingly of this 



151 

discrimiuation in paymeut, because it was notorious that 
there was a considerable difference between paper money 
and specie; indeed, at first view, it seems scarcely reconci- 
lable on the principles of justice and equity ; but when the 
grounds on which the resolve of the 19th of Dec. 1777 is 
predicated are considered, it seems to place the matters in 
a different light. — It is expres.sed as follows : — 

In Congress, Dec. 9th, 1777. 

" Whereas Sir William Howe, Commander in Chief of 
his Britannic Majesty's forces, has required that provis- 
ions should be sent in, for the subsistence of the American 
prisoners in his possession, and for the purchase of such 
necessaries as they may stand in need of, and has prohib- 
ited the circulation of the money struck by the authority 
of these States, within such parts of the country as are at 
present subjected to his power, whereby great difficulties 
have occurred in relieving the distresses of the American 
prisoners; and whereas large sums of continental bills of 
credit have been counterfeited and Issued by the agents, 
emissaries and abettors of Sir W. Howe, — 

Resolved, That the accounts of all provisions and other 
necessaries, which already have been, or which hereafter 
may be supplied by the public to prisoners in the power of 
these States, shall be discharged by either receiving from 
the British Commissary of Prisoners, or any of his agents, 
provisions or other necessaries equal in quantity and kind 
to what have been supplied; or the amount thereof in gold 
or silver, at the rate of four shillings and six-pence sterling 
for every dollar of the currency of these States ; and that 
all these accounts be liquidated and discharged, previous 
to the release of any prisoners to whom provisions or other 
necessaries shall have been supplied. 

Extract from the Minutes. 

(Signed) C. Thomson." 

By the foregoing it appears that the British were allowed 



152 

to replace any and all the supplies which were furnished 
to them, and in that Avay might make all the savings in 
their power ; and certainly they ought to be checked, if they 
attempted to destroy that currency on which the States 
had solely to rely for the prosecution of the war, which had 
been foi'ced upon them by this same power. 

June 17th. — A British officer was shot by an American 
centinel on Prospect llill, the officer attempting to pass, 
contrary to the standing orders. The centinel was imme- 
diately relieved and put under guard, and as soon as the of- 
ficial account of the event was received by our General, he 
wrote the following letter to Gen. Phillips: 

Head-Quartees, Boston^ June 17, 1778, 
,, ct 8 o'clock, P. M. 

I am at this moment informed than an officer of the 
Convention has been shot by one of our sentries. I have or- 
dered the man into close confinement, and have directed 
the Town-Major to desire the Coroner of the county of Mid- 
dlesex to summon a Jury of Inquiry to sit on the body ; and 
I desire that it may not be removed until that step be 
taken. I can only say, Sir, that you may be assured that I 
"will take every step in my power which honour and justice 
require. 

Your letters of this date were handed to me by the per- 
son who brought the disagreeable news of the officer's be- 
ing shot. I will answer them to-morrow. 

I am, Sir, your obedient servant, 

(Signed) W. Heath. 

Maj. Gen. Phillips."' 

A few minutes after our General had sent his letter, he 
received the following from Gen. Phillips : 

Cambridge, June 17, 1778. 

" Murder and death has at length taken place. An offi- 
cer, riding out from the barracks on Prospect Hill, has 
been shot by an American centinel. I leave the horrors 
incident to that bloody disposition, which has joined itself 



153 

to rebellion in these Colonies, to the feelings of all Europe. 
I do not ask for justice, for I believe every principle of it 
is fled from this Province. 

I demand liberty to send au officer to Gen. Sir Henry 
Clinton, by way of the head-quarters of Gen. Washington, 
with my report of this murder. 

(Signed) W. Phillips, Maj. Gen. 
Maj. Gen. Heath." 

The next morning our General wrote the following to 
Gen. Phillips: 

Head-Quarters, Boston, June 18, 1778. 
" Sir, 
Immediately upon my receiving the disagreeable re- 
port, the last evening, that an officer of the Convention had 
been shot by an American centinel, and that the centinel 
was confined, I ordered him to be closely kept so, and the 
Coroner of the county of Middlesex to be certified, that a 
Jury of Inquiry might be summoned to sit on the body of 
the officer. Decency and the utmost attention, in any coun- 
try, could not have done more. A few minutes after I had 
dispatched the officer with the foregoing orders, I received 
your letter, couched in such terms that I am at a loss what 
epithets to give it. Were it even certain that the shooting 
of the officer was an act of the most deliberate wilful 
murder, why should you charge these free independent 
States with a bloody disposition and with rebellion, and 
this State in particular as void of every principle of jus- 
tice? Although I ever had and still have a personal regard 
for you, and wish in every respect to treat you with the 
utmost generosity yet that duty which I owe to the hon- 
our and dignity of the United States will not allow me to 
pass unnoticed such expressions as are contained in your 
letter; and I cannot put any other interpretation upon 
them, than that they are a violent infraction of your pa- 
role, most sacredly given. I do conceive it to be my duty, 



154 

and I do hereby restrict you to the limits of your house, 
gardens and yard, and to the direct road from your quar- 
ters to the quarters of the troops of the Convention, on 
Prosi)ect and Winter Hills; expecting from you a parole, 
for propriety of conduct within those limits; which if you 
refuse, I shall be under the necessity of ordering you to 
narrower limits, until I can obtain the pleasure of the 
Honourable the Congress, touching this matter, to whom 
I shall transmit your letter, and crave their directions. 

As to your demand of liberty for an officer to proceed 
to Sir Henry Clinton with a 'report of this murder; as 
you are pleased to express yourself, I have only to reply, 
that as soon as the Coroner has taken an inquisition, in 
which all the evidence respecting this unhappy affair will 
be contained, I shall transmit a copy thereof to Congress; 
and I shall have no objection to your sending a copy also 
to Sir Henry Clinton, by way of the head-quarters of his 
Excellency General Washington, (if his Excellency should 
approve of it) together with any just and decent represen- 
tations which you may think necessarj- to make on this oc- 
casion or any other, after I have examined such letters ; but 
as to an officer's going to Sir Henry Clinton, it is alto- 
gether unnecessary — so you will please to excuse my re- 
fusal of it. I am, Sir, your obedient servant, 

(Signed) W. Heath, Major-General. 

P. S. I shall not at this time comment on the indelicate 
manner in which your letter is addressed. 
Maj. Gen. Phillips.'' 

" I, William Phillips, Major-General and senior officer 
of the troops under the restrictions of the Convention of 
Saratoga, do promise and engage, on my word and honour, 
and on the faith of a gentleman, to remain in the quarters 
now assigned to me in Cambridge, in the State of Massa- 
cliusetts Bay, and at no time to exceed or pass the limits of 
the gardens and yards adjoining and belonging to said 
quarters, except in the road by the nearest and most 



155 

direct route from my said quarters to Prospect and Winter 
Hills, and the limits of said hills within the chain of sen- 
tries — until it shall be permitted or ordered otherwise by 
the Continental General commanding in this State, his Ex- 
cellency General Washington, or the Honourable Congress 
of the United States of America; and that I will not, di- 
rectly or indirectly, give any intelligence to the enemies of 
the said United States, or either of them, or do or say any 
thing in opposition to or in prejudice of the measures and 
proceedings of any Congress for the said States, during 
my continuance here as aforesaid, or until I am duly ex- 
changed or discharged. 

Given under my hand at Cambridge, this eighteenth day 
of June, 1778." ' 

Head-Quarteus, Boston, June 18, 1778. 
" Sir, 

You will immediately repair to Cambridge, and wait 
upon Maj. Gen. Phillips: present him the letter addressed 
to hinr. After he has read the letter, present the pa- 
role; if he signs it, well; if he refuses, you will please to 
inform him, that in consequence of the indecent, dis- 
honourable, and highly insulting expressions in his letter 
of yesterday, against the honour and dignity of the Free, 
Sovereign, and Independent States of America, and in 
prejudice of the measures and proceedings of the Honour- 
able the Congress — as it is my dtity, so it is my express or- 
ders, that he, the saidMaj. Gen. Phillips, be restricted to the 
limits of his house, yards and gardens, beyond which he is 
not to pass, until it be otherwise ordered ; and that you im- 
mediately plant and continue by relief so many sentries as 
may be necessary to prevent his exceeding those limits. 
You will give orders that the sentries so planted observe 
a strict decorum and soldier-like behaviour, avoiding in- 
sult, and behaving with becoming dignity. After which, 



156 

you will wait on the next senior officer, and acquaint him 
of Gen. Phillips being confined. 

I am, Sir, your most obedient servant, 

(Signed) W. Heath, Maj. Gen. 
Lieut. Col. Pollard, Dep. Adj. General." 

The same day Gen. Phillips wrote our General as fol- 
lows : 

Cambridge, June IS, 1778, 3 o'clock, P. M. 
" Sir, 

Lieut. Brown of the 21st regiment, who was shot yes- 
terday by an American centinel, died about midnight in the 
last night. 

I am informed some person, whom you have sent to ex- 
amine the body, is now doing it; and, as I suppose every 
inspection of that sort will be over by to-morrow, I would 
propose to bury the corpse to-morrow evening. I am to de- 
sire to know if you have any objection, and whether you 
have any particular intentions relating to the body of the 
murdered officer. If it is to be allowed Christian burial, 
I would wish to deposit it in the vault appropriated for 
strangers, in the Pi'otestant church at Cambridge. In this 
case, I am to desire you will give the necessary permission 
for this purpose, and allow a sufficient number of men from 
the barracks to assist in carrying down the corpse from the 
barracks to the church. 

As I am totally ignorant to whom it may be necessary 
to apply for leave to open the church, it obliges me to give 
you this trouble; and I hope, if permission is granted, that 
it may be done so fully as will prevent the sanguinary peo- 
ple of this country from insulting and treating with indig- 
nity the dead body of the unfortunate officer, who, in their 
rage, revengeful tempers, and barbarity, they have put to 
death. I am. Sir, 

Your most obedient and humble servant, 
(Signed) W. Phillips. 

Maj. Gen. Heath."^ 



157 
To this letter the following was returned : 

Head-Quarters, Boston, June 19, 1778. 

" Sir, 

Yours of yesterday afternoon was handed me the last 
evening ; 1 most sincerely regret the unfortunate death of 
Lieut. Brown. 

As I apprehend the Coroner has taken his inquisi- 
tion, or will do it this morning— which is in conformity to 
the laws of the land in that case made and provided, for 
the sole purpose of investigating the truth of facts— you 
not only have my permission, but request, that every mark 
of respect may be paid to the corpse of the deceased ; and 
you have my permission also for such a number of non- 
commissioned officers and privates to attend, as may be 
necessary to bear the corpse from the funeral house to the 
place of interment. 

I do not know under whose direction the church at 
Cambridge now is; but I have given orders to Maj. Hop- 
kins and the Town-Major to afford every kind of assis- 
tance in their power, and to inquire who has the direction, 
and to obtain permission. I have also given orders that 
decency be exhibited by our troops during the time of pro- 
cession of interment, which the solemnity of so mournful 
an occasion points out as the duty of rational beings ; and 
from the universal respectful behaviour of the people of 
this country on such occasions, you may be sure that not 
the least insult will be offered. 

I am, Sir, your most obedient servant, 

(Signed) W. Heath. 

Maj. Gen. Phillips." 

Hjth.— Gen. Phillips wrote another letter, as follows : 

Cambridge, Juue 19th, 1778. 

" Sir, 
I shalU not animadvert upon, nor answer any part of 



158 

your letter of yesterday, except what relates to your mean- 
ing to restrict me to my house, garden and yards, and to 
the direct road from my quarters to the quarters of the 
troops of the Convention on Prospect and Winter Hills, 
and requiring my signing a new parole for my propriety of 
conduct within those limits. 

When liy the treaty of Convention of Saratoga the offi- 
cers were to be admitted on parole, it was clearly intended 
that a liberal interpretation was to be given of that agree- 
ment; and, to use your own words, generous limits were to 
be granted. I will not deny that the limits have been suifi- 
cient. 

I ajjprehend, Sir, that under no sense or explanation 
of the treaty, the officers were to be denied intercourse with 
the soldiers — indeed, there is an article particularly on 
that point ; and by restricting me to my quarters, allowing 
me only the passage to the barracks by the direct road, you 
would have certainly have restricted me as you have done 
several other officers, from whom you have taken the bene- 
fit of their parole, allowing for the distinction of my rank, 
having obtained a quarter instead of a barrack : it seemed 
therefore a very extraordinary- proposal made to me that 
I should sign a parole under a restriction which deprived 
me of any advantage arising from my giving one, according 
to the article on that subject in the treaty of Convention 
of Saratoga; and on this consideration I refused it. 

You have. Sir, made me a prisoner in my quarters, un- 
der a guard, and I am perfectly at ease about it — shall bear 
it, Sir, and any other violence of power which may happen 
to me, with more patience than you may suppose. I am 
very regardless about insults and injuries done me per- 
sonally — I feel only, and then severely, when any are of- 
fered to the troops I command. 

But, Sir, you attempt at much more than restricting 
my person ; for in a paper sent me this day, being your in- 
structions to Lieut. Col. Pollard, dated June 18, 1778, you 
direct him, after he has planted centinels around my quar- 



159 

ters, that he is 'to wait on the next senior officer, and ac- 
quaint him of General Phillips beins; contined." I am to 
inform you, Sir, that, bearing the King's commission, I 
shall consider myself senior officer of the troops of the 
Convention ; and every officer of them will obey my orders 
as far as their present situation will allow. You may con- 
fine my person, but you cannot have power to take from 
me my military place, nor my connexion with the Conven- 
tion troops — it is too extravagant an idea to suppose you 
capable of ; so little can it be in the power of an individual 
to deprive me of the commission I hold, that were these 
Colonies really acknowledged Independent and Sovereign 
States, it would not be in the power of their government to 
deprive an officer of another nation of his military com- 
mission, how far soever they might stretch and extend their 
power over his person. But, Sir, I must be allowed to de- 
clare, that until the Colonies are acknowledged by Great 
Britain to be Independent Sovereign States, I cannot view 
them in any other light than that in which they are con- 
sidered by Great Britain. 

As you will not allow me to send an officer to Sir Henry 
Clinton, I must request to take advantage of your express 
for sending my report and representations to him; and I 
will beg to know when I must send you my letters. 

I am, Sir, 
Your most obedient, humble servant, 

(Signed) W. Phillips. 

Maj. Gen. Heath." 

To which the follo^^'ing answer was returned the next 
day: 

Head-Quarters, Boston. June 20, 1778. 

"Sir. 

Another of your favours of .yesterday was handed to 

me this morning. You may be assured that the reason of 

mj' restricting you to your quarters, the day before yester- 



160 

day, Avas personally no agreeable service. Duty to the hon- 
our and dignity of my country made it indispensably 
necessary. Apprehending that so great a restriction from 
your former limits as I pointed out, might be construed by 
you a dissolution of your parole, I thought it necessary and 
also reasonable that you should give a new one. I wished 
that you might retain your quarters, and at the same time 
have a free intercourse with the troops who are quartered 
at a distance from you ; this distance is so considerable that 
a parole is necessary. I acknowledge that by the Conven- 
tion, yoii are to be admitted on parole, and this parole is for 
propriety of conduct under sucli admittance ; but that pa- 
role being forfeited, by misconduct, ceases to be, and con- 
finement in proportion to the offence, no breach of the Con- 
vention, but fully justifiable upon every principle of reason 
and justice. 

It was never in my idea to take away your commission, 
or dissolve your connexion with the troops of the Conven- 
tion ; but, while under confinement, your power of acting 
might with propriety be suspended, so far as respected the 
transacting of public business between myself and you; 
but personal regard has prevented my going that length, 
any further than to notify the next officer of your con- 
finement. 

I do not insist that you, as an oiiicer in the British 
army, are obliged to view the Free, Independent and Sov- 
ereign States of America in any other light than they are 
acknowledged by the government whose service you are 
in. But, under your present situation and circumstances, 
I do insist that j'ou shall not openly insult the honour and 
dignity of these States with impunity. 

I am, Sir, 

Your obedient servant, 

(Signed) W. Heath, Major-General. 

Maj. Gen. Phillips." 



161 

" Middlesex, ss. 
Aa inquest talven at Cambridge, withiu the said 
county of Middlesex, on the IStli of June, A. D. 1778, be- 
fore Joel Smith, one of the Coroners for the county afore- 
said, upon riew of the body of Lieut. Richard Brown, one 
of the British officers (Charlestown, in the county afore- 
said) then and tliere being dead, by oaths of William 
Howe, Benjamin Lock, John Brown, Ebenezer Steadman, 
Samuel Manning, Natliauiel Austin, Joseph Bead, 
jun., James Hill, Thomas Bari'et, Benjamin Bar- 
ker, Aaron Hill, Isaac Bradish, James Munro, 
Joseph Johnson, good and lawful men of Cam- 
bridge aforesaid, who being charged and sworn to inquire 
for the sake of the government and people of the Massa- 
chusetts Bay, when, and by what means, and how the said 
Richard Brown came to his death — upon their oath do 
say, that the said Richard Brown was shot with a fire-arm 
by the ceutinel in Charlestown, near Prospect Hill, be- 
tween the hours of five and six P. M. on the 17th day of 
June, A. D. 1778, in attempting to pass the centinel with 
two women, after being properly challenged by said centi- 
nel — and so came to death. 

JOEL SMITH, Coro)ier. 
Nathaniel Austin, James Munro, 

Joseph Read, jun. Joseph Johnson, 

James Hill, William Howe, 

Thomas Barret, Benjamin Lock, 

Benjamin Barker, John Brown, 

Aaron Hill, Ebenezer Steadman, 

Isaac Bradish, Samuel Manning, 

Cambridge, June 18, 1778." 

Extract of a letter from Major-General Heath to the 
President of Congress, dated Head-Quarters. Boston, 
June 19, 1778 : 
" Since my last, of the 9th instant, I have received the 

honour of yours of the 23d, by Capt. Nevers. 



162 

The daj before jesterdav, one of our centinels, posted 
at the foot of Prospect Hill, shot a Lieut. Richard Bro'mi, 
of the troops of the Conventiou, for not stopping when re- 
peatedly challenged, as he Avas riding out of the lines with 
two women. The orders given to the centinels being not to 
allow any officer without side-arms, or non-commissioned 
officer, private soldier, woman or child, without a written 
passport, to pass the chain of sentries. Immediately upon 
my receiving the report of the officer's being shot, and that 
the centinel was confined, I gave orders for his being kept 
so, and notice to be given to the Coroner of the county of 
Middlesex, that a Jury of Inquest might sit on the body 
for the investigation of the truth of facts; at the same time 
T wrote to Maj. (^ren. Phillips — T do myself the honour to 
inclose copy thereof, No. 1; a few minutes after, I received 
a paper from him. No. 2 ; the next morning I again wrote 
him, No. 3 ; and a parole. No. 4 ; and gave Col. Pollard writ- 
ten orders for the delivery thereof. No. 5. Gen. Phillips 
refusing to sign the parole. Col. Pollard, in obedience to my 
orders, restricted him to the limits therein mentioned, and 
]ilanted three centinels around the house and gardens; in 
which state matters now remain." 

In Congress, July 7, 1778. 

" Resolved, That Congress approve of Maj. Gen. Heath's 
conduct respecting Maj. Gen. Phillips, consequent upon 
the death of Lieut. Richard Brown, of the troops of the 
Convention. 

Extract from the Minutes. 

Charles Thomson, Secretary." 

The whole of the foregoing correspondence was pub- 
lished by order of Congress; and our General was informed 
that it was left for him to conduct towards the British Gen- 
eral, as to the continuance of his arrest, as he might judge 
the honour of the United States required. Gen. Phillips 
continuing to exhibit the same temper, or it rather grow- 



163 

iug' upon liiiii, lie was continued in liis arrest until the 
troops of the Convention were ordered to be removed to 
Charlottesville in Virginia. It has before been observed, 
that the officers had certain articles prescribed to them, for 
their government in quarters, and that these were drawn 
into the parole, and subscribed by them. If any abuses 
took place, a Court of Inquiry was directed to investigate 
the complaints, and repcjrt to our General ; thus giving the 
accused officers an opportunity to exculpate their conduct, 
if it was in their power; and no officer could wish more 
than our (^Jeneral to treat tliem with generosity and in- 
dulgence, as far as was compatible with good order and 
discipline. But notwithstanding the fairness of this mode 
of procedure. Gen. Phillips forbid the officers appearing 
before any Court so appointed; and on the 18th ult. Jlr. 
Bibby, the Deputy-Adjutant-General to the troops of the 
Convention, came into a Court of Inquiry and declared 
the following, which, in order to have the whole together, 
we now retrospect. 

" Maj. Gen. Phillips will not permit any officer under his 
command to be brought before a Court of Inquiry of the 
American troops, for the purpose of scrutinizing their con- 
duct; but if any complaints are lodged against any British 
officers, and Maj. Gen. Heath shall desire their conduct to 
be inquired into, Maj. Gen. Phillips will give such orders 
as are customary in such cases among the British troops. 
By order of Maj. Gen. Phillips: 

(Signed) Thos. Bibby, Dep. Adj. Gen. 
Monday, May 18, 1778." 

The same day. Gen. Phillips sent a letter to our General, 
expressive of the same sentiments ; to which the following 
answer was sent to him. 

Head-Quarters, Boston, May 19, 1778. 
" Sir, 
Your favour of yesterday came to hand the last even- 
ing; and, I must confess, contained matter novel and sur- 



164 

prising to me. What ideas of a co-partnership in command 
YOU have entertained, I cannot tell. From the beginning, 
I have found a disposition in the senior officer of the Con- 
vention to assume the right and authority of trying and 
punishing offenders for breaches of my orders. This I 
ever have and ever shall view in no other light than that of 
insult. As such, I represented it to his Excellency Lieut. 
Gen. Burgoyne, whose good sense and thorough knowledge 
of discipline led him, in a letter to me of the 13th Jan. to 
yield the matter in the following words: " I do not mean 
to deny that you have a right to take justice into your own 
liauds.'- Indeed it is a subject concerning which, having 
heretofore said and wrote very fully, I shall not at this 
time dwell long upon. As to agreement or co-partnership 
in command, it is absurd. In military command there 
must be one supreme head ; at present, the Honourable 
Congress have honoured me with the command of this de- 
partment, and I imagined tliat no officer within its limits 
would dare dispute it. 

I\Iy orders, as I have repeatedly heretofore declared, 
shall ever be founded on the principles of honour, reason 
and justice, and not to infringe those delicate principles 
in others ; so I again declare that such my orders shall not 
be broken or disputed, by any officer or soldier placed un- 
der my direction, with impunity. The matter of command 
is no hidden mystery; the usage and customs of nations 
are known. The celebrated Vattel, Puffendorf and Gro- 
tius, with whose writings I dare say you are acquainted, 
elegantly explain hoAV an army that submits to another, 
whether the conditions are more or less honorary to them- 
selves, are to conduct whilst they remain within the limits 
of the victors' camp, or jurisdiction of their country. But 
I shall not spend time to reason on a subject which would 
reflect dishonour on myself to allow even to be disputed. 
Therefore, to sum up all in a few words — that, as I am de- 
termined to treat the troops of the Convention with strict 
justice and generosity, so I am determined that all offend- 



165 

ers against my standing orders of the garrison sliall be 
bronght to jjroper puuislinient ; tluit I will not allow the 
senior officer of those troops to try or punish for any of- 
fence against my ordei's; and, that the truth may at all 
times be properly investigated, I shall, from time to time, 
when occasion requires, appoint Courts of Inquiry for that 
purpose; and such as presume to dispute or counteract 
them, 1 shall duly notice. 

I am, &c. 
(Signed) W. Heath, Major-General. 

Maj. Gen. Phillips.'^ 

Gen. Phillips finding that he could not get any thing by 
assault, he next tried his skill in attempting to sap, with 
the policy of friendship ; he therefore wrote another letter 
of the same date, under the name of 

" Private." 
,, „ Monday. May 18th, 177S. 

I have, tliis morning, written to you a letter upon 
public matters. I will now assure you, that I am sorry 
that my earnest desire of preserving a communication of 
intelligence between you and I, does not meet your con- 
sent ; and I will lament that you will attend to the sudden 
reports you receive, so fully, and act upon them, without 
that good-humoured attention to me, which I had hoped 
and have endeavoured should subsist between us. You 
and I are nearly of an age — I will not dispute understand- 
ings with you; but I certainly am an older soldier, and 
must necessarily know the customs of armies. Allow me 
to assure you, that the manner with which things are taken 
up sometimes deviates from military rule. It is a fixed 
custom to go from the head, downwards; and, when an 
Ensign offends against order, the flencral does not con- 
descend to altercate with liliii, Init sends his orders, his 
desire, or his opinion, to the commanding officers; and, in 
your pending messages to young officers, it injures your 
own consequence, and certainly hurts mine. Believe me, 



166 

that I am strict against any breach of orders, and will 
never suffer it to pass uncensured. I allow, the two officers 
have behaved ill, and I will punish them ; but the getting 
the countersign was an effect of good humour and simpli- 
city in an American soldier. Let me once more request of 
you to recollect your own situation, and it will put mine in 
a clear view to you. Whenever you have reports against 
any of our troops, let me know them, and I will give instant 
attention to them; but you will, I am sure, immediately 
feel that sending a thi'eat to two officers, that you would 
send them on board a prison-ship, and never informing me 
wherefore, was not strictly conformable to good humour 
or good discipline. 

I am, with a very hearty desire of preserving harmony 
and order, and with much personal regard. 

Yours, &c. 
(Signed) W. Phillips. 

Maj. Gen. Heath." 

To which the following answer was returned: 

Head-Quarters, Boston, May 19, 1778. 
" Sir, 

Having, in my other letter of this date, answered 
yours of yesterday, I now reply to your favour of the same 
date, which you are pleased to style "private." I can assure 
you, Sir, that no person living wishes to act with good hu- 
mour more than I do ; or would take more pains to culti- 
vate harmony and a good understanding. But in the pres- 
ent case, you must not expect that I shall allow myself, 
either by frowns or flatteries, to give up the dignity of com- 
mand reposed in me. 

I wish, 1 am determined, to extend every act of gener- 
osity towards the officers of the Convention which is com- 
patible with the safety and honour of my country. I shall 
not take up matters suddenly, or proceed rashly, unless cir- 
cumstances shall render it unavoidably necessary; and al- 



167 

though you may be possessed of a greater share of uuder- 
standiug than I aui, and an older soldier, — yet I have en- 
deavoured to acquire a knowledge of my duty, and the cus- 
toms of armies and nations. I am not conscious of any de- 
viations from those rules or customs in general adopted by 
them. 

The General who commands is undoubtedly the foun- 
tain of power, and all orders should descend from him 
through the proper officers, until they are communicated 
to the lowest order of the army ; and that commander who 
disputes with, or threatens young officers, undoubtedly les- 
sens his consequence, and will soon become contemptible 
in the eyes of an army. Nothing of this was in the late 
transactions, that I know of: having received a report of 
the conduct of the two officers, I ordered them to be con- 
fined to their quarters, and appointed a Court of Inquiry 
to examine into the grounds of the complaint, that I might 
have a clear understanding of the affair, and order accord- 
ingly. In all cases where you or the troops of the Conven- 
tion are immediately concerned in the orders, I have al- 
ways directed that you should be served with a copy. As 
to any threatenings being sent to the two officers, of con- 
fining them on board a guard-ship, I know nothing of it. 

The main difficulty seems to arise from your apprehen- 
sion, that you are to try and punish all offendei-s against 
my orders. Here, Sir, notwithstanding your knowledge 
and age in soldiery, you much mistake, and cannot support 
those your pretensions by any rule or authority, civil or 
military. The moment you piled your arms, and marched 
otf the ground, you became subject to the standing orders 
of the victor; and in every jurisdiction through which you 
marched or where you remain, are subject to all the orders 
and laws of the place; and such as violate them are obnox- 
ious to punishment. The law and custom of nations ex- 
plicitly tell us who are to try and punish : and although 
I do not in the least doubt your ready disposition to in- 
quire into, and even to punish offenders against my orders 



168 

yet when you attempt it it is such an indignity offered to 
my author it}^, that you may be assured it ever will raise 
my resentment ; and if it did not, I am confident that your- 
self (at least hereafter) and all military men would des- 
pise me for my insensibility. In a word, Sii", cultivate 
those principles of obedience to orders among the officers in 
your situation, recommended and mculcated by the cus- 
tom and usage of nations, and dictated by reason — and 
you may depend, that I shall exert myself to make your 
situation as agreeable as possible ; and you may be also as- 
sured, that I never shall require that of the troops of the 
Convention which, in the opinion of the just and wise in 
any country, shall reflect dishonour on them. With the 
strongest desii'e to cultivate and maintain harmony, and to 
treat you with respect, and with much personal regard, 

I am, &c. 
(Signed) W. Heath. 

Maj. Gen. Phillips." 

The same feelings which had great weight in the begin- 
ning of the war, continued for some time, namely, that 
Great Britain was one of the greatest and most powerful 
nations in the world, in arts, and arms; while the Ameri- 
cans were yet their Colonies, j'oung, weak, and but barely 
civilized, ignorant of the world, and especially so of arts 
and of arms. Hence we see it so fretiuently breaking out, 
(until experience had taught them a different opinion) 
There was frequently, as in the atmosphere, placid inter- 
vals; but whenever any cross wind happened to blow, (and 
there is no season or circumstances without them) then 
instantly appeai-ed those ideas of self-superiority and con- 
tempt for the Americans, which was the true cause of many 
uncomfortable hours. Mankind have the same passions; 
the difference lies in some riding with a double curb, while 
others give the reins. 

This Convention business was a heavy task for our Gen- 
eral, and the whole subject would form an entertaining vol- 
ume of itself; we are now circumscribed by our limits, and 



169 

have only given a small specimen for mankind to form an 
opinion for themselves. In all the letters or conversation 
which was had on the occasion, we find scarcely a reflection 
cast by our General on the British nation, the cause in 
which they were engaged, or against any who were fortun- 
ate or unfortunate; but a uuifrom desire to mal^e those 
placed under his orders as comfortable as circumstances 
would admit; at the same time an uushalien determination, 
a persevei'ant watchfulness, with decent language, to de- 
fend the cause and honour of his own couutrj-, by argu- 
ments supported by the customs and maxims of the civilized 
world. The hundreds of letters on tile are all proofs of 
this; and in many instances it was politely acknowledged. 
The two following letters of different dates, are some of 

the specimens Major Harnage had his lady with him. 

Cambridge, October 30th, 1778. 
" Sir, 
With great pleasure I acknowledge the favour of your 
obliging letter; and Mrs. Harnage joins me, with Capt. 
Hawker, in returning to you our sLncere thanks for your 
kind representation of us, and solicitation in our favour, 
to the Honourable Congress. 

With your leave, we shall with patience wait the re- 
sult; and, let the Congress determine in what manner they 
please, our obligations to you, Sir, will be ever acknowl- 
edged. 

Believe me. Sir, with respect, 

Your obliged and humble servant, 

Henry Harnage. 
Maj. Gen. Heath.^^ 

Cambridge, June 10, 1779. 
" Sir, 
Being this moment informed that you are about to quit 
Boston, I must beg leave, previous to your departure, to 
trouble you with these our acknowledgments, for the 
civilitj' and attention you have been pleased to shew us; 
and to assure you that Mrs. Harnage, Capt. Hawker and 



170 

myself shall ever retain a due sense of all favours, by which 
you have kindly endeavoured to alleviate, and make easy 
the restraints and disagreeable circumstances that un- 
avoidably attend our present situation. 

We hope you will mention us to the gentleman who is 
to succeed to the command in the Eastern Department. 

Wishing you all personal happiness, I renmin with re- 
spect, Sir, your most obedient and 

Obliged humble servant, 

Henry Harnage. 
The Hon. Maj. Gen. Heath." 

29th. — A Spanish xebeck and a French cutter arrived at 
Boston, with dispatches from their respective Courts, 
which were forwarded to Congress. 

30th. — Certain intelligence was received, that the Brit- 
ish had left Philadelphia. 

Julij 9th. — Intelligence was received, that a warm action 
happened on the 2Sth ult. between Gen. W^ashington's and 
Gen. Clinton's armies, near Monmouth court-house, in the 
Jersies. Gen. Clinton, having taken the resolution to move 
from Philadelphia to New-York, through the Jersies, com- 
menced his movements accordingly, encumbered Avith an 
immense train of stores and baggage, which occupied some 
miles in length; and these are the greatest incumbrance 
to a General on a march of danger, from an attack of his 
opponent, to which he can be exj)osed. 

Gen. Washington was no sooner apprised of this inten- 
tion and movement of the British General, than he made 
his arrangements accordingly, crossed the Delaware, and 
pushed detached corps forward to obstruct the advance, 
gall the flanks, and fall on the rear of the enemy, while he 
moved on with the body of his army. By the 27th, Gen. 
Clinton had got on as far as Monmouth, and Gen. Wash- 
ington's detached troops were on his flanks, and close on 
his rear. Here the British General took a wise resolution, 
to make a stand with a part of his best troops, while he 
pushed on his baggage through the difiicult defiles, under 



171 

the careful and experienced bauds of Gen. Knyphausen. 

(ieueral Wasliiugtou acting witli equal skill aud equal 
bravery, made every arrangement wbicb tbe moment called 
for. On the morning of tbe 2Stb, be ordered Maj. 
Gen. Lee to attack tbe enemy's rear, bimself moving on 
briskly to support him; but to bis surprise, as be advanced 
on, be met Lee's troops retreating and tbe enemy impetu- 
ously pursuing. Here was Gen. Washington seen in all his 
splendor; for this critical situation is the orb in which he 
shines the brightest. He rallied tbe retreating troops; he 
inspired them by precept aud by example ; and the misfor- 
tune of the morning was considerably retrieved. 

The Americans fought bravely, aud so did the British. 
After bard fighting, in a most intense hot day, when scores 
died of the heat, and drinking too freely of cold water 
when they could find it, both armies remained on the 
ground. The Americans determined to recommence the 
action early on the next morning; but Gen. Clinton, find- 
ing that his baggage had struggled pretty well through the 
defiles, and had got tolerably well advanced, took the ad- 
vantage of the cool of the night to slip off, unperceived by 
the Americans, aud got to ground where he was safe. 
Some sharp words took place between tJen. Washiugton 
and Maj. Gen. Lee, as the one advanced and the other re- 
treated, which issued in tbe arrest, trial and suspension 
of the latter. Gen. Washington reported to Congress, that 
the Americans buried of the British 4 offlcers aud 245 pri- 
vates; among the former, the Hon. Col. Mouckton, (who 
was a brave and experienced officer) and that there were a 
few prisoners. Tbe American loss; killed, 1 Lieutenant- 
Colonel, 1 Major, 3 Captains, 2 Lieutenants, 1 Sergeant, 52 
rank and file— wouuded, 2 Colonels, 8 Captains, 4 First- 
Lieutenants, 2 Second-Lieutenants, 1 Ensign, 1 Adjutant, 
8 Sergeants, 1 Drummer, 120 rank aud file ; missing, 5 Ser- 
jeants, 126 rank and file; of the artillery, one First 
Lieutenant, 7 Matrosses, and 1 Bombardier were 
killed — one Captain, 1 Sergeant, 1 Corporal, 1 Gunner, 



172 

and 10 Matrosses wounded — one Matross missing — six 
horses killed, and two wounded. Both Generals undoubt- 
edly have much credit for their conduct in this action. Gen. 
Clinton's object being to reach New- York with his bag- 
gage, &c. obtained this victory, with the luss which he 
sustained. Gen. Washington's conduct was well calcu- 
lated for victory on his side; and how far lie would have 
succeeded, had it not been for the misfortune of the morn- 
ing, none can tell. This misfortune began by exposing the 
American advanced troops, in line, on the side of the field 
where they were cannonaded by the British, who at the 
same time wisely exposed only their artillery to that of the 
Americans. It is to be remembered, that men may be led 
on to action in the face of a cannonade, before which they 
will not stand ; the point of decision is in the mind; while 
advancing, although galled by the tire of their opponents, 
the dead and wounded are left behind them as they fall, 
and the troops feel an ardour for arriving in a few minutes 
at a point where they can use their own arms, to retaliate 
for the injury they sustain. But when men are placed open 
to the fire of the artillery of their enemy, at such a distance 
as to prevent the use of their ow^n arms in their defence, 
the dead and wounded fall and lie among them, or are 
drawn away, and every groan they make is heard. The 
troops soon conceive that they are placed as marks to be 
shot at; while the greater policy of the enemy keeps their 
column or line out of the rake of their cannon; the mind 
gives way and retreat will be inevitable. This was expe- 
rienced in this instance, and the fairest hopes of a noble on- 
set in a few minutes blasted; and these wei*e some of the 
best troops in the army too. It was here that the firm Col. 
Wesson had his back peeled of its muscles, almost from 
shoulder to shouldex-, by a cannon-ball. The confidence of 
the troops could not be fully recovered, until they saw the 
presence of their beloved General. 

ISth. — Intelligence was received that the Count D'Es- 
taing had arrived, with the fleet under his command, off the 



173 

Capes of Delaware. The fleet consisted of 12 sail of the 
line, and 4 fi-igates. Off the coast of Virginia, they took a 
privateer, fitted out of New-York, of 2G guns — a ship, 
bound from New-Providence to Loudon — re-captured) a 
J French snow, laden with dry goods, and drove a British 

>^^^ ship of war on shore. 

19th.— Intelligence was i"eceived, that about 2000 men, 
said to be invalids, had arrived at Ikhode Ishind from New- 
York. 

21st. — Intelligence was received, that a body of refu- 
gees and Indiaus had destroyed the town of Wyoming, on 
the Susquehanna, and butchered mauy of the inhabitants. 
The same day, it was learnt, that (Jen. Washington had 
crossed Hudson's River with the main army, except Gen. 
Wayne's brigade — that Count D'Estaiug had appeared off 
Sandy Hook— that the inhabitants of New- York were in 
great consternation, and that the Marquis de la Fayette, 
with Glover's and Varnum's brigades, were on their march 
for Providence. The British were very busy in fortifying 
Khode Island. 

25th and 2<jth.— Sent for Providence 43,000 flints, five 
tons hard bread, a quantity of drj' lish, &c. and sent a large 
number of the large flat-bottomed boats to Weymouth ; they 
were to be conveyed, taking advantage of the river, to the 
vicinity of Bhode Island. Half of Col. Crafts' regiment 
of State artillery were ordered to Tiverton ; the other half 
of the regiment of artillerj', and a draft from the militia, 
to the number of 3000 men, including 1000 before ordered, 
were to march and reinforce Maj. Gen. Sullivan in the 
State of Khode Island. On the 29th, at noon, the Count 
D'Estaing's squadron came to anchor off Point Judith, and 
at evening stretched a line from that Point to Secunnet. 

31st. — The regiment of State artillery, with G brass 4- 
pounders and 2 brass howitzers, marched for Tiverton ; and 
the next day the marine mortar was sent on, slung under 
two pair of stout cart-wheels. The British sloop of war 



174 



Kingfisher, a row-galley and a sloop, stationed near Se- 
ounnct^, upon the approach of the French frigate were 
run on shore by their own crews, set on fire, and left to 
burn and blow up. Maj. Bumstead's' company of Boston 
artillery, with two brass field-pieces, and Lieut. Duunel-', 
with a detachment of the Continental artillery, with two 
field-pieces, marched for Rhode Island, and the militia and 
volunteers were on their march that way ; and large quanti- 
ties of military stores and provisions were going from 
hence. 

August 10th. — Major-General Hancock, with his suit, 
went for Rhode Island, to take the command of the militia. 
The same morning, Gen. Sullivan made a landing on the 
island without opposition. About the same time the Count 
D'Estaing, with his squadron, passed the British batteries 
at Newport, when there was a brisk cannonade on both 
sides. Many of the shot struck in the town, and the inhabi- 
tants were in much consternation, not knowing in what 
place they were safe. A shot entered the door of the house 
of Mrs. Mason, a widow lady, a little above the floor : as the 
family were passing from room to room not knowing 
where the next shot might strike, young Mr. Mason, pass- 
ing through the entry, found the black man of the family 
sitting with his back against the shot-hole in the door ; on 
being asked why he sat there, he answered, " Master, you 
never know two shot to go in the same place." Under this 
idea he was tranquil. Lord Howe's fleet appeai'ed in the 
olfiug, consisting of 8 sail of the line, and 12 frigates. 

11th. — The Count came to sail, and stood out, and the 
British fleet stood off — the wind verv fresh. 

13th. — A most severe storm of wind and rain, which 
stripped many trees of their fruit, and tore others up by 
the roots, &c. 



1 Seaconnet. 

2 Thomas Bumstead. 

3 Zaccheus Dunnell, 2nd Lieut. 3rd Continental artillery. 



J 75 

The troops on Rhode Island, under the command of Gen. 

Sullivan, were on the 11th, 10,122, including officers, ex- 
clusive of some volunteers from New Hampshire, and 
other corps, arranged as follows : 

Varnum's brigade, including officers, 1,037 

Glover's, 1,131 

Cornell's, 1,719 

Greene's, 1,626 

Lovell's, 1,158 

Titcomb's, 957 

Livingston's advance, 659 

West's reserve, 1,025 

Artillery, 810 



Total, 10,122 
These were encamped at and near Quaker-Hill. The 
storm destroyed a great number of cartridges, owing to the 
badness of the boxes. A fresh supply was sent on from 
Boston. 

15th. — The army advanced, and in the afternoon arrived 
within two miles of the enemy, without the least opposi- 
tion. Gen. Washington, with the main army, was at the 
White Plains, in the State of New York, said to be about 
20,000 strong. Seventeen transports with troops from 
Gen. Howe's army at New York, sailed for Rhode Island ; 
but finding the French squadron in the way, could not 
come to the place. 

On the evening of the 16th, Gen. Sullivan took posses- 
sion of some high grounds which commanded the enemy's 
works on their right, and was not discovered until morn- 
ing, when they began to cannonade the Americans, but did 
them no damage, which was continued the next day with- 
out injury. 

On the night of the 17th, the covered way was nearly 
completed, and also two batteries of cannon. The enemy 
fired 300 or 400 shot, but did no other damage than slightly 
wounding two men. 



176 

19th. — The American works were advanced nearer to the 
enemy, and on the 20th, they had one man killed and two 
wounded by the enemy's cannon. In the afternoon the 
Coimt D'Estaing returned to Newport — his own ship, the 
LanguedoG, was totally dismasted in the storm, and lost 
her rudder. In this situation, an English 50 gun ship of 
Lord Howe's squadron came across her, and got under her 
stern, where she did the Languedoc some small damage; 
but on weai'ing the Languedoc, so as to bring some of her 
heavy metal to bear, the Englishman bore away. The 
Marseilles, a 74, lost her foremast in the storm, and the 
Cesar, a 74, parted from the squadron. 

22d. — In the afternoon, the Cesar came to anchor in the 
light-house channel, (Boston lower harbour). After part- 
ing from the squadron in the storm, she fell in with a Brit- 
ish 50 gun ship, with whom she was engaged for near three 
glasses', and would have taken her, had not some other 
English ships hove in sight. The Cesar had 160 men killed 
and wounded, about 60 oi which were of the former; and 
the Captain^ among the latter, who lost an arm. On his 
being brought up to Boston, our General immediately paid 
him a visit, and expressed to him his regret for the arm he 
had lost; to which the Captain replied, although very weak 
through the great loss of blood he had sustained — that he 
was ready to lose his other arm in the cause of the Ameri- 
cans. Remember this, ye Americans, in future times! 

The same day, the enemy threw 2 or 300 shells at our 
troops on Rhode Island ; two men only were wounded, and 
the fire briskly returned. The Count D'Estaing determined 
to come round with his squadron to Boston, and Gen. Sul- 
livan must retreat to the north end of the island. 

26th. — Maj. Gen. Hancock returned to Boston. The vol- 
unteers were coming home. 

On the morning of the 28th, the Count D'Estaing. with 



lA "glass" (nautical) is a half-hour sand glass; hence, "three 
glasses " would be an hour and a half. 
2 Capt. Raimondis (see p. 200). 



177 

his squadron, arrived in Nantasli:et Koad. and the next day 
the Count came up to town. 

On the 29th, there was a smart action between tlie Brit- 
ish and Americans, towards the nortli end of Rhode Island, 
which terminated in favour of the latter. The most severe 
part of this action was at the hollow between Butts' Hill 
and Quaker-Hill, a jjround situated for slaughter on both 
sides, rather than for decisive victory on either. Col. Jack- 
son's reijiment of Continental troops, and Gen. Lovell's 
brigade of militia, are said to have distinguished them- 
selves; and the artillery drove off two frigates that at- 
tempted to cover the enemy's flank. The Americans had 
about 60 men killed, and ISO wounded. The loss of the 
enemy unknown. 

On the evening of the 30th, Gen. Sullivan left the is- 
land ; and on the morning of the -Slst, an express from 
Plymouth brought intelligence that 20 sail of topsail ves- 
sels were seen off that place the evening before — some of 
them very large ships. In consequence of this intelligence, 
our General, the President of the Council, Gen. Hancock, 
and others, went dowai the harbour, to confer with the 
Count D'Estaing. 

The next day, Sepfemhrr 1st, the Count came up to 
town, with a number of his officers, and was to dine wnth 
our General. Just as the company were going to sit down, 
the signal guns announced the appearance of the fleet, and 
which were visible from the town, CWr. John Cutler hav- 
ing discovered them from the steeple of the Old South 
meeting-house) appearing to be about 20 sail, eight of 
which at least were two deckers. The Count immediatelv 
put off for the squadron. Several of the islands next to 
the road had been fortified, and the squadron moored, in 
order to give a warm reception to the British, sbonld thev 
attempt to enter the road. A number of regiments of the 
militia of the vicinity were ordered to march immediatelv 
to the Castle. Dorchester Heights. Boston. Noddle's Is- 
land, &c. Several signal guns were heard in the bav the 



178 

latter part of tbe night, and the next morning the fleet was 
out of sight. The militia which were coming in were 
countermanded. Admiral Byron's squadron arrived a few 
days before, at Sandy Hook. The enemy made a descent 
on New-Bedford, and did considerable damage: they also 
made a demand on the inliabitants of Martha's Vineyard, 
for a large number of cattle, sheep, &c. 

9th. — An affray happened in Boston between some 
American and French sailors; two French officers in at- 
tempting to part them, were much wounded — one of them, 
a Major of the fleet, died of the wounds on the 15th. 

Brigadier-General Speckt^ the eldest Brigadier of the 
Hessian troops under the Convention, wrote a letter to our 
General, in which he informed him that, being advanced 
in age, he had but little taste for those pleasures and 
amusements which please the young and gay; hut he had 
not lost his taste for sporting with his gun, and requested 
that he might do it within the limits of his parole. Noth- 
ing could be more pleasing to our General, than to gratify 
this brave veteran soldier ; he therefore wrote him the fol- 
lowing answer. 

Head-Quarters, Boston, Sept. 10, 1778. 
" Sir, 

Your letter of the 9th inst. came to hand. The fre- 
quent informations which I have received of your civil and 
polite behaviour, since you have been at Cambridge, and 
your taste for little diversion except shooting, leads me to 
grant you every indulgence which is compatible with my 
duty, and the honour and safety of my country. You there- 
fore have my permission to go a-shooting within the limits 
assigned you, attended by one servant; and hope the 
amusement will equal your expectation. 

I am, &c. 
(Signed) W. Heath. 

Brig. Gen. Speckt.^^ 



1 The name is spelled " Specht " by other writers. 



179 

17tb. — The General Assembly ordered 1200 men to be 
detached from the militia, and marched to Boston immed- 
iatel}^ ; and on the 19th, ordered one-third part of their 
train-band to be immediately detached for the purpose of 
completing the works in and about the town of Boston — 
garrisoning- the works, &c. Our General went on board 
the Count's ship, and with him to view the works on 
George's Island. 

22d. — The Count D'Estaing, with the officers of his 
squadron, made a public ajipearance in town — were re- 
ceived by a Committee of both Houses of the General As- 
sembly, at their lauding — breakfasted at Gen. Hancock's — 
took punch and wine at Head-Quarters, at twelve o'clock ; 
and then returned to the fleet, under a salute on leaving the 
town, and on passing the Castle. 

The grand army under Gen. Washington took a new po- 
sition ; one division under the immediate command of Gen. 
Putnam, at Fishkill; one under Gen. De Calf, Frederick- 
burg; and one under Gen. Gates, at Danbury. 

24th. — The General Assembly countermanded their or- 
ders for calling out one-third part of their train-l)and, and 
ordered that they be held in readiness to march on the 
shortest notice, wherever occasion shall require. 

25th. — The General Assembly made a public dinner for 
the Count D'Estaing, &c. &c. The next day, the Count 
D'Estaing, Marquis de la Fayette, and a number of other 
officers and gentlemen, dined with our General. 

October 5th. — The British destroyed the salt-works and 
several stores, and did other damage, at Egg-Harbour; 
they also surprised a part of Pulaski's legion in that neigh- 
bourhood, whom they handled very severely. The British 
pretended that they had heard that Pulaski had instructed 
his men not to give them quarter; they therefore antici- 
pated retaliation. About the same time, Baylor's dra- 



1 Baron De Kalb. 



180 

goons were surprised at Tappan', and treated much in the 
same manner. Nocturnal enterprises, in which the bayo- 
net is principally made use of, are generally uncommonly 
bloody. 

The Lanfiiicdnc. the Count's ship, having been completely 
repaired, fell down to Nantasket Road, and joined the 
squadron. 

Gth. — Gen. du Portail, the Chief Engineer of the Ameri- 
can army, came to Boston to survey the several works, in 
order to their being repaired or augmented, as might ap- 
pear necessary; and fatigue parties were employed on the 
different works, and every thing put in the best posture of 
defence. 

20th. — Our General, in company with the Count D'Es- 
taing and others, went to Nantasket, to take a view of the 
works there, and to review a battalion of marines, who 
manoeuvred well, and in every particular were well disci- 
plined, owing to the unwearied attention of their Major, 
M'Donald, a Scotchman, whose father was in the rebellion 
in England, and with this son fled to Prance for safety, 
(ieu. Bouganville- liad the command at Nantasket; he was 
also commander of one of the first ships in the fleet under 
the Count D'Estaing. The enemy left the Jersies, and pre- 
pared to embark a large body of troops. About 100 sail of 
shipping, including men-of-war, fell down to the Hook on 
the 17th of October. On the 10th and 20th, the fleet sailed 
from Sandy Hook ; the first division consisted of upwards 
of 120 sail, of which 15 were of the line, and 10 or 12 frig- 
ates. This fleet went to the West-Indies, with about 4000 
troops. The second division, about 30 sail, of which 2 
were of 50 guns, and 2 frigates. They stood to the east- 
ward ; there was but few troops on board the latter. Six 
brigades of the Continental army were on their march for 
Hartford, in Connecticut, to be ready to move this way, 

1 At Old Tappan, N. Y. Grey of Paoli was the leader in this 
butchery. 

2 Bougainville. 



181 

should the enemy appear in this quarter; and Maj. (Jen. 
Gates was ordered to take the command in the Eastern 
Department. 

November 4th.— In the morning the Count D'Estaing's 
squadi'on sailed from Nantasket Road. 

Oth. — Maj. Gen. Gates, with his lady, suite, &c. arrived 
at Boston. The t^omerset, British man-of-war, of HI t;uns, 
run ashore on Cape Cod, and was taken possession of by 
the militia, who sent the crew prisoners to Boston. 

7th. Maj. Gen. Gates took the command at Boston. In 

the next Continental Journal, printed by John Gill, the fol- 
lowing made its appearance: 

Boston, Nov. 12. 

" On Thursday last, arrived in town, from Hartford, the 
Hon. Horatio Gates, Esq., Major-General in the army of 
the United States, being appointed by Congress to the 
chief command in the Eastern District, in the room of the 
Hon. Major-General Heath. 

\Yhile we receive with the highest pleasure, a (Jeneral 
justly celebrated for his personal virtues and martial 
achievements, we cannot but pay a due tribute of respect to 
one, whose accomplishments as a citizen, a gentleman, and 
an officer, have shown so conspicuously in the delicacy, 
propriety, and dignity of his private and public conduct, 
through the whole of his command in this department. 

Tenacious of the civil rights of the community, and of 
the honour and safety of these Free, Sovereign and Inde- 
pendent States, so far as they were entrusted to his pro- 
tection, in the most interesting and critical circumstances 
in which a General could possibly be placed, he has uni- 
formly exhibited a prudence, animation, decision and firm- 
ness, which have done him honour, and fully justified the 
confidence reposed in him. 

The cordial and most explicit approbation of the army, 
the inhabitants of this town, the army and navy of our il- 
lustrious ally, the (iovernment of this State, his Excellency 
the Commander in Chief, and of Congress, added to the 



1R2 

consciousness of his having discharged his trust with 
fidelity — must, in a great measure, have alleviated the 
fatigues incident to his arduous station, and compensated 
the loss of his health, so much impaired by an incessant 
attention to business. 

Tlie very polite and affectionate terms in which he has 
taken leave of the department, in his last general orders, 
demand also our most grateful acknowledgements." 

10th and 11th. — The Convention troops marched for 
Virginia. They were marched to Connecticut, and de- 
livered to the orders of Gov. Trumbull; and were in like 
manner to be conveyed from State to State, each furnishing 
an escort, wagons, Sec. until they reached Virginia. 
Gen. Sir Henry Clinton having I'efused to give passports 
to American vessels to bring to Boston provisions for the 
use of the Convention troops, or otherwise supplying of 
them. Congress on the 15th of October, ijassed a resolve 
that the troops of the Convention should be removed to 
Charlottesville in "S^rginia, and they were now moving ac- 
cordingly. 

24th. — It was learnt, that the brigades which marched 
from the American grand army to Hartford, marched back 
to Danbury. In this month. Col. Alden^, ofoneoftheMassa- 
chusetts regiments, with his clerk, were surprised and 
killed by the tories and Indians, at Cherry Valley, in the 
State of New York. The regiment defended the place, and 
repulsed the enemy. The American army went into winter 
quarters in the Jersies, at Danbury, Peek's Kill, &c. Capt. 
Hallet, on the 23d, on George's Bank, latitude 41 40 north, 
in 18 fathoms water, discovered a mast 10 or 12 feet above 
water ; upon a close examination, supposed it to be the top- 
mast of a 74 gun ship of Admiral Byron's squadron, which 
foundered in the storm when the Somerset ran on shore. 

December 19th. — It was learnt that the small armed ves- 



1 Ichabod Alden, 7th Mass. 



183 

sels of the enemy did considerable damage to tlie inhabi- 
tants along the eastern coast of Massachnsetts, by plunder- 
ing, taking their coasting vessels, &c. A little before this 
time. Colonel Joseph Ward, Muster-Master-General, and 
Lieut. Col. Bradford', were taken by a gang of refugees, in 
the Jersies, and carried to New York. 

27th. — Our General received letters from Admiral Gam- 
bice-, respecting the prisoners taken from tlie l>i()iii<r-sri 
man-of-Avar, and proposing an immediate exchange; the 
letters couched in very polite terms. 

ogjij — j^ wagoner, his liorse and four oxen were found 
frozen to death near the dyke, on Boston Neck ; they per- 
ished in the severe cold storm on the preceding Saturday 
evening. 

A more particular account from Cherry Valley stated, 
that there were 32 persons killed, beside Col. Alden, and 10 
rank and tile belonging to the Continental army, and about 
30 other persons taken prisoners; 32 houses, 31 barns, one 
grist-mill, fulling-mill, and blacksmith's shop, burnt. The 
enemy consisted of 200 refugees, and 443 Indians, com- 
manded by Joseph Brandt, Walter Butler, and the Seneca 
Chief. 

In the late storm, the General Arnold privateer drove 
on shore near Plymouth, and bilged; 80 of the crew per- 
ished; the survivors were much frost bitten. 

1779. January 6th. — The Marquis de la Fayette, and 
Captain Raimondis, of the ('c.s(//-. French man-of-war, who 
was wounded and left at Boston, sailed for France in the 
Alliance frigate. 

8tli. — Capt. Mowatt", with liis fleet of picaroons, were 
still infesting the eastern harbours ; they had already cap- 
tured about 60 sail of vessels, inward and outward bound, 
and burnt several houses, &c. 

Congress had passed a resolution for calling in the whole 

1. AVilliam Bradford of Pa., his deputy. 

2 Gambier. 

3 This was Lieut. Oliver Mowatt, R. N., who burnt Falmouth, (Port- 
land), Me. 



184 

emission of Continental bills of May 20th, 1777, and April 
lltb, 1778, for which the possessors were to receive loan 
certificates, or new emission bills. 

2ist. — It was learnt, that the enemy had made an irrup- 
tion into the State of (ieorgia, and were in possession of 
Wunbury. Their force, at first about 500, was said to 
have increased to upwards of 1000. 

The British ship which foundered on George's Bank, and 
whose masts were discovered by Capt. llallet, was sup- 
posed to be the Vornwall, of 74 guns. It is said her whole 
crew were lost. 

February 8d. — It was learnt, that the Count D'Estaing, 
un his arrival in the West-Indies, made an attack on the 
British in the island of St. Lucia, but was defeated with 
considerable loss, after which he returned to Martinico. 

yth. — It was learnt, that a number of Americans con- 
fined in Gosport prison, in England, among whom was 
Doctor Downer of Koxbury, made their escape in the pre- 
ceding Sept. by sapping with great address from the prison 
under the yard and fence, to the distance of 20 feet, daily 
concealing the earth which they dug, in the chimney of the 
prison. This Doctor Downer is the person mentioned to 
have killed a British soldier in single combat, on the 19th 
of April, in the battle of Lexington. 

11th. — intelligence was received, that the British troops 
had made themselves masters of Savannah in Georgia 
Their light-infantry having stole a march upon the Ameri- 
cans, by a pass through a swamp, which was supposed im- 
passable, and thereby defeated our army, under the com- 
mand of General liobert Howe. The American loss was 
said to be about 30 officers, and near 400 men, killed, 
wounded and taken prisoners. This event threw the whole 
State of Georgia into the hands of the British. The Ameri- 
can General was accused of misconduct, and a long time 
after brought to trial, and honourably acquitted. The 
British here practised art, and force was obliged to yield to 
it. Their light infantry finding their way through the 



185 

path in the swamp, briugiug of them on the flank and in 
the rear of the Americans, where they were not expected, 
or not guarded against, proved tlieir overthrow. A few 
shots oil the tlanlv or rear of an enemy, serves to discon- 
cert them more than a heavy tire in the front. The point 
of decision here lies not in the force, but in the mind. A 
company of 50 men cannot tire more shots in the same 
given time on the tianli, or in the rear, than they could in 
the front; but these few shots will have more effect on the 
minds of the enemy than the lire of a whole regiment in 
their front. The Americans were vastly inferior in num- 
bers to the British, and must at any rate have been forced 
from the ground; but the British light infantry passing 
through the swamp was the tirst misfortune. 

The Continental currency was now greatly depreciated. 
Provisions very scarce and dear, flour especially so, and 
many families in Boston almost destitute of this necessary 
article. 

2Cth. — The following resolution of Congress was pub- 
lished in the Boston newspapers : 

In Congress, October 8th, 1778. 

Resolved, That all limitations of prices of gold or silver 
be taken off. 

:i7th. — It was learnt, that the Supreme Executive Coun- 
cil of the State of Pennsylvania had exhibited a number 
of charges against Maj. Gen. Arnold, while in command 
at Philadelphia. 

March 7th. — Intelligence was received that Gen. Tryon 
had lately made an excursion to Horseneck, in Connecti- 
cut, where he burnt three small vessels, destroyed all the 
salt works, and one store; plundered the inhabitants of 
their clothing, &c. and carried off about 200 cattle and 
horses, and some small stock. The party consisted of about 
(jOO light-horse, light-infantry, rangers, &c. The enemy 
got off with the loss of 2 men killed and 20 made prisoners; 



186 

giving out that their party was the advance of a body of 3 
or 4000, they deceived the militia, and so escaped a severe 
drubbing. 

11th — It was learnt, that on the 25th ult. the British 
made an excursion from Stateu Island, with intent to sur- 
prise General Maxwell, who Avas stationed with his bri- 
gade at Elizabeth-Town, in the Jersies. They landed at the 
point a little before day-break, and in such superior force 
as obliged the General to abandon the town, which he ef- 
fected without loss. The enemy burnt the General's quar- 
ters, the barns, and a store or two, and then returned. 

29th. — Intelligence was received, that General Wash- 
ington had issued a proclamation offering a pardon to all 
deserters from the army of the United States, who should 
return to their duty by the first day of May following ; and 
also called upon all absent officers to join their respective 
corps by that time. 

Maj. Gen. Sullivan was ordered from Providence to the 
main army, and Maj. Gen. Gates to the command at Provi- 
dence. 

Capt. Mowatt again made his appearance on the eastern 
coast; he had landed some men, and burnt Mr. Shaw's 
house. 

Intelligence Avas received, that the British had gained 
an advantage on the borders of Georgia, near Briar Creek. 
Col. Elbert, with a number of others, were taken prisoners. 
Matters did not wear a favoui'able aspect in that quarter; 
but it was hoped that Gen. Lincoln, who had now got the 
command, would give a new complexion to things at the 
southward. 

Ajxril 2d. — Maj. Gen. Gates left Boston for Providence; 
in consequence of which, the command again devolved on 
our General. 

11th. — It was learnt, that a fleet of refugee cruisers 
made an attempt to land a number of men near Falmouth, 
(Cape-Cod) but were I'epulsed by the militia. They next 
proceeded to Nantucket, where they plundered the iuhabi- 



187 

tanfs of goods aud eft'octs. Edward Wiuslow, fornieiiy of 
Alarshlield, was said to be commauder, with George Leo- 
nard, and others. 

IGth. — The Continental frigates, Warren, Ranger, and 
Queen, of France, had been very successful in a cruise, hav- 
ing taken seven or eight i^rizes going from New York to 
Georgia : they were now coming in; among them the Juaoii, 
of 20 guns and 150 men ; and Murlu, of 16 guns — four field 
and about twenty commissioned officers, were on board. A 
large number of accoutrements for dragoons, dry goods 
to tlie amount of £100,000, and it was said a sum in specie 
— a large quantity of flour, &c. 

A great uneasiness prevailed in the army at Providence, 
on account of the scarcity of flour. Kelief was sent on. 

May 3d. — Capt. Faruald\ of New Hampshire, was un- 
fortunately shot in the breast, as he was standing on Han- 
cock's wliarf, by a musket-ball discharged from the War- 
ren frigate. 

7th. — Intelligence was received that Col. Vanscaak", of 
the New York line, with about 500 men, had lately made 
an excursion to Onondaga, surprised the castle, killed 12 
Indians, and took 3-4 prisoners ; destroyed their castle, cat- 
tle, provisions, &c. without the loss of a man. 

11th. — Several vessels laden with rice, on account of the 
United States, arrived at Boston from the southward, 
which was a great relief to the troops. 

An embarkation of troops had sailed from New York, 
under the command of Gen. Matthews^, convoyed by the 
ships under the command of Sir George Collier. They en- 
tered the Capes of Virginia, on the Sth. The Dth or 10th 
they took possession of a fort at the entrance of Eliza- 
beth River, on the west side. They destroyed a number of 
vessels, stores, provisions, &c. and returned. 



1 Tobias Fernald, 18th Continentals. 

2 Col. Goose Van Schaiclj, 1st N. Y.; Gen. James Clinton commanded 
the expedition. 

3 Gen. Edward Mathew. 



18S 

30th. — Sir Henry riinton moved up the Hudson, with a 
large body of troojis, covered by Sir (leorge Collier's naval 
force, which had just returned from Virginia. The inten- 
tion of Sir Henry Clinton was to seize the posts at King's 
Ferry. 

31st. — Gen. Vaughan, with the troops under his com- 
mand, landed on the east side of the river, a few miles be- 
low Verplanlv's; and Gen. Sir Ueury Clinton on the west 
side, a little below Stony-Point. They soon got possession 
of both the points, and immediately rendered them more 
defensible. 

Jane 4th. — Our General received orders from Gen. 
Washington to join the main army. He had before ordered 
all the heavy cannon at Boston and Providence, belonging 
to the United States, to be sent on to Hudson's River ; they 
were sent on, slung under two pair of stout cart-wheels 
each, and were a ponderous load. 

Our General received polite and affectionate addresses, 
on his leaving the department, from the officers of the line 
— staff department — the officers of the Boston regiment of 
militia, &c. 

Un the 11th, he left Boston, accompanied by a large and 
respectable number of officers and citizens, in carriages 
and on horse-back, as far as Watertown, where the gentle- 
men had ordered an elegant dinner to be provided. After 
having dined, he took his leave, amidst a shout of hearty 
wishes for his health and prosperity. 

14th. — He reached Springfield — was met some distance 
out of town, by Col. Armand's dragoons, and the officers of 
the Springfield department; and, on entering the town, 
was received by the infantry of the legion, and a salute of 
cannon from the park. Here he quitted the extent of his 
late eastern command. He was escorted out of town by 
the officers of the several military departments, and Ar- 
mand's dragoons. 

21st. — He arrived at New Windsor ; and on the 22d, at- 
tended Gen. Washington to West Point. 



189 

23d. — Our General took the ooniraand of the troops on 
the east side of the Hudson, having in front all the out- 
posts towards New York, (ju that side of the river. The 
British were now in possession of both the points at King's 
Ferry; and a number of transports had lain in the river 
for some time. The advanced posts of the Amerieaus at 
this time, on this side, did not extend lower than Peek's 
Kill ; and a picket mounted every night at the south foot 
of Sugar-Loaf Hill. 

Uu the morning of the 24th, about 200 of the enemy's 
light horse' came up as far as Crom Pond — surprised two 
militia pickets — killed and took prisoners about ;{0 men. 
About 130 light iufantry of the enemy, at the same time, 
round, and then returned, 
came out from A'erplank's I'oiut, made an excursion 

Uu the morning of the 25th, the enemy's liglit horse, and 
about 1000 infantry, were at Pine's Bridge. Our General 
ordered 200 light iufantry, under the command of Lieut. 
Col. Grosveuor-, to march to Kobiusou's stores', near 
^larpoach Pond, to cover that quarter. 

27th. — A deserter came in from Verplank's Point, who 
reported that the British army, except live or six regi- 
ments, were to leave the Points, and were then embarking. 
Soon after, upwards of 30 sail of transports were seen, 
standing down the river. The British had a sloop at an- 
chor off Peek's Kill landing, and a ship oft' the Dundei'- 
berg. Lest the enemy meant a deception, the Americans 
wei'e ordered to lie on their arms, aud a regiment extra 
was ordered to advance on the heights. 

28th. — Three deserters, one a Hessian musician with his 
horn, came in from the enemy; they confirmed the testi- 



1 The cavalry were Tarleton's and Sinicoe's from White Plains. 
They burnt the Presbyterian Church at Yorktown. 

2 Thomas Grosvenor, Srd Connecticut. 

3 Robinson's Stores were probably what was later known as Red 
Mills, about three-quarters of a mile south of Lake Mahopac. which is 
General Heath's " Marpoach Pond." 



190 

mony of the former deserter, that the body of the British 
army had left the Points. 

29th. — Moylan's horse crossed the river, to reinforce the 
left; they were to be followed by Armand's legion. At 
evening a deserter came in from the enemy. A detachment 
from the British at Rhode Island arrived at New Yorli. 

Congress, by ballot, chose our General a Commissioner 
of the Board of War ; which was communicated to him by 
a letter from his Excellency the President, which he re- 
ceived on the 30th, as follows : 

Philadelphia^ June 24th, 1779. 
" Sir, 
I have the pleasure of transmitting to you, en- 
closed, an extract from the minutes of Congress, of the 
22d ult. by which you will perceive that you are elected to 
the place of a Commissioner to the Board of War. 
I have the honour to be, &c. 

(Signed) John Jay, President. 
Maj. Gen. Heath.^^ 

In Congress, May^ 22d, 1779. 
" Congress proceeded to the election of a Commissioner 
for the Board of War, and the ballots being taken, Maj. 
Gen. W. Heath was elected. 

Extract from the Minutes. 
(Signed) C. Thomson, Secretary." 

Although this appointment was, in its nature, very hon- 
ourable, with a salary proportionate, ( 4000 dollars per an- 
num) and our General was informed that he would 
also retain his rank in the army, he absolutely declined an 
acceptance of it; expressing, in a letter to his Excellency 
the President, the high sense he entertained of the honour 
done him by the appointment; yet, that he chose rather to 
participate in the more active operations of the field. 

1 So in the original — obviously a mistake for " June." — Ed. 



191 

July 1st. — Gen. Huutington's brigade moved down, and 
took post at the gorge of the mountains, near the 
Continental Village. A deserter came in from the enemy. 

2d. — Col. Rufns Putnam reconnoitred the enemy's posi- 
tions at Verplauk's and Stony Points. At evening a de- 
serter came in from the enemy. 

About 360 of the enemy's light horse and light infantry 
came out from ]\rile-Square, and attacked Col. Sheldon's 
light horse, who were i)osted at Poundridge, about 90 in 
number. The superior force of the enemy obliged our 
horse, at first, to retreat, but, being reinforced by the 
militia, they in turn pursued the enemy. Our loss was 
one Corporal, one Trumpeter, and eight privates wounded ; 
three Sergeants, one Corporal, and four privates missing; 
and 12 horses missing. The standard of the regiment being 
left in the house when the dragoons suddenly turned out, 
was lost. Of the enemy, one was killed, four taken prison- 
ers, four horses taken, and one horse killed. The enemy set 
fire to and burnt the meeting-house and Ma,j. Lockwood's 
house; they also burnt Mr. Hay's house, at Bedford. 

The 5th was an excessive hot day, with a thunder 
shower; the lightning struck in the encampment of Col. 
Putnam's regiment, on Constitution Island, by which one 
man was killed ; several received much hurt, and a large 
number were stunned. 

The enemy entered the Sound — landed, and took pos- 
session of New-FIaven — plundered and insulted the inhabi- 
tants, and left the place. 

7th. — The enemy landed at Fairfield, and burnt many 
houses, &c. 

10th. — About 6 o'clock, P. ^I. our General received or- 
ders from Gen. Washington to march, with the two Con- 
necticut brigades, by the way of Crom Pond, towards Bed- 
ford. The next morning, although rainy, the first brigade 
marched to the Village. 

12th. — The storm ceasing, the tents (although as wet 



192 

as water could make them) were struck, and the troops 
took np their line of march, reaching Amawalk ahont sun- 
setting. A report having been spread in the fore part of 
the day, that the enemy were at or near Pine's Bridge, our 
(Jeneral ord<M"ed the haggage-wagons, under proper es- 
cort, to file off to the left and pursue a road running par- 
allel with the one on which the column was moving, thereby 
kp('])ing the colninn between the enemy and the wagons. 
Both arrived on the ground of encampment within a few 
minutes of each other. The troops lay on their arms, with- 
out pitching their tents. The enemy continued their depre- 
dations at the Sound, and burnt some houses at Norwalk. 
13th. — At 5 o'clock, A. M. the troops took up their line 
of march, and reached Ridgefield, where they halted for the 
night. The next morning, our General sent off all the tents 
and other baggage to Danbury, and took up his line of 
march towards Stamford. When he ascended the high 
grounds in sight of the Sound, the enemy's fleet was ob- 
served under sail, standing off and on between Stamford 
and Long Island. About 12 o'clock, two deserters from 
Gen. Clinton's army came to our troops ; they had left the 
British army two or three hours before, at which time the 
enemy were on the point of nmking a movement; the corps 
of guides and pioneers being then assembled at Gen. Clin- 
ton's quarters. This called for the exercise of discretion. 
The troops on board the transports, with Gen. Tryon, if 
the whole should land, were far inferior to the force with 
our General ; but the main British army, with Gen. Clin- 
ton, was by far superior to his. If the whole of the Ameri- 
cans had marched doAMi to Stamford, Clinton, by five or 
six hours' forced marching, might have crossed his rear 
and have cut him off from a communication with the High- 
lands; he therefore resolved to march forward to the Cross 
Koads, one of which went directly to the British army, an- 
other to Stamford, and in his rear to the Highlands. Here 
he took a position in order of battle, and detached Col. 



193 

Starr's' and Mei,i;'s i-ciiiincnts, Midi oiic fK-ld-picce, to 
Stamford, whose approacli towards the town, in open view, 
would prevent Tryon from hinding; or, in case he did with 
superior force, the (h^taeliment niiiilit be surrounded. In 
this situation the troops remained until dusk, and then 
took a more advantageous position for the night, the whole 
lying on their arms, in order of battle. Early on the morn- 
ing of the 15th, our General received information that the 
shipping had gone down towards New York; he therefore 
moved and took a strong position, between Ridgefield and 
Bedford, sending out patroles of horse and foot, on all the 
roads. This movement towards the Sound quieted the 
minds of the people, and saved Stamford and other towns 
from destruction. 

While the attention of both the grand armies, and of 
the adjacent country, was turned towards the Sound, the 
Great Washington ordered (xeneral Wayne to strike at 
Stony Point with the light infantry, which lay not far dis- 
tant from that post. This was done with great prompt- 
itude, the works being carried by assault, and the whole 
garrison made prisoners of war, with all the artillery, am- 
munition, stores, &c. This was a most bi-illiaut affair. 

In advancing to the assault, the front of the American 
column led, with unloaded arms, relying solely on the use 
of the bayonet. As they approached the works, a soldier 
insisted on loading his piec<^ — all was now a profound si- 
lence — the officer commanding the platoon ordered him to 
keep on ; the soldier observed that he did not understand 
attacking with his piece unb)aded; he was ordered not to 
stop, at his peril ; he still persisted, and the officer instant- 
ly dispatched him. A circumstance like this shocks the feel- 
ings; but it must be considered how fatal the consequence 
would have been, if one single gun had been tired; scores 
would have lost their lives, and most probably defeat 



1 Col. Josiah Starr, 1st Connecticut. 



104 

would have been consequent; and therefore this was the 
lesser evil. 

On the morning of the 16th, signal guns were heard in 
the Sound, towards New York, at intervals, from two 
o'clock imtil daylight. Gen. Clinton's army moved to 
Mile-Square. 

Stony Point having been taken, \\itli so much ecldt to the 
American arms, Gen. Washington determined an attempt 
on Verplank's Point, on the east side of the Hudson and 
opposite to Stony Point: for this purpose Maj. Gen. Howe, 
with two brigades and some 12-pounders on travelling car- 
riages, was ordered to proceed by the way of Peek's Kill, 
throw a bridge over the creek, move on to the point, and 
open batteries against the enemy's works, while a cannon- 
ade and bombardment was kept up across the river from 
Stony Point. 

17th. — At about 10 o'clock, A. il. our (Teneral, while 
out reconnoitring, received, by an express from Gen. Wash- 
ington, orders to move as expeditiously as possible to 
Peek's Kill, where he would find Gen. Howe with two bri- 
gades. Our General was to take the command of the 
whole, and carry into effect the orders which had been 
given to Gen. Howe. Our General returned immediately to 
the troops, and at 12 o'clock began his march towards 
Peek's Kill — marched until dusk 15 miles, when the troops 
halted and laid down to rest on the side of the road; the 
dragoons not unsaddling their horses. At 3 o'clock the 
next morning, the troops resumed their march, and in the 
afternoon our General received information from Gen. 
Howe, by express, that Gen. Clinton was on full march 
with his whole army towards Verplank's Point : an answer 
was returned, at what point the troops then were, and that 
they wei'e marching as fast as the men could endure,, and 
Avould continue so until they readied him. When the 
troops had advanced a little to the westward of Drake's 



1 Several places are known as Mile-Square; this one was probably tlie 
present Armonk, Westchester Co. 



195 

farm, Col. Moylan came up from Gen. Howe, with infor- 
mation that a part of Clinton's army were then above the 
New Bridge on Croton river, pushing for the point; and 
that he was retreating from the point as fast as possible. 
On this, our General ordered Gen. Huntington, with his 
brigade and two field-pieces, to push forward as fast as the 
troops could march and keep in breath, and take a p<isi- 
tion on the high ground to the south of Peek's Kill, which 
commands the road to the point, and also that to the New 
Bridge, on Croton river ; and ordered a regiment to file off 
to the right, and secure the pass over the hills between 
Drake's and Peek's Kill, and also ordered the flank-guard 
on the left to be re-inforced, and to send out small flank- 
guards still further from its flank. The troops moving on 
with tlie utmost expedition to the ground which Gen. 
Huntington had been ordered forward to secure. Every 
moment that passed was expected to announce the com- 
mencement of an action between the advanced or flanking 
parties of the two armies, but it did not take place. At 
this moment, Gen. Washington, having learnt how matters 
stood, and that possibly Gen. Clinton might attempt to 
push into the Highlands, sent an express to our General, to 
move into the Highlands immediately, which was done 
just after dark, the troops passing the night on Bald Hill. 
It was generally the opinion, that if our General had not 
been at hand to advance in the manner he did, that Gen. 
Clinton, by a forced march of his light troops, backed by 
his army, would have got in the rear of Gen. Howe be- 
fore he could have possibly gained the road at Peek's Kill, 
and between his army and a sally from the garrison at 
\'erplank's Point inevitably cut off the whole. Our troops 
at Stony Point cannonaded and bombarded the enemy's 
works at Verplank's during the Avhole day, and until near 
midniglit. The post was then evacuated, and tlie Wa.^ili'nin- 
lon galley was blown up. 

19th. — The troops moved from Bald Hill, Parson's bri- 



196 

gade to Robinson's, Huntington's and Paterson's to Nel- 
son'sS Nixon's to tlie gorge of the mountains. 

On the morning of the 20th, the British army moved 
from their encampment, near the New Bridge, to Dobbs' 
Ferrv. The shipping in Tappan Bay came to sail, and 
stood down the river. By a new disposition of the Ameri- 
can army, on this day, our General was to command the 
left wing; it then consisted of two regiments of horse, and 
two divisions of infantry. 

22d. — Two deserters came in from Yerplank's Point; 
they reported that the garrison consisted of about 1000 
men. This day about 40 sail of transports sailed up the 
Sound, The British army encamped near Dobbs' Ferry, 
their advanced picket at Jonathan Odle's^, three miles be- 
low Tarrytown; from this encampment the enemy moved 
to 3Iile-S'quare, Valentine's Hill. &c. A deserter from Ver- 
plank's Point reported that the British had again taken 
possession of Stony Point, and were repairing the works, 
their force on both sides of the river being about 1500; 
and that they had got up the guns of our galley, which 
had been blown up. 

25th. — The British having sent Col. M'Lean, in the 
month of the preceding June, with six or seven hundred 
men, to establish a post at the mouth of Penobscot river, 
the Legislature of Massachusetts determined to dislodge 
them, and made arrangements for the purpose. The arma- 
ment, with the troops, made their appearance on this day 
before the posts ; the issue is detailed in a subsequent page. 

2r)th. — Four deserters came in from the enemy ; they re- 
ported that Stony Point was repairing with great expedi- 
tion, and that Lord Cornwallis arrived at New York on 
the 24tb. 

28th. — Four deserters came in from the enemy. Capt. 
Hopkins, of the dragoons, took the Captain of the Bellona 



1 Nelson's Point is the present Garrisons, nearly opposite West 
Puiut. 

2 The Odell Tavern is still standing at Elmsford, east of Tarrytown. 



197 

transport, a sergeant and Corporal of the 64th British 
regiment, and tAvo seamen, who had ventured too far on 
the shore near Sing-Sing. 

29th. — Two deserters came in from the enemy. 

30th. — Three deserters came in from Verplanlv's Point. 
This morning, Capt. Hoplcins, of IMoylan's ligiit dragoons, 
fell in with a party of the enemy, under Col. Emmerick, 
near Young's tavern, and charged them vigorously; but the 
Colonel being sni)]iorted by the Hessian .lagers, Capt. Ho]i- 
kins was obliged to retreat: he brought off with him three 
prisoners and four horses, and killed six of the enemy on 
the spot, and wounded a number. Several prisoners which 
he had taken, were retaken by the enemy. Capt. Hopkins 
had one dragoon and two horses wounded. The British 
army were under marching orders for several days. 

31st. — Three deserters came in from the enemy. A body 
of the enemy landed in the Jersies. 

Augn.st 1st. — Capt. Hopkins gave notice that the British 
army had moved below Kiugsbridge. Three deserters 
came in from the enemy. 

2d. — Six deserters came in from the enemy. The Brit- 
ish army encamped on York Island : Emmerick's and Bear- 
more's corps above Kiugsbridge. The American army re- 
mained at their respective posts in the Highlands. 

5th. — About TOO horse of Sheldon's. Moyhin's aud of 
the militia, and about 40 infantry of (Hover's brigade, 
passed by Delancey's mills to the neighbcmrhood of ^lorri- 
sania, where they took 12 or 14 prisoners, some stock, &c. 
The enemy collected — a skirmish ensued, in which the 
enemy had a number of men killed and wounded ; our loss, 
two killed, aud two wounded. The British army, below 
the 7 mile stone on York Island, were alarmed by a report 
that a French fleet were on the coast. Three deserters 
from Verplank's Point; they reported, that the garrison, 
except 400 men, were to remove to New York. 

9th. — Four deserters from the point. 



198 

10th.— Two deserters from the enemy. There were some 
desertions from our army to the enemy. 

14th. — Four prisoners, taken the 12th, near Sing- 
Sing, were sent up, and two deserters from the British 
33d regiment came in. 

17th. — Three deserters from the enemy. 

18th. — Seven deserters came in; the enemy were very 
strongly fortifying Laurel-Hill, on New York Island, 
nearly opposite to Fort Washington. 

19th. — 23 wagon-loads of forage were brought off from 
the vicinity of Peek's Kill, covered by 250 men, under the 
command of Lt. Col. Putnam. The galley and one of the 
enemy's gun-boats fired a number of cannon-shot at the 
party, but did them no harm. The night before, Maj. Lee, 
with about 400 men, surprised and took the garrison at 
Paulus Hook. 

20th. — Two deserters came in from the enemy. 

21st. — Two deserters came in. At night, the enemy's 
guard-boats came as far up the river as Anthony's Nose, 
and fired several shot at the camp of our light infantry. 

23d. — Three deserters came in from the enemy. The 
enemy burnt two houses belonging to the Lents, near Ver- 
plank's Point. Accounts were received that Gen. Sullivan 
had advanced into the Indian country, and taken two of 
their principal villages. 

25th. — Admiral Arbuthnot arrived at New York, with 
about 200 sail of transports: between 2 and 3000 troops 
arrived in the fleets, and a large sum of money was brought 
for the army. The continental frigates were very success- 
ful at sea, and sent into Boston several rich sugar ships. 

30th. — Three deserters came in from Verplank's Point; 
and a prisoner belonging to the 33d regiment, taken by one 
of our patrolling parties, was sent up. About 15 sail of 
square-rigged vessels lay at anchor near King's Ferry. 
1231 recruits, of the 2000 ordered by JIassachusetts, to 
serve 9 months, had already joined the army. 

September 4th. — Three deserters from the enemy. 



199 

5th. Two deserters came in. Preparations were mak- 
ing in New Yorli for au embarlcation of troops. Tlie Brit- 
ish army sickly, especially the newly arrived reinforce- 
ment. 

Cth. — The enemy made au excursion from Kiugsbridge, 
towards Horseueck ; on their return they carried otf some 
cattle, sheep, poultry, &c. Accounts were received, that 
General Sullivan had obtained further advantages in the 
Indian country. 

9th. — Two deserters came in from the enemy. Putrid 
fever and scurvy raged at New York, among the British 
troops. The American army remained in their former posi- 
tion : the Virginia line, near Kamapo, on the right ; the 
light infantry, near Fort Montgomery ; the Maryland line, 
on the left of the light infantry ; Pennsylvania line and 
two brigades of Massachusetts, at West Point ; North 
Carolina brigade, at Constitution Island; the Connecti- 
cut line, on the east side of the Hudson, between Nelson's 
and liobinson's; Nixon's brigade, at the gorge of the moun- 
tains, above the Continental Village; Glover's brigade, 
Moylan's, Sheldon's and Armand's horse, at Lower Salem. 
On the west side of the Hudson, besides Fort Clinton, at 
West Point, and Fort Putnam, on the height back of it, 
there were seven or eight redoubts, built and building. On 
the east side of the river, the north and middle redoubts, 
and a redoubt at the gorge of the mountains. Great ex- 
pectations of the arrival of a French fleet on the American 
coast. 

13th.— Four deserters came in from the enemy. 
14th.— Just after reveille, our General received orders to 
put Nixon's brigade under marching orders, which was 
done immediately. Gen. Howe was ordered to move with 
Glover's to Pine's Bridge, Croton Eiver, and Nixon's to 
join him. 

15th. — A deserter came in from Verplank's Point. The 
day before, a party of the enemy's horse came out from 



200 

Kiagsbridge, with intent to surprise Lieut. Col. Wliite^ ; 
but by the desertion of one of the party, they were dis- 
appointed. The Count de la Luzerne, the new French min- 
ister, arrived and dined at Gen. Washington's. 

16th. — Nixon's brigade marched to form a junction with 
Glover's, and a picket of 150 men mounted at the Village. 
Four deserters came in from the enemy. Count Luzerne 
was highly pleased with the treatment he received in pass- 
ing through the New-England States. The 17th, he left 
head-quarters, on his way to Philadelphia. 

18th. — Gen. Howe was ordered to march back to Lower 
Salem, with Glover's and Nixon's brigades. 

19th. — Two deserters came in from the enemy. Some 
appearances indicated an evacuation of Verplank's Point. 

22d. — A deserter came in from Kingsbridge. Prepara- 
tions for the embarkation of a large body of troops con- 
tinued at New York. 

29th. — Two deserters from the enemy, and one 
the day before. 

30th. — The engineers, covered by a detachment of 300 
men, reconnoitred the enemy's works at Verplank's; the 
enemy appeared to be much alarmed, and fired a number 
of cannon and small-arms at our party, and a reinforce- 
ment came over from Stony Point. At evening another 
deserter came in. 

October 1st. — The American light infantry moved down 
near to Kakeat, and the North Carolina brigade from Con- 
stitution Island to New-Windsor. One deserter from the 
enemy. 

2d. — Two deserters came in from the enemy. Certain 
intelligence was received, that the Count D'Estaing had 
arrived at Georgia. The enemy at Verplank's Point 
opened a number of pits, about five feet deep, and four 
feet over, with a sharp stake in the middle, around the 
outside of the abatis. By the last accounts from Gen. 



1 Anthony Walton White of New Jersey. 



201 

Sullivan, he was at Tioga, on his return this way; he had 
destroyed a great number of Indian towns, and immense 
(luantities of corn and other produce, and cut down many 
fruit-trees. It is a great pity the latter were not spared;^ 
they would have been very pleasing to the American set- 
tlers, who will one day, not far distant, fill that fertile 
countr3\ 

A number of armed vessels, from the Connecticut ports 
on the Sound, cut out and brought off a number of the 
enemy's vessels from Uuntington harbour, Long Island, 
and the Mulifua- brig was talceu by an armed galley. 

4th. — Five deserters came in from the enemy. Gen. 
Howe was ordered to take post again at Pine's Bridge. 

5th. — The Sieur CJerard, the late French iliuister, came 
to camp, and dined at head-quarters. Two days before, 
Lieut. Gill-, of the dragoons, patrolling in East Chester, 
found a superior force in his rear, and no alternative but 
to surrender or <■< t his way through them; he chose the 
latter, and forced his way, when he found a body of in- 
fantry still behind the horse; these he also charged, and 
on his passing them, his horse was wounded and threw 
him, when he fell into the enemy's hands. Two of the 
Lieutenant's party, which consisted of 24, were killed, and 
one taken prisoner; the rest escaped safe to their I'egi- 
ments. 

Congress about this time appointed the Hon. John 
Adams, a Plenipotentiary, vxtrd, to repair to France 
to negotiate for a peace with Great Britain, when 
an opportunity occurred. The British fortified Governor's 
Island, in the harbour of New Yw'k, and appeared under 
great ai^prehensions of a visit from the French fleet under 
the Count D'Estaing. The troops and shipping at Rhode 
Island were ordered to New York. 

7th. — One deserter from Verplank's Point. There was a 



1 General Heath's remark was prophetic— the Genesee Country has since 
been famed for its orchards. 

2 First Lieut. Erasmus Gill of Moylan's Dragoons. 



202 

cannonade between our infantry at Grassy Point and one 
of the enemy's guard-ships, when the hitter was driven 
from her moorings. 

8th. — The light infantry of Glover's brigade crossed the 
Hudson to join Gen. Wayne. The British had a number 
of ships ready to sink in the channel, in case a French fleet 
arrived, and attempted to enter the harbour of New York. 
The merchants in the city packing up their goods. 

9th. — A fleet of transports passed the Sound towards 
lihode Island. 

The General Oflicers of the American army resolved to 
address Congress, respecting themselves and the army. 

11th. — There was a cannonade in the river between the 
American and British gun boats ; but no damage was done. 

Sir Joseph Yorke, the British Minister at the Hague, ad- 
dressed their High [Mightinesses on the 22d of the preced- 
ing July, in such language as evinced the feelings of the 
British nation. One deserter from Verplank's Point. 

12th. — Gen. Sir Henry Clinton and Col. Robinson came 
up to Verplank's Point, in the ship Fanny, and returned 
the next day ; after which, the workmen at the point ceased 
working. The troops of the enemy sickly at the Points. 

13th. — Two deserters came in. 

14th. — Two prisoners of war were sent up, and four de- 
serters came in. The British transports were collected 
near Turtle Bay, and their ships of war near the Narrows. 

15th. — Seven deserters came in from Verplank's Point; 
they reported that the enemy were putting their baggage, 
sick, the women, &c. on board the transports. 

16th. — 14 prisoners, seamen taken by Capt. Hallet's^ 
company of New York militia two days before, on the 
North Kiver, near Teller's Point, were sent up, and one de- 
serter came in. Just before sun-set, a galley and several 
of the enemy's gun-boats came up the river as high as 
Fort Montgomery, and fired a number of shot at some of 



1 Probably Jonathan Hallett, 2nd N. Y. 



yo3 

oui' boats, and at the troops on the west side of the river ; 
the Ameiieaus discharged some miisliets from the banks 
at the boats, and the latter returned down the river. 

17th. — One deserter came in from the enemy. 

19th. — One deserter from Verplanii's Point. 

21st. — Three deserters came in from Verplank's, and re- 
ported that the enemy were on the point of evacuating 
their works. The officer commanding the advance picket 
soon after sent information that the works appeared to be 
on fire, and the shipping standing down the river. Maj. 
^yaldbridge', who commanded the advance picket, immed- 
iately sent a detachment to take possession of the works. 
Several loaded shells left by the enemy, in places where the 
fire would come at them, burst, but did no harm. The 
enemy left one horse, a few old intrenching tools, and some 
other trifles at the point. The transports came to anchor 
off the mouth of Croton River; and information was re- 
ceived that the British grenadiers were on board the trans- 
ports, in the river near Fort Washington, and the 7th and 
33d regiments in readiness to embark at a moment's notice. 
Our General, lest there might be an attempt made on Gen. 
Howe's division, ordered a detachment of 500 men and 
half the Village picket, under the command of Col. Brad- 
ley-, to march, and take post during the night, towards 
the New Bridge, on Croton River, to cover the right flank 
of Howe's division. 

22d. — About noon, the enemy's transports came to sail 
with the ebb, and beat down against the wind, and were 
soon out of sight. 

24th. — Col. Bradley's detachment returned to camp. The 
Colonel reported that he ol)served large quantities of 
forage and fruit in the fields between Verplank's Point 
and Croton River. To secure the forage, and cover the 
communication bj- King's Ferry, Gen. AVashington ordered 
our General to move down and encamp at Peek's Kill. 



1 Amos Walbridge, 2nd Conn. 

2 Philip Burr Bradley, 5th Conn. 



204 

27th. — The Connecticut line moved down and encamped 
on the high ground to the southward of Peek's Kill, and 
Maj. Gen. Hoe's division was ordered iip to form a junc- 
tion. The day before, the enemy landed a body of troops, 
said to be some thousands strong, at Amboy, and advanced 
towards Brunswick. The light infantry, and the Virginia 
line, were ordered to move down that way. 

A man, who said he was a Lieutenant in the British 
service, and who produced a commission, came out, pre- 
tending that he had been ill-treated, &c. 

The State of Massachusetts appeax'ed to be determined 
to fill up their regiments, and offered 300 dollars boimty 
to those who would enlist, in addition to the Continental 
bounty, which was 200 dollars, making the whole bounty 
500 dollars. This morning about 70 sail of vessels, many 
of tliem large ships, passed down the Sound, having the 
garrison of Rhode Island on board. 

When the enemy landed yesterday at South Amboy, 90 
horse about the same time landed at Perth Amboy, and 
proceeded rapidly to Middlebrook — burnt Raritan meet- 
ing-house, Somerset court-house, and six boats, and re- 
turned through Spotswood to South Amboy. This party, 
on its retreat, was met by 13 of the militia, who fired upon 
them, killed one man and four horses, and took the com- 
manding ofiicer Lieut. Simcoe', and one trooper, prisoners. 
By the capture of Simcoe, the inhabitants were freed of a 
very enterprising and troublesome officer. The destruc- 
tion of the boats was the object of this enterprise. 

29th. — Gen. Howe's division formed a junction with the 
Connecticut line, and encamped with them. Strong fatigue 
parties were daily employed on the works evacuated by the 
enemy at Verplank's and Stony Points. Gen. Lincoln and 
the Count D'Estaing, by the last accounts from Georgia, 
had formed a junction, and were determined to attack the 
enemy. 



1 Simcoe was exchanged for Colonel Thomas Reynolds, 2nd Burling- 
ton County (N. J.) militia. 



206 

31st. — Maj. Bunchoten' arrived at camp, \^■ith a tletaeh- 
ineut of Lieut. Col. Pauldiug's New York levies ; they were 
ordered to garrison Stouy Point. 

November 1st. — Maj. Armstrong, Aid-de-camp to Maj. 
Gen. Gates, called at camp, on his way to Congress, with 
ofllcial dispatches of the evacuation of Khode Island, which 
took place on the night of the 2()th ult. The British left 
large quantities of forage, fuel, &c. Brigadier-General 
Stark had gone on to Rhode Island. A Hessian Lieutenant 
belonging to the Landgrave regiment, came out from the 
neighbourhood of Fort Washington ; he pretended to desire 
to enter the American service as a volunteer. A prisoner 
of war was also sent up from the advance guard. 

2d. — Intelligence was received, that a body of Indians 
were advancing towards Foi't Schuyler. 

7th. — Two German Jiigers, with their rifles, came to 
our camp. At night, Col. Armand proceeded with his 
corps from near Tarrytown to the vicinity of Morrisania, 
to the house of Alderman Leggit-', where he surprised and 
took Maj. Bearmore and five other prisoners. The secrecy, 
precaution, gallantry and discipline exhibited by the Col- 
onel and his corps on this occasion did them much honour. 
In the capture of Maj. Bearmore', the inhabitants of the 
adjacent country were relieved from the frequent excur- 
sions of a troublesome officer. The British augmented 
their troops on Staten Island. 

11th. — Two deserters came in from Col. Wurmb's 
Jiigers. 

13th. — Five prisouei'S taken by Lieut. Oakley^ near 
Morrisania, were sent to camp. The enemy had a redoubt, 
called No. 8, on the east side of Haarlem Creek, nearly 
opposite to the fort on Laurel Hill, and under the fire of 



1 Elias Van Benschoten of Lieut.-Col. Albert Pawling's N. Y. Levies. 

2 William Leggett. 

3 Bearmore-Bareniore-Barmore does not appear in Sabine's Lova. 
i Miles Oakley, 4tli N. Y. 



206 

its cannon, for the security of their advanced troops on 
the Morrisania side. 

l()th. — Intelligence was received, that on the 23d of Sep- 
tember, Gen. Lincoln and the Count D'Estaing broke 
ground before the enemy's works, at Savannah, in Georgia; 
and on the 5th of October, batteries of 33 cannon and nine 
mortars were opened and continued firing with intervals, 
until the 8th, without the wished-for effect. 

9th. — In the morning an assault was made, which proved 
unsuccessful — the Americans were repulsed and obliged to 
retreat ; of the Americans, 170 were killed and wounded ; 
among the former. Count Pulaski, a remarkably brave and 
enterprising officer, of Polish descent. The Count D'Est- 
aing was wounded in the arm and leg. It was said, that 
of the French troops, 330 were killed and wounded. Gen. 
Lincoln retreated to Charleston. It being rendered cer- 
tain that the Count D'Estaing would not come to the 
northward, the American main army was distributed to 
winter-quarters. — Moylau's, Sheldon's, Baylor's, and Bed- 
kin s's^ dragoons to Connecticut — Poor's brigade to Dan- 
bury — the Massachusetts line to West Point, and the 
posts in the Highlands — the Virginia, Maryland, Pennsyl- 
vania, New-Jersey, New York, and Connecticut lines. 
Hand's and Stark's mixed corps, back of the Scotch 
Plains, New Jersey — Lee's corps, and a detachment of in- 
fantry, towards Monmouth — Marechaussee", with the main 
army. 

19th. — Four prisoners were sent up. 

23d. — Maj. Gen. Gates and his family came to camp 
from Khode Island. 

25th. — The troops were moving to their different places 
of cantonment; many of the soldiers, (as fine men as ever 



1 This is not clear. Henry Bedlcins of Pennsylvania was adjutant 
of Moylan's Dragoons in 1777, and afterwards was of Pulaski's Legion, 

but does not appear as ever in command of either. 

2 The Marechaussge (Provost Guard) was part of Col. Armand's corps. 



207 

stood in slioes) were marched barefooted over the hard 
frozen ground, and with an astonishing patience. Kemem- 
ber these things, ye Americans, in future times! 

2Sth. — The Commander in Chief gave our General the 
command of all the posts and troops on Hudson's Kiver, 
Avhich Gen. Washington very frequently called the key that 
locked the communication between tlie eastern and south- 
ern States ; and of all the posts in the United States, was 
the most important. This was the second time that our 
General was designated to command them. 

29th. — Three deserters came in from the galley in the 
river. 

30th. — Early in the morning. Gen. Washington crossed 
the Hudson at King's Ferry, into the Jersies. ^faj. Gen. 
Gates was to proceed to Virginia — a sergeant, corporal, 
and three privates were carried off by one Joseph M'Keel, 
a sly, artful fello\\', in the service of the enemy, and who 
conducted many recruits from the country to them. 

December 2d. — Col. Armand, with some of his corps, 
went down to Morrisania, and took a Capt. Cruzer\ of 
Rearmore's corps, and two men, prisoners. At this time 
the troops were greatly distressed for bread and the horses 
for forage; the former occasioned by the want of water 
at the mills. All the horses, except sxich as were absolutely 
necessary for incumbent duties, were ordered out into the 
country. A man who pretended to be a prophet, came out 
from the enemy — he more probably was a spy. 

16th. — Col. Paulding's corps was ordered from Stony 
Point to Poughkeepsie, a great desertion having taken 
place in the corps. The Virginia line had marched to the 
southward — the enemy at New York preparing for the em- 
barkation of a large body of troops, said to be upwards of 
10,000, under the immediate command of Gen. Sir Henry 
Clinton. 



1 John Harris Cruger of N. Y., Lieut.-Colonel commanding De Lan- 
ley's First Battalion of Tories. He was a particularly active officer, 
and successfully held Ninety-Six against Greene in 1781. 



208 [1779 

29th. — Three Hessian deserters came into our army; 
they reported that Gen. Mathew had command of all the 
posts and troops on the north end of York Island, above 
the bridge, &c. The long talked-of embarkation of troops 
at New York sailed on the 26th. The fleet was said to con- 
sist of near 200 sail. The enemy boasted that it was con- 
voyed by nearly 20 ships of war; however, it was well 
known that they had very few ships of the line, and that 
they were under great apprehensions of falling in Avith a 
superior French force. They went to the southward. 

30th. — Lieut. Col. NewhalP, with 250 men properly of- 
ficered, marched to do duty on the lines. 

31st. — There was a great body of snow on the ground. 

1780. January 1st. — Early in the morning about 100 sol- 
diers belonging to tlie Massachusetts regiments, who had 
enlisted at different periods subsequent to January, 1777, 
for three years, pretending that their time of service now 
expired, (although many of them had months to serve, be- 
fore their three years' service was completed ) marched off 
with intent to go home: they were pursnotl and brought 
back: some of them were punished; the greater part of 
them pardoned. Some others, at other posts, conducted 
in the same manner, and were treated as the first men- 
tioned. Those whose time of service was exjjired were 
all discharged with honour. 

3d. — The snow had got to be about four feet deep on a 
level, and the troops were driven to great difiiculties in 
keeping open the commimications to the posts — obtaining 
provisions, fuel, forage, &c. and so intense and steady was 
the weather, that for more than twenty days there could 
not be discovered the least sign of the remission of the 
snow in any places the most open to the influences of the 
sun. The Hudson soon becoming passable on the ice, the 
troops were comfortably supplied with provisions; but 
many were in extreme want of clothing. 

1 Probably Ezra Newhall. He was of the 5th Mass. up to May, 
1777. 



1780] 209 

8th. — The light infantry helonging to the regiments in 
the Highlands, were joining their respective corps; the 
corps of light infantry being separated for the winter. 

9th. — About dusk, the north redoubt was discovered to 
be on fire at the southwest corner, under the rampart, 
which was of timber; the tire was out of reach, and threat- 
ened the destruction of the whole redoubt. A detachment 
from West-Point was ordered over to the assistance of the 
garrison of the redoubt; but so strongly dovetailed and 
strapped were the timbers of the rampart, that the fire for 
a time seemed to baffle every exertion to extinguish it. 
The ammunition and about 100 barrels of suited provis- 
ions in the magazine, were seasonably removed by the gar- 
rison ; but the fire was not extinguished until about four 
o'clock in the morning of the 10th. All the officers and 
men distinguished themselves on this occasion ; but the 
conduct of Col. Lynuin\ Col. Sprout-, and Cajit. Drew^, 
\\ere conspicuous indeed, as was that of a Sergeant of the 
garrison of the redoubt, who, when all were on the point of 
quitting the redoubt, lest the magazine should take fire 
and blow up, instantly rushed into the magazine, and did 
not quit it until he had thrown out every cask of powder 
and box of ammunition deposited in it. If his name could 
be recollected, it should be inserted. 

12th. — Artificers and fatigue-men were ordered to repair 
the redoubt. The weather continued intensely cold. A 
man belonging to the garrison of West Point Avas frozen 
to death on his return from New Windsor to the point; 
and many soldiers were frost-bitten, ilaj. Gen. Putnam, 
who had gone home on furlough about this time, received 
a paralytic stroke at Hartford in Connecticut, as he was 
on his return to the army. 

17th. — The Hudson was so frozen, that travellers safely 



1 David Lyman, Aide-de-Camp to Gen. Heath. 

2 Ebenezer Sprout, Lieut.-Col. 12th Mass. (Died Feb. 1805). 

3 Probably Seth Drew, captain 2nd Mass (Died May 18, 1824). 



210 

crossed the river on the ice at King's Ferry. A Hessian 
deserter came in. Tavo days before, viz. on the 15th, Maj. 
Gen. Lord Stirling made a descent on Staten Island, y^nth 
a detaclimeut, consisting of about 2500 infantry, and some 
artillery; a number of tents, arms, and some baggage, be- 
longing to Col. Buslvirk's regiment, was taken and brought 
off, with some liquors, &c. Some of the American soldiers 
deserted to the enemy, and 17 were taken prisoners. 

19th. — Two deserters came in from the enemy, and re- 
ported the strength of the British at Fort Washington. 
The people crossed from New York to Long Island on the 
ice. About this time, a detachment from Col. Mead's^ reg- 
iment of levies at Horseneck, and a number of volunteers 
from Greenwich, the former under the command of Cap- 
tain Keeler-, the latter under the command of Captain 
LockAvood^, the whole about 80, marched to Morrisania; 
and about one o'clocli in the morning, made an attack on 
Col. Hatfield. They first attacked the picket, killed 3, 
and drove the rest into the Colonel's quarters. The Col- 
onel and his men tooli to the chambers, and fired out at 
the windows and down stairs at those who had entered 
the house; it appeared difiicult, if possible, to dislodge 
them, the liouse was instantly set on fire, by putting a 
straw bed into a closet, which compelled the enemy to jump 
out at the chamber windows, to avoid the flames. Colonel 
Hatfield, one Captain, one Lieutenant, one Quarter- 
Master, and 11 privates, Avere taken prisoners and brought 
off. This was a pretty affair, but was a little tarnished on 
the return by some of the militia, who were fatigued, loiter- 
ing on the road where they supposed there was no danger ; 
but a party of horse pursuing, overtook, killed and 
captured several of them. 



1 Col. John Mead, 9th Conn. Militia. 

2 Capt. Samuel Keeler of Col. Bradley's State regiment of militia 

.". Uncertain — possibly Capt. Samuel Lockwood, 2nd Continental Ar- 
tillery. 



211 

26th. — Between 11 and 12 o'clock at night, a fire brol^e 
out iu the Quarter-Master's barraclv at West Poiut, wliieh 
threatened the most serious and extensive damage. It had 
got to considerable height before it was discovered ; the 
barrack was consequently consumed to aslies, notwith- 
standing every exertion of the garrison, which was numer- 
ous. Brig. Gen. Paterson\ who commanded the garrison, 
not only distinguished himself, but also exposed his per- 
son to the flames to save another building, which was for- 
tunately effected. The loss by the fire was considerable, 
both to the public and to individuals. The night before, 
viz. the 25th, a detachment of the enemy, said to consist of 
500 men, made an excursion to Staten Island, over the ice, 
to Elizabeth-Town, in the Jersies, and completely sur- 
prised the picket posted there, consisting of a Major and 
100 men, properly officered ; it was said that not a gun was 
fired, nor a man hurt. The enemy surrounded the houses, 
and took the troops asleep.— He who suffers himself to he 
surprised, through the want of proper precaution, his 
character (says a great military writer) is irretrievable. 

Fehrmiry 1st. — At two o'clock in the morning, the north 
redoubt was discovered to be on fire again in the top of the 
bomb-proof, between the sally-port and the door. Every 
exertion was made by the garrison of the redoubt, and de- 
tachments sent to their aid, to put out the fii'e, but it was so 
much out of reach, and spread among the joints of the 
large timbers, that it was not extinguished until about 
two o'clock on the morning of the 3d. The redoubt re- 
ceived considerable damage, and would have been totally 
destroyed had it not been for the unwearied exertions of 
the troops, day and night, during the whole of the time: 
and much credit was due to Lieut. Col. Vose^, and the 
other officers who commanded. By a more accurate ac- 
count of the loss at the Quarter-JIaster's barrack at West 



IJohn Paterson. 

2 Probably Joseph Vose, Col. 1st Mass. 



212 

Point, it appeared that 6 marques', 2fi horsemen's tents, 
80 common tents, 900 knapsacks, 250 narrow axes, and a 
number of other articles were burnt and destroyed. 

On the morning of the 3d, about 9 o'clock, the enemy 
made an attack on Lieut. Pol. Thomson^, who commanded 
the troops on the lines; the Colonel's force consisted of 250 
men, in five companies, properly officered; they were in- 
structed to move between Croton River and the White 
Plains, Hudson's River and Bedford ; never to remain long 
at any one place, that the enemy might not be able to learn 
of their manner of doing duty, or form a plan for striking 
them in any particular situation. The Colonel had for some 
days taken post himself at Young's, not far from the White 
Plains. Capt. Watson^ with his company, was with the 
Lieut. Colonel ; Capt. Roberts'*, and Capt. Stoddard^, with 
their companies, were on the right; Capt. Lieut. Farley'"' 
and Capt. Coftper" on the left. The force of the enemy 
consisted of the four flank companies of the first and sec- 
ond British regiments of Guards — detachments from two 
Hessian battalions — some mounted Jagers and moTinted 
refugees. The whole under the command of Col. Norton, 
of the Guards. The roads were so filled with snow, that 
the enemy advanced but slowly, and were obliged to leave 
their field-pieces behind them on the road. They were dis- 
covered at a distance by ^Ir. Campbell, one of our guides, 
who, from the goodness of his horse, reconnoitred them 
pretty near. He gave the Lieutenant-Colonel notice of 
their advancing, and that their force was considerable, 
and advised him to take a stronger position a little in his 
rear. But the Lieutenant-Colonel was very confident that 



1 Marquees. 

2 I>ieiit.-Col. Joseph Thompson, 10th Mass. 

3 Capt. William Watson, 9th Mass. 

4 Capt Moses Roberts, ^H^h Mass. 
."i Capt. Orange Stoddard, 1st Mass. 

fi Capt.-Lieiit. Michael Farley of Wesson's regiment. 
7 Capt. James Cooper, 14th Mass. 



213 

the eneiiiT were only a body (if horse, iind that he L'oiild 
easily disperse them, and wonhl not quit his <j;ronnd. The 
enemy first attacked a small advance-gnard, consisting of 
a Sergeant and S men, who behaved well, and meant to 
reach the main body in season ; but were prevented by the 
horse, and all taken prisoners. The enemy's horse soon 
appeared in sight of the Americans, and discharged their 
rifles at long shot, and waited the coming up of the in- 
fantry, when a warm action commenced ; the enemy scat- 
tered, taking the advantage of tiie ground and trees in the 
orchard, and closing up on all sides. The 3 companies of 
the detachment, which had joined, fought well. After 
about 1.5 minutes' sharp conflict, our troops broke; some 
took into the house, and others made off ; the enemy's horse 
rushing on at the same instant, and the whole shouting. At 
this time, the two flank companies came up, but finding 
how matters stood judged it best to retreat, C-apt. Stod- 
dard's company giving a fire or two at long shot, Capt. 
Cooper's, from their distance, not firing at all. Some who 
were engaged effected their escape, others were overtaken 
by the horse The enemy collected what prisoners they 
could, set Mr. Young's house and buildings on fire, and 
returned. Of the Americans, 13 were killed dead on the 
spot, and Capt. Roberts, who was mortally wounded, lived 
but a few minutes. Seventeen others were wounded, sev- 
eral of whom died. Lieut. Tol. Thomson of .Marshall's, 
Capt. Watson of (ireaton's, Capt. Lieut. Farley of Wes- 
son's, Lieut. Hurley^ of Tupper's, Lieut. Maynard^ of Grea- 
ton's. Ensign Fowler^ of Nixon's, Ensign Bradley^ of 
Bigelow's, with 8!) others, were taken prisoners. The 
enemy left 3 men dead on the field, and a Captain of gren- 
adiers w-as wounded in the hip, and a Lieutenant of in- 



1 Lieut. William Burley. nth Mass. 

2 Lieut.-Jonathan Maynard, 5th Mass. 

3 Ensign Stephen Fowler, 6th Mass. 

4 Ensign Levi Bradley, 4th Mass. 



214 

fantry in the thigh. The British, in their account of the 
action acknowledged that they had 5 men killed, and 18 
wounded. Lieut. Col. Badlam', with the relief for the 
lines, was at the time of the action far advanced on h's 
march, but not within reach of those engaged. 

One Mayhew, a pedler, well known in Massachusetts, 
was of this detachment; he made off up the road, but find- 
ing the horse rushing on, he struck off into the snow, al- 
most up to his hips. Two of the enemy's horse turned into 
his track after him ; and, gaining fast upon him, he askei 
them if they would give him quarter; they replied, "Yes, 
you dog, we will quarter you." This was twice repeated ; 
when Mayhew, finding them inflexible, determined to give 
them one shot before he was quartered ; and, turning 
round, discharged his piece at the first horseman, who 
cried out "The rascal has broke my leg;" when both of 
them turned their horses round and went off, leaving May- 
hew at liberty to tread back his path to the road, and come 
off. 

7th. — A body of the enemy's horse, said to be about 300, 
and the 7th British regiment, came over from Long Island 
to West Chester on the ice. The troops in New York, about 
this time, drew four days' provisions, which they were di- 
rected to keep cooked, and the troops to be in readiness to 
move on the shortest notice, with arms and blankets only. 
A number of sleighs were collected, and some heavy cannon 
were dra^Ti out; whether an attempt on Morristown or 
the Highlands was the object, was not known. Several 
deserters came in from the enemy, and in this month there 
were some desertions from the American southern regi- 
ments to the enemy. The enemy also made an excursion 
in the Jersies as far as Elizabethtown, and carried off 
great quantity of plunder. 

19th. — Some small parties of the enemy were out to- 
wards the White Plains. 



1 Lieut.-Col. Ezra Badlam, 2nd Mass. 



215 

Our General having obtained leave from the Commander 
in Chief, to make a visit to his friends in New-England, 
commenced his journey eastward on the 21st of February, 
and reached his house in Roxbury on the 29th. It appeared 
that the winter had been as severe, and the snow as deep, 
in the New-England States, as in the Highlands of New 
York. 

March 8th. — Our General addressed the Hon. Council 
of Massachusetts on the importance of the then moment 
for recruiting their battalions. 

By the master of a flag from Bermuda, information was 
received, that the fleet, in passing from New York to the 
southward, the preceding December, suffered consider- 
ably ; and that an ordnance ship was lost. 

yth. — A privateer ship of IS guns, prize to the Tartar 
privateer, was sent into Boston. 

13th. — The Committee of the General Court of Massa- 
chusetts were issuing notes for the depreciation of the 
pay of the troops of their line: these were sold at a very 
great discount. 

20th. — A rich Jamaica ship, prize to the Continental 
frigate Deane, arrived safe in Boston harbour. The same 
day, there was a report that Sir Henry Clinton had ar- 
rived at South Carolina, with the British troops which 
sailed from New York in December. 

The Legislature of Massachusetts passed a resolution, 
granting a pi*emium of £30 per man for each recruit that 
should be enlisted and pass muster for their line. 

27th. — A Marblehead privateer, the Aurora, sent in a 
prize ship, with 1000 barrels of flour — 1400 do. of beef and 
pork ; and dry goods to the amount of £700 sterling. 

April 1st. — News was received of a most obstinate en- 
gagement in Europe, between the French frigate, Surveil- 
lant, Capt. Conedic, of 3G guns, and the British frigate, 
Quebec, Capt, Farmer, of the same force. The French frig- 
ate had 32 men killed, and 92 wounded. The Quebec blew 
up, and her whole crew, 300, except 40, were lost, either in 



2i(; 

action or iu the explosion. This engagement did honour 
to the bravery of both nations. 

The depreciation of the Continental money rapidly in- 
creased ; many people withheld their merc^handise and pro- 
duce from sale, and the times were truly embarrassing. An 
embarkation of some thousands of Hessian troops took 
place at New York for Carolina. In the course of this 
month, the Maryland line of the army, and three com- 
panies of artillery, marched to the southward. 

2Gth. — News was received that the British had got their 
shipping over the bar, at Charleston; that the Continental 
frigates in the harbour were hauled up, and their guns 
taken out tuid mounted on batteries: the garrison of 
Charleston numerous. 

27th. — The privateers Franklin and Jack sent into 
Salem a large letter-of-marque ship, having on board 1000 
barrels of pork and beef, 750 barrels of flour, 800 firkins 
of butter, and dry goods to the amount of £15,000 ; she was 
from London, bound to New York. 

During this month the enemy made two excursions to 
Faramus, where they killed and took a number of Ameri- 
cans; Maj. Byles', of the Pennsylvania line, was mortally 
wounded, and died the next day. The enemy burnt Mr. 
G. Holder's- houses and mills; the militia turned out spirit- 
edly, repulsed and pursued the enemy. By accounts from 
Europe, the American cause was viewed in a very favour- 
able light by the Courts in that part of the world. 

28th. — The French frigate ticnniunv, Capt. Latouch,^ ar- 
rived at Boston ; in whom came the Marquis de la Fayette 
and suite, from France. The inhabitants of Boston ex- 
hibited the greatest demonstrations of joy on the occas- 
ion. The next morning the Marquis, Capt, Latouch, and 
other officers, made a visit to our General: the Marquis, 
the day before, on his lauding at Hancock's Wharf, was 

1 Thomas Langhorne Byles was Major of the ."id Pennsylvania. 

2 Garret Hopper. 

:] ■■ Latouch " Captain de la Touche-Treville. 



217 

received by a uiimber of f'outinental officers, and escorted 
to bis lodgings; after wbicb be paid bis respects to tbe 
Honourable Legislature, wbo were then in session ; in tbe 
evening tliere were rejoicings. 

Ma.v :2d. — Tbe .Marquis de la Fayette set out from Boston 
for tbe army. 

Duriug tbe session of tbe Legislature of Massachusetts, 
tbey received an order from Congress, in favour of tbe 
State, for 2,U0(I,U00 dollars, to reimburse tbe State in part 
of tbe expense of tbe Penobscot expedition, wbicb had 
greatly involved tbe State. Tbe enemy having taken post 
at Penobscot, the Legislature of Massachusetts, without 
applying to Congress, determined to dislodge them; and, 
for this purpose, ordered a body of militia to be detached, 
under the command of Brig. Gen. Lovell ; and, in addition 
to their own State vessels, procured a number of priva- 
teers, belonging to individuals. Tbe expedition was at- 
tempted ; tbe shipping arrived safe in Penobscot Bay ; the 
troops, or a part of thenv, were debarked to attack the 
enemy, but they did not succeed in their attempt. The 
armed vessels, instead of cruising off the harbour, where 
they could have bad sea room, remained in the bay. The 
enemy sent a naval force to the relief of the post, which 
arrived and found tbe American shipping in the river, 
who immediately ran up as far as they could, where the 
whole were destroyed, and the militia and seamen left to 
lind their way home through the woods. This was an un- 
fortunate affair to Massachusetts, whose privateers, be- 
fore, were numerous, able aud active, and greatly annoyed 
the enemy ; and, bad it not been for this blow, would have 
been of great public benefit, by depriving the enemy of 
many of their provision vessels, and of increasing provis- 
ions in our own couutr}'. Congress, at first, seemed to de- 
cline bearing tbe expense, as they had never been con- 
sulted respecting the expedition ; but tbey finally con- 
sented to a reimbursement. 

Congress ordered that 800 men, in the pay of the United 



218 

States, should cover and protect the Eastern Country the 
ensuing summer. 

12th. — The gentlemen of Boston gave a ball to the 
French and American officers. 

14th. — The Hennione frigate, Capt. Latouch, sailed 
from Boston harbour on a cruise. 

A number of very valuable prizes, taken by the American 
cruisers, were sent into different ports. 

The 19th exhibited a most extraordinary phenomenon^ 
The wind, in the morning, was southerly, a moderate 
breeze ; the sun shone a little after it was up, but was soon 
clouded: there was some thunder and moderate showers. 
A little after 10 o'clock the clouds exhibited a yellowish 
cast, and every object seemed to present a brassy hue; it 
soon after began to grow dark, which gradually increased ; 
between eleven and twelve it became necessary to light can- 
dles, to do household business. The darkness increased 
until near one o'clock, P. M. the inhabitants dining by 
candle-light. About one, the darkness began to decrease, 
and went off gradually, as it came on; between three and 
four, P. M. the usual light was restored. The evening, 
although the moon was at the full, was remarkably dark, 
and there was a sprinkling of rain — the people were in 
great consternation. This phenomenon, in the opinion of 
our General, although he has no pretensions to astronomy, 
was produced by opposite winds forcing together a vast 
body of smoke and vapours, (the air had been smoky for 
some days before) which, from the state of the atmosphere, 
as they accumulated, ascended, forming, from top to bot- 
tom, such a body, as to cause the darkness ; and yet, so open 
were the particles, as to admit the sun's rays so far as to 
cause the brassy appearance: had the atmosphere been 
heavy, the vapours would probably have condensed, and 
rain, in torrents, would have ensued. Some observations 



1 This was the celebrated " Dark Day " in New England, during 
which Abraham Davenport objected to the Connecticut Legislature's 
adjourning. (See Whittier's poem). 



219 

made by our General, some years since the foregoing, on 
the darkness in Canada, and which, on the afternoon of 
the preceding day he noticed at Roxbury, and remarked 
thereon, afford strong collateral evidence that the fore- 
going opinion was not wholly unfounded. 

As the learned and curious wish to ascertain, as far as 
possible, the true cause of the phenomenon, we throw in 
those rough materials which our observation at the time 
collected, that they may be shaped by those of greater skill, 
for the information and satisfaction of an enlightened pub- 
lic. Those called the dark days in Canada, were the 9th, 
15th and ICth of October, 1785 ; but the greatest degree of 
darkness was on Sunday, the 16th, when the darkness was 
so great as to render the use of candles necessary in the 
churches and families; it is said to have been as dark as a 
dark night. 

On the 9th, at Roxbury, in Massachusetts, the wind was 
at south-east, and then at south-west; the day fair, cool 
and pleasant. 

The 15th, the prevailing wind was easterly ; the day was 
cloudy and foggy; about 2 o'clock, P. M. it was uncom- 
monly dark, and there was an opposite wind from the 
south-west. There were several hard claps of thunder at 
a distance, and a few drops of rain. Towards evening the 
sun was visible, but appeared very red, and the clouds 
exhibited a brassy complexion, so similar to the dark day 
in May, 1780, as to be noticed and compared ; in the even- 
ing the wind was southerly. 

The 16th, which was the dark day in Canada, the wind, 
there at opposite points, N. E. and S. W. was at Roxbury 
S. W. The day was fair, warm and pleasant; from which 
it seems to be obvious, that the body of smoke and vapour, 
with which the atmosphere was fraught on the 15th, which* 
pervaded a region which comprehended Canada and a part 
of New-England, at least, was, by the strength of the south- 
west wind in the night, forced northward, and being still 
opposed by the north-east wind, pressing on the other side, 



220 

produced the accumulation of smoke and vapour which 
occasioned the darkness, and if the north-east wind had 
prevailed against the south-west, the darkness would have 
probably been in New-Eugiand. 

lilst. — ('apt. Latouch returned from his cruise; he ran 
into Penobscot Buy, and cast anchor, tiring several signal 
guns. Two British sloops of war, which were at anchor, 
upon the approach of the JJeniiiuiie came to sail, and ran 
up the river. Capt. Latouch lay at anchor until he took 
a plan of the enemy's post. Our General intended to have 
commenced his journey for the army on Monday, the 29th 
of May ; but on the afternoon of the preceding day, he re- 
ceived a letter from Gen. Washington, dated the 15th, in 
which his Excellency observed, "1 have the pleasure to in- 
form 30U, in strict contidence, that we have authentic ad- 
vices of his most Christian Majesty's determination to 
send a respectable armament of sea and land forces to 
operate on the continent, and that the period is not remote 
when we may expect their arrival." The Commander in 
Chief added that the seizing of Halifax was an object with 
the French ; and our General was instructed to obtain, as 
soon as possible, the exact state of the British in that quar- 
ter, as to their works, garrisons, and troops; all of which 
was shortly after ascertained. 

29th. — The Heriniunv fell down, in oi'der to proceed on a 
cruise to the southward. The troops at West Point at this 
time were very short of provisions, and without rum. 

Congress and the Commander in Chief called upon the 
several States to complete their battalions of the army with 
all possible dispatch. The enemy at New York were under 
great apprehensions of a visit from the French, and were 
said to have prepared a number of hulks of different sizes 
to sink in the channel. 

June 6th. — News was received that a French fleet had 
been seen at sea, in latitude 33, standing E. N. E. 

About this time, Capt. Latouch sent into Dartmouth a 
prize brig, having 1700 firkins of butter, 150 boxes of can- 



2'21 

(lies, and 150 boxes of soap on board. The Legislature of 
^Massachusetts ordered a draft to be made from the militia 
to complete their Coutiueutal battalious. The drafts were 
to rendezvous at Springfield. 

yth. — Uur General received the following letter from the 
Commander in Chief: 

Heaij-(.2uakteks, iMuaitisTuwN, June '1, 1780. 
" Deae Sir, 

It is expected that the Ueet of our ally will, in the 
lirst instance, touch at Khode Island for the purpose of 
landing their sick and supernumerary stores, and to meet 
the intelligence necessary to direct their operations. I 
have already sent forward Dr. Craili, to take up proper 
houses for hospitals, and to make some previous arrange- 
ments in that department : but 1 apprehend the French 
General and Admiral will, upon their arrival, want the 
advice and assistance of a person of discretion and judg- 
ment, and acquainted with the country. 1 must request 
you to repair immediately to Providence, and, upon their 
arrival, present yourself to them, letting tlieui ku(jw that 
they may command your services. 

1 would wish you to endeavour, in conjunction with 
the Governor, to establish a market between the Heet and 
army and country, and be careful that our allies are not 
imposed upon in the prices of articles which they may find 
necessary. This is a point recommended in the plan 
drawn up by the Ministry of France, and which policy and 
generosity directs should be strictly attended to. 

(Signed) G. Washington. 
Gen. Heath." 

About this time an engagement happened between the 
Hcrmioite and a British man-of-war, which lasted near two 
glasses' ; it was a drawn battle. Capt. La touch, and one 

1 An hour. This engiigement was in March (According to 
Balch's "Our French Allies"). The British ship was the Iris. The 
French lost 90 killed and wounded and Latouche himself was wounded 
in the left arm. 



222 

of his Lieutenants, were wounded ; and it was said 13 men 
were killed and 39 wounded. Several of the wounded died 
soon after; among them, an officer. 

15th. — At 11 o'clock, A. M. our General set out from his 
house, in Eoxbury, for Providence, where he arrived the 
next day, at 2 o'clock, P. M., was met at Patucket Bridge 
by Deputy-Governor Bowen, and a number of other gentle- 
men, who attended him into town. 

On Friday, the 2d of June, the Continental frigate, 
Trumbull, James Nicholson commander, had an engage- 
ment with a British frigate of 36 guns, which lasted five 
hours. The Trumbull had all her masts wounded, 8 men 
killed, and 31 wounded. The British frigate was supposed 
to have suffered much. 

In this month a body of the enemy, under the command 
of Gen. Knyphausen, landed in the Jersies, and moved 
towards Springfield. Some skirmishing ensued; Col. 
Angel's' regiment suffered considerably. A number of 
men were killed on both sides. It was now fully confirmed 
that the enemy's shipping passed Fort Moultrie, on Sulli- 
van's Island, in South Carolina, on the 9th of April, with 
a fresh breeze, by which means they received but little 
damage: they came to anchor between Fort Johnson and 
Charleston, and just out of reach of the latter. Gen. Sic 
Henry Clinton had now advanced his approaches so far 
as to be erecting his batteries. The garrison made a good 
defence, but, on the 12th of May, were obliged to surrender. 
Of the Americans, 1 Colonel, 1 Aid-de-camp, 6 Captains, I* 
Lieutenants, 10 Sergeants, and 68 rank and file, were 
killed; 1 Major, 2 Captains, 5 Lieutenants, 18 Sergeants, 
and 114 rank and file were wounded. Maj. Gen. Lincoln, 
with Brigadiers Moultrie, M'lntosh, Woodford, Scott, Du- 
portail and Hogan,^ with 9 Colonels, 14 Lieut. Colonels, 



1 James Hogan of N. C. He died Jan. 4, 1781, while a prisoner at 
Charleston. 

2 Col. Israel Angell, 2nd Rhode Island. (Died May, 1832). 



223 

15 Majors, 84 Captains and Capt. Lieutenants, 84 Lieuten- 
ants, 32 Second Lieutenants and Ensigns, 209 non-com- 
missioned officers, 140 drums and fifes, and 1977 rank and 
file, including sick and wounded, of the Continental troops, 
making in the whole, 2564, were taken prisoners. Be- 
sides the foregoing, it was said that there were about 500 
naval officers and seamen, 250 Charleston militia, and 500 
country militia, also taken — the enemy pretended many 
more. About 20 American soldiers deserted to the enemy 
during the siege. Besides the artillery and stores which fell 
into the hands of the enemy, (the former being 220 pieces 
from 3 to 2(5 pounders) the Continental frigates Provi- 
dence. Boston. Ranger and Queen of France, with 4 State 
gallies, and one French ship of war, were lost. It was 
supposed that about 500 American men, women and chil- 
dren, were killed during the siege. The enemy's loss in 
killed and wounded was considerable. The enemy broke 
ground before the town on the first of April at the distance 
of 800 yards from the American works. Before the sTir- 
render of the place, it was contemplated in Council of War, 
to embark the garrison, except about one regiment, on 
the shipping, in the night, and run up the river, and land 
land them; thereby to save the army, leaving those in the 
town to make the best terms they could. The opinion for 
some time prevailed, but it was afterwards given up. 

7th. — The British fleet left Charleston, said to consist 
of 2 ships of the line, 2 fifties, 2 forty-gun ships, fi or 7 frig- 
ates, and between 80 and 90 transports ; near 2000 negroes 
were put on board the fleet. Lord Cornwallis, with about 
2000 men, marched from Charleston towards North Car- 
olina. A few days after the surrender of Charleston to 
the British troops, the grand arsenal, wherein was de- 
posited all the arms, &c. taken from the Americans, took 
fire and blew up, by which it was said a number of men 
were killed and wounded. The loss of Charleston roused 
the country, and seemed to give a check to that spirit of 



224 

aAarice and speculation which liad biit too nnich pre- 
vailed in all places, and a determination, by every exertion 
to drive the enemy from the country, appeared to be catch- 
ing from breast to breast. 

At Rhode Island, every preparation was making for the 
reception of the French fleet and army. The handsojne 
college at Providence was given up for a hospital. The 
American privateers had been very successful, and many 
valuable prizes were sent in. 

24th. — Monsieur Corney,' a French Commissary, ar- 
rived at Providence. About this time it was suspected 
that the enemy at New York had some intentions of an at- 
tempt on our posts in the Highlands; and some of their 
shipping were up the Hudson. 

On the morning of the 30th, Capt. Latoiich, in the 
Hcrmionc, sailed from Newport harbour. The same day, 
the British frigate Flora, which was sunk in Newport 
harbour nearly two years before, was weighed ; she had 
a quantity of provisions on board. 

•Tidy 1st. — News was received that the enemy were again 
in motion in the Jersies. 

2d. — News was received of the sailing of the French 
fleet, which left France on the 2d of ]May. Tt was said in 
France, that if the fleet fell to the northward, it would 
visit Halifax ; if to the southward, it would proceed to 
TJhode Island. 

A great uneasiness, at this time, prevailed in Ireland. 

4th. — The anniversary of American Independence was 
celebrated at Providence, by a discharge of 13 cannon from 
the park. Governor Oreene, Monsieur de Corny, and a 
number of other gentlemen, dined with our General. 

By the last !i<'counts the main aiiny was at TJamapo, in 
the Jersies. In the skirmish which happened some time 
before, near Springfield, the Americans had about 40 
killed and wounded. 



1 This was Louis D. E. de Corny. 



225 

11th. — At oue o'clock, A. M. our General received ad- 
vice hy express, that the fleet of our illustrious ally was 
seen oflp Newport, the evening before. Before sun-rise an 
express Avas sent forward to Gen. Washington with the 
agreeable tidings, and our (Jeneral immediately prepared 
to proceed to Newport, but the day being calm, the packet 
did not reach the tOAvn until 12 o'clock at night. Gen. 
Rochambeau had gone on shore in the evening. Early the 
next morning our General went on shore, and waited on 
the Count; from which moment the warmest friendship 
commenced between our General, the Count, and all the 
French officers. After breakfast, our General went on 
board the Due de Biirgognc^ man-of-war, to pay his re- 
spects to the Chevalier de Ternay, who commanded the 
squadron, where the same friendship was commenced. The 
fleet consisted of seA^en sail of the line, viz. the Due de 
Boinfiofiiic. of SO guns; Ic Nrj>tuin\ Ic ('onqticravt of 74; 
le Jason. Ic Seville. V Ardent, and le Prorenee of M; and 
theFantasqtie of (i4; armed cnfitte with 40 guns as a hospi- 
tal ship; tAvo frigates and two bombs, Avith a mnnber of 
transports, liaving on boai'd about ."000 troops, besides tlio 
marines, the soldiers and sailors, something sickly. The 
joy in the town of Newport AA-as great. At 11 o'clock, A. M 
the Admiral saluted the town Avith 13 cannon, AA-hich was 
returned by tlie discharge of the same number. In tlic 
evening the town was beautifully illuminated, and fire- 
Avorks exhibited, to tlie gi'eat pleasure and satisfaction of 
our allies. The fleet, on its passage to America, fell in Avith 
five Brilish ships of the line, Avho, after firing a few broad- 
sides, bore aAvay. 

12th. — Our General dined Avith the Count de Rocham- 
beau. " '^' 

13th. — The Chevalier de Ternay, and the principal offi- 
cers of the sqiiadron, came on shore. 

14th. — Count de Rochambeau, and the General Offi- 
cers of the French army, dined with our General. 

15t.h. — A number of the Field-Officers of the French regi- 

1 Due de Bourgogne. , 



226 

ments dined with our General in the most happy frater- 
nity. 

18tb. — Four sail of ships of war, two of them supposed 
to be of 40 or 50 gims, appeared in the oflftng; they were 
supposed to be British. The same day the Chevalier de 
Ternay, and the principal officers of the fleet, dined with 
our General. In the afternoon the remains of the officer 
who was some time before wounded on board the Hcrmione 
and died of those wounds, was interred with military hon- 
ours. 

The missing transport of the fleet, with troops on board, 
arrived safe in Boston harbour, and the troops marched to 
Rhode Island. 

19th. — Our General dined with the Count. 

20th. — The frigates of the squadron came to sail in the 
morning; but the wind being ahead, they were obliged to 
come to anchor. Intelligence was received that Admiral 
Graves, with five or six sail of the line, arrived at Sandy 
Hook on the 13th. 

On the 21st, in the afternoon, 15 or 16 sail of British 
ships of war appeared in the offing; more than one half of 
them were supposed to be ships of the line. At sunset, 
they appeared to be coming to under Block Island. The 
frigates, which attempted to get out in the morning, re- 
turned at evening. 

Apprehending that the British fleet might be cruising 
off, with a view to intercept the second division of the 
French fleet, which was expected soon to arrive, our Gen- 
eral sent off expresses to head-quarters, Boston and Hart- 
ford,advising of the British fleet being off Newport — that 
dispatch boats might be sent out to apprise the French, 
and point them to another port. Several works and bat- 
teries next to the harbour, Avere mantled with cannon. 

22d. — The British fleet were cruising off all the day, 
and rather nearer than they were the preceding day. 
Eighteen or nineteen sail wei*e counted, eight or nine of 
which appeared to be of the line. The French squadron 



227 

kept their former station in tlie harbour, and in the most 
perfect readiness for action. The army was in the same 
preparedness, and batteries so constructed as to afford a 
heavy cross-tire with the sliii:)ping, in the entrance of the 
harbour. All vessels and boats were forbid passing out of 
the harbour in the night. 

23. — The British were cruising off — early in the morn- 
ing one of their frigates was near in. Col. Greene's^ regi- 
ment of Continental troops took post at Butt's Hill, Bris- 
tol and Rowland's Ferries. Fifty French soldiers from 
the ;u"niy were sent on board each of the ships of the line. 
'By accounts from West Point, it appearetl that many re- 
cruits had joined and were joining the American army. 

24th. — The British fleet continued off Newport. In the 
afternoon, 12 sail were at anchor to the east of Block Is- 
land and four frigates cruising between that Island and 
Point Judith. In the evening, the Marquis de la Fayette 
came to town, from head-quarters. 

25th. — Intelligence was received, that Sir Henry Clinton 
intended an attempt upon the French aumy, with 10,000 
men ; upon which 1500 of the militia of Rhode Island, and 
Brigadier Godfrey's^ brigade of militia, of the county of 
Bristol, in Massachusetts, were called in to Tiverton ; and 
the three months' men, who were destined to the main 
army, such of them as belonged to the counties of Suffolk, 
Essex, Plymouth, Worcester, Barnstable and Bristol, were 
ordered to march to Rhode Island. 

2()th. — A confirmation of the intention of Sir Henry 
Clinton against Newport was received from the neighbour- 
hood of New York. In consequence of which the whole 
militia of the State of Rhode Island was called in. Col. 
Tyler's^, Col. Perry's^, and Maj. Bullard's^ militia regi- 

1 Christopher Greene, 1st Rhode Island. He was killed in West- 
chester County, N. Y., May 1!, 17S1. 

2 George Godfrey (1720-1793), Brigadier of Massachusetts militia. 

3 Col. Nathan Tyler. 

4 Col. Abner Perry. 

5 Probably Moses Bullard of Col. Ebenezer Thayer's regiment. 



228 

ments, in addition to Brigadier Godfrey's, from Massa- 
chusetts. Signals were fixed as far as Watcli Hill, and 
everytliing put in train for the giving instant notice, both 
by day and night, in case the enemy should approach to- 
wards the jv'ace. 

27th.- -The wind being fresh at south-west, and the air 
hazy, the privateer ship Washington, Capt. Munroe, ran 
by the British fleet, and passed up the harbour. The stock 
on Couanicut Island was ordered to be taken off. How- 
land's Ferry was to be well secured on both sides. 

30th. — Intelligence was received, that the enemy's ship- 
ping, which were in the Sound, and supposed to have taken 
in troops at Whitestone, had come to sail, and stood to the 
westward; on which, the militia who were coming in, ex- 
cept the three months' men, were permitted to return 
home. The militia had discovered great zeal and alertness 
on the occasion. About noon, the British ships that had 
been at anchor off Block Island, came to sail and stood out 
to sea. 

The same day a brig, with dispatches from France, 
passed up the harbour ; she ran on one of the wrecks, and 
sunk immediately. 

31st. — Our General received letters from Gen. Wash- 
ington, Gen. Howe, Gen. Parsons, and Gov. Trumbull, in- 
timating that the enemy intended an attack on Newport; 
that about 150 sail of vessels were in the Sound ; that about 
8000 troops were to be employed on the expedition ; and 
that Gen. Sir Henry Clinton was to command in person ; 
that 2(> heavy cannon, some mortars, &c. were put on board. 
In consequence of this intelligence, the militia were again 
called in. The next day (August 1st.) our General re- 
ceived the following letter from Gen. Washington. 

Robinson's House, July 31, 1780. 
"Dear Sir, 
I arrived here last night; having met your favours 
of the 25th and 26th at Paramus, where the army then lay. 
Immediately upon hearing that the transports, with the 



229 

troops, which had been some days on board, had sailed 
eastward, I put the army in motion again ; they will cross 
the ferry to-day, and will be joined by the troops from 
hence. I propose moving as rapidly as possible down to- 
wards Kiugsbridge, which will either oblige the enemy to 
abandon their project against Iihode Island, or may afford 
us an opportunity of striking them to advantage in this 
quarter, if !^ir Henry Clinton has carried with him the 
nund^er of men reported (eight thousand) and with less 
than which, I think, he would scarcely risk an attempt 
upon Count Rochambeau, reinforced by the militia. 

I entirely approve of the measures you have taken for 
calling in aid, and have the strongest hopes that if Sir 
Henry should venture upon an attack, that he will meet a 
reception very different from what he expects. You know 
the critical situation in which this army will be in a posi- 
tion below, and how much depends upon constant intelli- 
gence of the motions of the enemy. I shall direct relays of 
expresses the whole way, between this army and you, to 
convey intelligence in the most expeditious manner. The 
nearest express to you will be upon Tower Hill; and Gen. 
Greene advises that you should keep two whale-boats, to 
communicate with him, by South Ferry, so long as that 
passage shall be safe; and if that should be interrupted, 

bv Bissell's Harbour. ,^. ,, /-. ^ tt7.„„ ^,^ ^», 

(Signed) Geo. Washington. 

" P. S. — I wish the Count de Rochambeau had taken a 

position on the main. G. W." 

The militia came in with great spirit ; they were formed 
into brigades, and every disposition made for instant 
and vigorous defence, at every point where it was supposed 
an attempt might be made. The batteries were strength- 
ened, a very strong one erected on Rhode Island, and re- 
doubts on Coaster's Island : the strong works on Butt's 
Hill pushed : avenues across the fields, by the shortest 
routes, were opened, from the encampment of the French 
army to those points where their instant presence was 



230 

judged necessary; and such marks fixed, at small dis- 
tances from each other as to prevent any mistake in the 
route, either by day or night; indeed, no one precaution 
was omitted, or probable advantage of ground or situation 
neglected. Had Sir Henry made the attempt which he 
menaced, he would undoubtedly have met a warm recep- 
tion ; but for some reason or other he gave up his design, 
and the militia were again sent home. Perhaps on no oc- 
casion did the militia discover more ardour, in pressing to 
the field, or more regularity when there, than at that time, 
which was everywhere testified by the inhabitants. 

Our General had expressed a wish to the Commander in 
Chief to join the main army, that he might enjoy that com- 
mand, to which he was at that time entitled, viz. the right 
wing; to which Gen. Washington, in a letter dated August 
3d, replied: 

" As to your coming on to the army immediately, I shall 
leave it entirely to yourself to act in the affair as you 
please. Your command is, and will always be ready for 
you; however, if you find your presence where you are 
necessary, and that it will contribute to the accommoda- 
tion of our allies, and to the cultivation of harmony, (mat- 
ters about which I am very anxious) it may possibly be 
more eligible for you to remain longer, as we shall not 
probably have any instant active operations. But, as I 
have already said, do in the matter as you like, and as cir- 
cumstances may decide." 

And in a subsequent letter some days after, he observed, 
" As to your wishes to join the army, as I observed before, 
your aid may be very material to the Count ; and as we have 
no prospect of immediate active operations, I would rather 
wish you to remain with him longer. I thought it essen- 
tial in the first instance that there should be an officer of 
rank sent to him; and a variety of reasons concurred to 
induce me to believe that you would answer the important 
objects I had in view, as well at least as any I could choose. 
I have not been disappointed in the least in my expecta- 



231 

tion, and the Count himself judges your continuing very- 
essential, and expressed himself in the following manner 
upon the subject several days ago: ' / shall keep with me 
if )/oi( think proper. Gen. Heath, irhose ardour, spirit and 
activity arc ahsohitely necessary to me.' For these sev- 
eral considerations, I wish you to reconcile yourself to re- 
maining with him awhile, which will be more easy when 
you consider that you will be fully advertised whenever we 
are in a situation to attempt any thing offensive on a great 
scale, and will have your command." 

The British ship-of-war, Galatea, appeared off Dart- 
mouth. The British fleet went to Gardiner's Bay, except- 
ing the frigates, which cruised off. The troops continued 
fortifying the island. 

15th. — About this time the British fleet sailed 'rom Gar- 
diner's Bay to the eastward. About this time, Maj. Gen. 
Greene resigned the Quarter-Master Generalship, and Col. 
Pickering was ajjpointed to that office. 

19th. — In the afternoon the British again appeared 
off the harbour of Newport. A few days before, the Con- 
tinental frigate Alliance arrived at Boston, in five weeks 
and four days from France, and brought news that there 
had been a great mob in England, headed by Lord George 
Gordon, and that the prisons, &c. had been pulled down. 

23d. — The privateer ship Washingtori, Capt. Talbot,' of 
20 guns, came down the river, saluted the Commodore, and 
came to anchor. 

24th. — The French army, joined by the Americans, fired 
salutes on account of its being St. Louis' day. The fleet 
fired on the next day. 

The enemy were preparing for an embarkation of troops 
at New York; their destination unknown. 

The evening of the 20th, three or four of the enemy's 
cruisers were off the harbour. 

26th. — The British fleet, to the number of more than 20 
sail, were in the Vineyard Sound. 



1 Silas Talbot, afterwards Commodore. 



232 

29th. — A number of Indians from the northwestern 
tribes came to Newport to pay their respects to the Gen- 
eral of the army of their father the King of France. They 
had a hearty welcome, a treat, and presents, and were 
much pleased. They were also invited by our General to 
a sumptuous treat. After dinner they performed their 
war dance before the officers of the armies, to the great 
satisfaction of those of the Frencli, who had not seen the 
like before. The next day the French troops were under 
arms, manoeuvred, and fired, in presence of the Indians, 
who were much pleased. 

31st. — Information was received that Admiral Arbuth- 
not was near the Vineyard Avith nine sail of the line, eight 
other ships of war of different force, and two tenders; that 
he had made a demand of 11,000 lb. of beef and mutton, to 
be delivered every other day, at five pence per lb. The in- 
habitants remonstrating against furnishing so large a 
quantity, the Admiral assured them that in case they vol- 
untarily delivered as much as their ability would allow, he 
would dispense with what might be wanting. 

The enemy continued their preparations for some grand 
enterprise, which could not be developed. 

September 10th. — The British fleet were returned again 
to Gardiner's Bay, and their old station between Long Is- 
land and Block Island. 

11th. — Intelligence was received that on the 16th ult. 
Major-General Gates was totally defeated by the British, 
at or near Camden, in South Carolina. The Maryland 
line suffered greatly, and Maj. Gen. Baron de Kalb was 
wounded, of which wounds he died. 

14th. — Intelligence was received that Brig. Gen. Poor, 
of New Hampshire, died at camp on the 8th, of a putrid 
fever; and that Brig. Gen. Nixon liad resigned his com- 
mission. Gen. Sir Henry Clinton was holding a body of 
troops, said to be about 6000, in readiness to embark at 
New York, said to be destined to the southward. The 17th, 
in the morning, the Continental regiment commanded by 



233 

Colonel Greene, crossed over from the island to Greenwich, 
from whence they were to march to the main army. 

21st. — Intelligence was received that Admiral Rodney 
arrived at Sandy Hook on the 13th, with ten sail of the 
line, and two frigates — that on the 15th, Commodore 
Drake, with four sail of the line, was detached from the 
Hook to join Admiral Arbuthnot near Gardiner's Island, 
and that these four ships joined on the 18th. This junc- 
tion was intended to intercept 12 sail of the French men-of- 
war, which were to be expected to be coming from the 
West Indies to Rhode Island— that the 76th and 80th 
British regiments, one Hessian regiment, the Queen's 
Rangers, Fanning's corps, a part of the horse, and all the 
British grenadiers and light infantry, were ordered to em- 
bark immediately at New York — it was conjectured for 
Virginia. The disposition of the British troops at that 
time was said to be as follows: the 22d, 76th British, 3 
Hessian regiments, Robinson's corps, and some artillery in 
the city — Highland emigrants, at Brooklyn— a few in- 
valids at Newtown — one regiment of Hessians at Jamaica 
— the 37th, 3Sth and 43d British, one Hessian regiment, 
one Jiiger, one grenadier, and cme light infantry from Ja- 
maica to Flushing — about three regiments at Whitestone 
— Queen's Rangers, Oyster Bay — Fanning's regiment, the 
3d regiment of Delancey's, and the Jersey volunteers, 
Lloyd's Neck— Col. Abercrombie, with about 600 infantry, 
at Huntington — the 17th dragoons at Smithtown — about 
1500 men from Haarlem to Kingsbridge. At this time, the 
Count de Rochambeau and Admiral de Ternay had an in- 
terview with Gen. Washington at Hartford. 

22d. — Col. Greene's regiment was ordered to return 
from Greenwich to the island. The French army continued 
very busy in fortifying Rhode Island : some of their works 
were exceedingly strong, and mounted with heavy metal. 

24th. — In the evening. Gen. Rochambeau and the Ad- 
miral returned to Rhode Island. 

30th. — A French frigate arrived at Newport from the 



234 

West Indies, but brought no news of consequence. The 
Count de Guichen, instead of coming this way with the 
fleet from the West Indies, was going or gone for Europe. 
While Washington was in interview with General 
Rochambeau at Hartford, Maj. Gen. Arnold, who had the 
immediate command of West-Point, was playing a most 
traitorous game with the British, for the delivery of that 
important post into their hands — which was communi- 
cated to our General by the Commander in Chief, in the 
following letter : 

KoBiNSON^s House, Sept. 26, 1780. 
" Dear Sir, 

In the present situation of things, I think it necessary 
that you should join the army; and request that you will 
do it. You will come to head-quarters yourself. The route 
through Litchfield will be the most eligible for you, on ac- 
count of security; and you may direct your baggage to 
halt at Fish-Kill, for your further orders. I write to the 
Count de Rochambeau by this conveyance; and I trust 
tliat your coming away now, will not be attended with any 
material inconvenience to him. 

I cannot conclude without informing you of an event 
which has happened here, which will strike you with as- 
tonishment and indignation : — Maj. Gen. Arnold has gone 
to the enemy. He had had an interview with Major Andre, 
Adjutant-General of the British army, and had put into 
his possession a state of the army of the garrison of this 
post, of the number of men considered as necessary for the 
defence of it ; a return of the ordnance, and the disposition 
of the artillery corps, in case of an alarm. By a most 
providential intei-position, Major Andi'e was taken in re- 
turning to New York, with all these papers in Gen. Ar- 
nold's hand-writing ; who, hearing of the matter, kept it to 
himself, left his quarters immediately, under pretext of 
going over to West Point, on Monday forenoon, about an 
hour before my arrival ; then pushed down the river in 



235 

the barge, which was not discovered till I had returned 
from West Point in the afternoon, and when I receiveid 
the first information of Mr. Andre's capture. Measures 
were instantly taken to apprehend him ; but, before the 
officers sent for the purpose could reach Verplank's Point 
he had passed it with a flag, and got on board the Vulture 
ship of war, which lay a few miles below. He knew of my 
approach, and that I was visiting, with the Marquis, the 
north and middle redoubts; and from this circumstance 
was so straightened in point of time, that I believe he 
carried with him but very few, if any, material papers ; 
though he has very precise knowledge of the affairs of the 
post. The gentlemen of Gen. Arnold's family, I have the 
greatest reason to believe, were not privy in the least 
degree to the measure he was carrying on, or to his escape. 

(Signed) G. Washington." 

Gen. Arnold's panic was so great when he found that the 
plot was discovered, that he called out for a horse, any 
horse that first came to hand, if it were a wagon-horse; 
upon the horse's being brought, the General mounted, 
and, instead of passing to the landing by the usual path, 
he rode down a steep bank, where it seemed impossible 
for a horse with a rider to get down, without being un- 
horsed. 

When Arnold had passed Verplank's Point, and had 
got under the guns of the Vulture, he told Corporal Lar- 
vey, who was coxswain of the barge, that he was going 
on board the ship, and that he should not return ; that if 
he (Larvey) would stay with him, he should have a com- 
mission in the British service. To this, Larvey, who was 

a smart fellow, replied, that he would be d d if he 

fought on both sides; the General replied, that he would 
send him on shore. Arnold then told the barge crew, that 
if any or all of them would stay with him, they should be 
treated well; but if they declined staying, they should be 
sent on shore. One or two staid, the rest, with the cox- 



\ 



236 

swain, were sent on shore in the ship's boat; the barge 
was kept. Larvej, for his fidelity, was made a Sergeant. 
He thought he had merited more; that he ought to have 
had as much as Arnold promised him. He continued im- 
easy, until at his repeated request he was allowed to leave 
the army. 

Maj. Andr^, on his return towards New York, fell in 
with three young men below the lines, John Paulding, 
David Williams, and Isaac Van Wert; they did not at 
first know that Andr^ was a British officer, and he was at 
a loss whether they were British, refugees, or staunch 
Americans. There was consequently a little finesse ex- 
hibited on both sides ; but at length it was fully discovered 
who Andr^ was. He then attempted to bribe the young 
men, by offering them a large sum of money; but their 
fidelity was too great to be purchased. They brought him 
up, and delivered him to the Americans, where he was 
tried, sentenced, and hanged as a spy. The British Gen- 
eral on the river endeavoured to save his life, first by 
threats, and then by persuasions; but all was in vain. 
Maj. Andre's behaviour, until the time of his execution, 
was becoming an ofiicer and a gentleman; and such, in 
his last moments, as drew tears from many eyes. But it 
must be remembered that he who consents to become a 
spy, when he sets out, has by allusion a halter put round 
his neck, and that by the usage of armies, if he be taken, 
the other end of the halter is speedily made fast to a gal- 
lows. 

Congress, pleased with the conduct of John Paulding, 
David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart, passed a resolu- 
tion on the 4th of October, directing that 200 dollars, in 
specie, should be annually paid them during life; and that 
a silver medal, descriptive of their fidelity, with the 
thanks of Congress, should be presented to each of them. 

The situation of the British army and other circum- 
stancs at the moment Andr^ was detected, were such as 
render it highly probable that if he had not been taken, 



237 



the most serious tonsequences to the American cause 
would very soon have taken place. 

October 1st. — The next day after our General received 
the letter from Gen. Washington, he took a most affec- 
tionate leave of the French officers, and left Newport, to 
prepare to go on to the army. II is wagon-horses were 
out in the country at a distance; these were to be 
brought in, shod, &c. and other preparations to be made, 
which prevented his leaving Providence until the after- 
noon of the 9th, when he was attended out of town by a 
number of officers and other gentlemen. Before he left 
Providence, he bid Count Rochambeau another farewell, 
by letter, to which an answer was forwarded on after 
him, as follows: 

Newport, Oct. 12, 1780 
" My Dear General, 
I have received the letter that you have honoured me 
with from Providence. I am extremely sensible of the 
marks of friendship that you give me, and likewise very 
grateful for all that your good heart has dictated to you 
upon the occasion of our present separation. I regret 
vastly your absence, my dear General, as well as all the 
army; and I shall never forget the zeal, the activity, and 
the intelligence with which you helped us in all our 
operations; and' the French army will always be most 
grateful for it. I have the honour to be, with the most in- 
violable attachment, my dear General, your most obed- 
ient and humble servant, 

(Signed) Le Count de Rochambeau." 

16th. — Our General reached West Point, where he met 
the following letter from Gen. Washington : 

Head-Quarters^ near Passaic Falls, Oct. 14, 1780. 
" Dear Sir, 
In my letter of the 26th ult. by which I requested you 



238 

to join the army, I desired that you would come yourself 
to head-quarters: I am uow to request that you will pro- 
ceed to West Point, and take upon you the command of 
that post and its dependencies. Maj. Gen. Greene, who is 
at present there, will either communicate to you himself, 
or leave with Gen. IM'Dougal to be transferred, the in- 
structions he received respecting the post; to which you 
will be pleased to attend. If this should not find you at 
West Point, it is my wish that you should arrive there as 
soon as circumstances will possibly admit; and I hope 
there will be nothing to delay it. 

(Signed) G. Washington." 

Our General had scarcely entered on the command, be- 
fore he received intelligence that the enemy were making 
an incursion upon the northern frontier of New York; 
upon which he immediately, without consulting the Com- 
mander in Chief, ordered Col. Gansevoort's regiment to 
their relief, and communicated what he had done to head- 
quai'ters; to which he received the following answer: 

Headquarters, Preakness, 16th Oct., 1780. 
" Dear Sir, 
I am favoured with yours of yesterday, accompanied 
by a letter from his Excellency Governor Clinton, who 
gives me an account of the incursion upon the frontiers. 
I am happy that you detached Gansevoort's regiment 
immediately; you will be pleased to order either Weisen- 
feld's or Willet's, as you may judge proper, to follow, and 
take orders from the Governor or the commanding officer. 
This is all the force I think we ought to detach from the 
posts, until the views of the enemy are more fully ascer- 
tained. They put off the long-expected embarkation 
strangely. They had not sailed the 13th, and it was then 
said the expedition was delayed for some purpose. The 
number under orders, by estimate, are about 2000, or 
something upwards. If the militia should not have been 



239 

discharged, when this reaches you, you will be pleased to 
detain about 500, to make up for the detachment you have 
sent up the river. I have received yours of the 13th, as I 
have done that inclosing the estimates, for which I am 
much obliged. You will be pleased to carry into execu- 
tion what you proposed, respecting the posts at Stony 
and Verplank's Point. 

(Signed) G. Washington." 

This was followed by another, dated the 18th, in which 
the Commander in Chief observed, " I am glad to find, by 
your letter of the 17th, that you were arrived at West 
Point, and had taken the command of that important 
post." This was occasioned by our General's having been 
on the east side of the river a day or two, until the quar- 
ters on the point were quitted by Maj. Gen. Greene, who 
was ordered to the southward. 

On the 17th, intelligence ^^•as received, that the enemy 
had advanced to Fort George and Fort Ann, both of which 
had fallen into their hands; that after destroying the 
works, and burning al)out thirty houses, and as many 
barns, they had gone back; but it was apprehended that 
they would advance again. 

19th. — Maj. Gen. Greene left West Point. The same 
day intelligence was received, that on the ICth the long 
talked-of embarkation of troops sailed from New York, 
supposed to be destined to the southward. The Ameri- 
can troops at this time drove up the fat cattle which were 
near the lines, in consequence of a warrant from Gov. 
Clinton. 

21st. — Intelligence was received that the enemy were 
meditating an excursion as far up as Crompoud and its 
vicinity, to sweep off all the cattle. Our General immed- 
iately ordered Col. Hazen, with a detachment of 500 men, 
to move to Pine's Bridge, and Lieut. Col. Jameson', with 



1 Lieut.-Col. John Jameson of Virginia — the same whose unfortunate 
blunder allowed Arnold to escape. 



240 

the 2d light dragoons, to move from Bedford towards Col. 
Hazen. The detachment arrived at Pine's Bridge about 
10 o'clock the same evening, and Col. Jameson with the 
dragoons at about 2 o'clock the next morning. The even- 
ing of the 23d, Col. Hazen returned with the detachment; 
the enemy did not come out. 

About this time the enemy received a small reinforce- 
ment at New York, from England, said to be 1500 or 2000. 
Two or three very valuable prizes, laden with rum, sugar, 
&c. were sent to Philadelphia, and news was received that 
upwards of 50 sail of British East and West Indiamen, 
outward bound, were taken by the combined fleets of 
France and Spain, near Cape Finisterre. 

24th.— Intelligence was received that the enemy had laid 
waste a great part of the fertile country above Saratoga, 
and to the westward of Schenectady. The same night, 20 
prisoners made their escape from the provost at Fish-Kill, 
by digging upwards of 20 feet under ground ; parties were 
sent out after them in different directions, and some of 
them were retaken. 

26th. — News was received that the militia, under Gen. 
Van Rensselaer, obtained a considerable advantage over 
the enemy at the northward, on the 19th inst, at the Fox 
Mills. The action lasted for .some hours; the enemy left 
their baggage, prisoners, &c. Col. Brown^ was killed 
in skirmishing with the enemy on the morning of the same 
day. 

28th. — Official intelligence was received of a signal ad- 
vantage gained by the Americans in North Carolina over 
a corps of fourteen hundred men, British troops, and new 
levies, commanded by Col. Ferguson. The militia of the 
neighboring country under Colonels Williams and Shelby 
and others having assembled to the number of 3000, de- 
tached 1600 men on horseback, to fall in with Ferguson's 
party on its march to Charlotte — they came up with them 



] IJeut.-Col. John Brown of Massachusetts. The flght was at Stone 
Arabia, N. Y. 



'241 

at a place called King's Mountain, advantageously posted 
and gave them a total defeat, in which Col. Ferguson, 
with 150 of his men were killed, 800 made prisoners, and 
1500 stands of arms taken, with but inconsiderable loss, 
except, and greatly to be regretted, the brave Col. Wil- 
liams, who was supposed to be mortally wounded. A sec- 
ond account stated the enemy's whole loss in killed, 
wounded and prisoners, at 1105; and that of the Ameri- 
cans in killed and wounded, 04. 

29th. — Brig. Gen. James Clinton was ordered to Albany 
to take the command in that quarter. 

30th. — Capt. Johnson, with a detachment consisting of 
100 men, marched to do duty on the lines for the protec- 
tion of the inhabitants against the enemy, and the cow- 
boys, (so called) a set of plundering thieves. 

31st. — A ridiculous proclamation of the traitor Arnold 
made its appearance; he styled himself a Brigadier-Gen- 
eral, and invited the officers and soldiers of the American 
army to join him, promising ample encouragement, &c. 
but it had no effect. 

November 1st. — A severe storm of snow and rain. The 
brave soldiers who were but illy clad, and destitute of 
blankets, were in a shivering condition. 

The devastation committed by the enemy at the north- 
ward, was found to be very great; at least 200 dwellings 
and 150,000 bushels of wheat, with a proportion of other 
grain and forage, were supposed to have been destroyed; 
had not the pursuit after the enemy been very rapid, the 
devastations would have been much greater. 

The American army were at this time experiencing a 
great want of flour, which they bore with their usual pa- 
tience. 

4th. — Intelligence was received, that Maj. Carleton, 
after being reinforced with 500 men, was returning to- 
wards Skeensborough^ ; it was supposed that his force had 



1 Skenesborough, now Whitehall. 



24-2 

increased to about 1600, and further depredations on the 
frontiers were expected. The militia of the upper counties 
were again ordered out by Gov. Clinton. 

The same day, the new arrangement of the army was 
published. The encouragement to both officers and sol- 
diers was generous. 

5th. — The troops were again without bread. Intelli- 
gence was received that the enemy had landed a body of 
troops at I'ortsmouth, in Virginia, and that another em- 
barkation was talked of at New York. 

6th. — News was received from Boston, that his Excel- 
lency John Hancock had been chosen Governor of the 
State of Massachusetts — the first Governor under the 
new constitution. The same day intelligence was received 
from tbe northward, that the enemy had crossed Lake 
George the Thursday before, and advanced to Fort Ed- 
ward, the small garrison of which abandoned the fort on 
the approach of the enemy, whose numbers were said to 
be about 800. The militia were out, and the 1st and 5th 
New York regiments were ordered to embark and sail for 
Albany immediately. They sailed early on the morning 
of the 9th. On the same day intelligence was received that 
the enemy had lately made an excursion to the upper parts 
of Connecticut river, and destroyed a number of houses 
at Royalton. The militia turned out with spirit, repulsed 
and pursued them ; the enemy made off with precipitation, 
leaving their plunder, &c. behind them. Upwards of 2000 
militia were assembled in that quarter. 

The 2d regiment of dragoons moved from Bedford to 
North Castle. 

The euemy published several letters in the New York 
papers, which were taken from the Fish-Kill post-rider 
not long befoi-e at Stratford; in particular, one from the 
general officers belonging to the New England States to 
their several Legislatures. 

A partial but not general exchange of prisoners took 
place about this time. Maj. Gen. Lincoln was exchanged 



248 

for Maj. Gen. Phillips; General Thompson, and a number 
of American officers, who bad long been prisoners, were 
also exchanged. 

14th. — The great chain, which was laid across the Hud- 
son at West Point, was taken up for the winter; it was 
done under the direction of Tolonel Govion^ Capt. Buch- 
anan^, and Capt. Nevers, with a strong detachment of the 
garrison, and with skill and dexterity. This chain was as 
long as the width of the river between West Point and 
Constitution Island, where it was fixed to great blocks on 
each side, and under the fire of batteries on both sides of 
the river. The links of this chain were probably 12 inches 
wide, and 18 inches long; the iron about 2 inches square. 
This heavy chain was buoyed up by very large logs of per- 
haps 16 or more feet long, a little pointed at the ends, to 
lessen their opposition to the force of the water on flood 
and ebb. The logs were placed at short distances from 
each other, the chain carried over them, and made fast to 
each by staples, to prevent their shifting; and there were 
a number of anchors dropped at distances, with cables 
made fast to the chain, to give it a greater stability. The 
short bend of the river at this place was much in favour 
of the chain's proving effectual ; for a vessel, coming up 
the river with the fairest wind and strongest way, must 
lose them on changing her course to turn the point; and 
before she could get under any considerable way again, 
even if the wind was fair, she would be on the chain, and 
at the same time under a heavy shower of shot and shells. 

15th. — The 1st and 5th New York regiments returned 
from Albany, the enemy having returned to Canada, ex- 
cept about 400 men, chiefly British, who were encamped 
about 10 miles below Crown Point. Provisions were ex- 
tremely scarce at Albany. 

The night of the 16th, a number of the boats were stove 
by the violence of the wind and storm. 



1 Jean Baptlste Gouvion, Rochambeau's chief of artillery. 

2 Capt. Thomas Buchanan 1st Pennsylvania. (Died Oct. 13, 1803). 



244 

On the morning of the 18th, five large flat-bottomed 
boats, under the charge of a Subaltern and 25 picked 
watermen, were sent down the river to the slote above 
Dobbs' Ferry, where they were to be placed on carriages, 
and transported to a certain place, for an enterprise 
which was meditating against the enemy. 

19th. — Five companies, of 50 men each, marched from 
West Point, for the purpose of impressing teams in the 
upper part of Westchester, and lower parts of Dutchess 
Counties, preparatory to the grand forage. 

Tlie same day, the invalids of the Massachusetts and 
Connecticut lines, and a detachment of able-bodied men, 
the whole about 1000, arrived at West Point from the 
main army. 

20th. — Three light field-pieces, with four ammunition 
tumbrels with ammunition for the artillery, and musket- 
cartridges, and also a quantity of hard bread, rum, &c. 
was sent down to Peek's-Kill, for the use of the grand 
foragers. 

21st.— The troops destined for the grand forage paraded 
between Nelson's Point and the church. Just before they 
marched. Chevalier Chastellux, Major General in the 
French army, at Newport, and some other French officers, 
arrived; the detachment defiled before them, and pro- 
ceeded for the lines. The French officers were much 
pleased with the appearance of the troops. 

Gen. Chastellux then acompanied our General over to 
the Point, and on landing was saluted by the discharge 
of 13 cannon; after dinner, he took a view of Forts Clin- 
ton, Putnam, Wyllys, &c. At evening. Count Noailles, 
Count Damas, and Maj. Duplessis, arrived at the Point. 
The next morning, about 9 o'clock. Gen. Chastellux and 
the other French officers, amidst a severe cold storm of 
rain, embarked on board the barge, and went down the 
river to King's Ferry, on their way to head-quarters; on 
leaving West Point, they were again saluted by 13 cannon. 

The evening of the 22d, Brig. Gen. Stark arrived at 



245 



Wright's Mills, and tiie wagons were collected at North 
Tastle. This grand forage was to mask an enterprise 
which was to have been attempted by rjen. Washington, 
from the main army ; although the foraging was in itself 
an important object. The enterprise, for some reasons, 
was not attempted, bnt the grand forage was very success- 
fnl. Some of the light troops went as low down as East- 
Chester; and on the 27th, Gen. Stark returned with a 
large quantity of corn, some hay, cattle, &c. 

The next day, the main army separated to move into 
winter quarters, and the light infantry corps was broken 
up for the winter, and the men ordered to join their re- 
spective regiments. The corps of light infantry was per- 
haps as fine a body of men as was ever formed. Major- 
General the Marquis de la Fayette had, with infinite 
pains and great expense, endeavoured to render them re- 
spectable in their appearance as well as discipline, in 
which he was nobly seconded by the officers : it was a pity 
that the operations of the campaign did not afford an op- 
portunity for the Marquis to signalize himself with this 
corps. 

30th. — The New Jersey brigade left West Point, pro- 
ceeding down on the west side of the Hudson, on their way 
to Pompton, where they took winter-quarters. In the 
afternoon, the four Massachusetts brigades arrived at 
West Point, and the two Connecticut brigades on the east 
side of the river, where the whole took winter-quarters. 

A few days before, viz. on the 23d, Maj. Tallmadge, with 
a detachment from the 2d regiment of dragoons, con- 
ducted with great address an enterprise against the 
enemy's fort, St. George, on Long Island. Fort St. 
George was stockaded, and encompassed a large spot of 
ground, a square redoubt, with a ditch and abatis. The 
enterprise succeeded completely. One half-pay Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel, 1 half-pay Captain, 1 Subaltern, and 50 rank 
and file, were made prisoners. The fort was destroyed and 
burnt. Two armed vessels burnt, and a large magazine of 
hay, said to be about 300 tons, was destroyed. 



246 

December 1st. — One of the largest scows at King's 
Perrj, in crossing, with several baggage wagons on board, 
sunk. 

The same day, our General began to discharge the six 
months' men, beginning with those who were the worst 
clothed and unfit for duty. 

4th. — The three New York regiments sailed for Albany, 
where they were to take winter-quarters. 

5th. — Marquis la Val,^ Count de Custine, and Col. 
Fleury, of the French army at Newport, arrived at West 
Point on a visit. 

6th. — At evening his Excellency Gen. Washington, ar- 
rived at New Windsor, where he took winter-quarters. 
The same evening, accounts were received that there had 
been a terrible hurricane in the West Indies. 

On the evening of the 9th, Gen. Varnum and Col. Pick- 
ering arrived at West Point; at this time the troops were 
without bread, and very uneasy. The next day, 300 bar- 
rels of floiir arrived. A little before noon, Gen. Washing- 
ton visited West Point. 

12th. — Intelligence was received from New York that 
another embarkation was to take place, and that Gen. 
Phillips and Gen. Arnold were to command. Major Tall- 
madge received the thanks of Congress for his good con- 
duct in taking Fort St. George. 

17th. — An express from Major MaxwelP on the lines, 
brought up intelligence that the enemy at Morrisania, 
under Col. Delancey, were preparing for an enterprise. 
The Major was cautioned to be on his guard. 

18th. — News was received that Monsieur de Sartines, 
the primate of France had been removed — Mr. D'Cas- 
tries appointed. 

19th. — News was received that the Hon. Henry Laurens 
who was sent on a mission to Holland, had been taken by 



1 Marquis Laval de Montmorency. 

2 Hugh Maxwell, 15th Massachusetts (d led Oct. 14, 1799). 



247 

the British, carried into England, and closely confined. 
The British government talked of sending to America 
a large reinforcement for the next campaign. 

20th. — Further intelligence having been received that 
Col. Delancey intended to visit our troops on the lines, 
in order to give him a proper reception, 150 men were or- 
dered from the New Hampshire line to march to Crom 
Pond. 

21st. — Intelligence was received that on the preceding 
Friday, the transports which had taken the troops on 
board at New York, fell down to the watering place. They 
were to be convoyed by one 50 gun ship and two frigates. 

On the night of the 9th, Major Hugerford*, of De- 
lancey's corps, sur^jrised and took prisoners Lieut. Col. 
Wells", of a Connecticut State regiment, who was sta- 
tioned near Horseneck, with one Captain, two Lieuten- 
ants, two Ensigns, and upwards of twenty privates. 

23d. — Intelligence was received that Monsieur the 
Chevalier de Ternay,^, Admiral of the French squadron at 
Newport, had died there. 

The troops on the lines were reinforced with 50 men, 
and Lieut. Col. Hull^ was appointed to the command on 
the lines. 

27th. — The Free and Accepted Masons of Washington 
Lodge celebrated the feast of St. John, at Starkean Hall, 
West Point. 

30th. — Gen. Washington visited the Point, and, with 
a number of other officers, diced with our General. 

On the 25th inst. Major Humphreys, Aid-de-camp to the 
Commander in Chief, went towards New York on an en- 



1 Major Huggeford (as the name is generally spelled) owned a farm 
in Yorktown, Westchester County. It had been confiscated, and was 
afterwards given to one of Andre's captors. 

2 Levi Wells. 

3 Charles Louis d'Arsac, Chevalier de Ternay, died July 10, 1780, Bull's 
Mcinoirs of A'czi'port says he was killed in a duel with a naval officer. 

He is buried in Trinity churchyard, Newport, 

4 William Hull, 3d Mass,, afterwards Major Gen, Hull, of 1812, 



'248 [1780 

terprise; he was attended by Capt. Welles^, of the Con- 
necticut line, Lieut. Hart,- Ensign M'Calpin, Mr. Buch- 
anan, Mr. M'Guyer, and twenty-four non-commissioned 
officers and privates, in one barge and two whale-boats. 
The wind was very fresh at north-west in the night, and 
the boats were forced past the city, and one of them al- 
most down to Sandy Hook— one of the boats put in at 
Staten Island: at length the three went round to Bruns- 
wick, from whence the Major and all the others returned 
to the army on the 1st of January. 

31st. — On the evening of the 29th, a party of the enemy 
from Delancey's corps, consisting of about 100 infantry 
and 50 horse, came up to North Castle, where, after a 
short halt, they proceeded towards Bedford New Pur- 
chase. Capt. Pritchard^, who was posted at Bedford with 
a company of Continental troops, and some militia, im- 
mediately advanced towards them, attacked their van, 
who retreated, as did their main body. Capt. Pritchard 
pursued them as far as Young's. It was said that one of 
the enemy was killed and several wounded, who were car- 
ried off in a wagon. Four oxen and between 30 and 40 
sheep were retaken — eight or ten head of cattle were 
driven off ; the Captain sustained no injury. 

This day the enemy were out again; Col. Hull immedi- 
ately marched down with his whole force to meet them; 
by his vigilance they were prevented from doing any mis- 
chief, and on his advance, retired towards the saw-pits.* 

1781. — January 1st. — The Pennsylvania line mutinied 
almost to a man, seized the artillery, broke open the ma- 
gazines of ammunition and provisions, took out what they 
judged necessary, and took up their line of march. The 
officers exerted themselves, both by threats and persuas- 
ion, to reduce them to order; but all was in vain. They 



1 Probably Captain Roger Welles of Webb's (9th Conn.) 

2 Lieut. (Capt.) John Hart of Webb's. The others cannot be iden- 
tified. 

3 Capt Thomas Pritchard, 5th Mass. 

4 Saw Pits is now Port Chester, N. Y. 



1781] 249 

were told that the enemy might take the advantage of 
their conduct, and come out — they answered, that if the 
enemy came out they would immediately put themselves 
under the command of their officers, and fight them; but 
that in any other case they would not be commanded. 
They took Gen. Wayne's horses out of his stable, and put 
them to draw the field-pieces. At night they encamped, 
posting out pickets, guards, and planting centinels in a 
very regular manner. An alarm was given to the country 
by firing the beacons, &c. and the militia were assembling. 
The reasons given for the revolt were the intolerable suf- 
ferings of the army — the want of pay, of which 11 months 
was due — the want of clothing, many of the troops being 
almost naked — the want of provisions, and that many of 
them were held beyond the term of their enlistment. They 
directed their march towards Philadelphia, determined to 
demand redress of their grievances of Congress. 

7th. — Maj. Gen. Knox was sent off by the Commander 
in Chief to the eastern States, to represent the alarming 
situation and sufferings of the army. 

8th. — Major Throop, with 100 men, was sent towards 
Pompton, in the Jersies, to cover the pubUc stores at 
Kingwood. In the afternoon, 1G9 barrels of flour arrived 
at the Point. 

11th. — His Excellency the Commander in Chief came 
down to West Point, when a Council of War was held at 
our General's quarters, in which all the General Officers 
on the ground, and all the Colonels and commanding offi- 
cers of the regiments sat, to consider what measures were 
necessary to be adopted, with respect to the Pennsylvania 
line. After the Council, by order of the Commander in 
Chief, our General issued orders for the forming of five 
battalions, by detachment from the several lines, to be 
held in the most perfect readiness to march on the shortest 
notice, with four days' provisions cooked. The mutineers 
remained on the heights of Princeton and two emissaries 
were sent out to them from the enemy, with offers, in 



250 

writing, promising to redress their grievances by dis- 
charging them from their enlistments, paying all their ar- 
rearages of pay and depreciation, and exempting them 
from serving in the British army, if they should choose it. 
The mutineers nobly disdained these offers, and gave up 
the emissaries and their papers: they were tried, and 
hanged as spies ; the one was an inhabitant of New Jersey, 
the other was a British Sergeant. Gen. Sir Henry Clinton 
and Gen. Knyphausen were said to have been on Staten 
Island. The State appointed a Committee to inquire into 
the grounds of the complaints of the mutineers, and to re- 
dress such as appeared to have foundation : this brought 
the business to a close. A number of the soldiers were 
discharged, the rest returned to their duty. 

Accounts were received from the southward, that the 
American army in that quarter were in a most miserable 
condition, on account of clothing and provisions, and that 
their sufferings were greater than those experienced by 
the main army. These sufferings of the army were ren- 
dered the keener, by the return of the officers and soldiers 
from furlough, who had been in the great sea port towns, 
where every necessary and luxury of life were enjoyed in 
the greatest abundance, many tables groaning under the 
pressure of the dainties with which they were covered. 
Their liquors were not only the best, but also of great va- 
riety. Such reports to men standing centinel, as it were, 
in the jaws of death, ill clad, cold and hungry, with noth- 
ing but water oftentimes to drink, were trials almost too 
great for human nature to bear. The old Continental cur- 
rency was fixed at 75 for one, at Philadelphia. 

13th. — The Marquis de la Fayette and Count Deuxponts 
visited West Point. 

17th. — Intelligence was received that the troops which 
some time before sailed from New York, were in the Chesa- 
peak, under the command of Gen. Arnold, and supposed to 
be on a plundering expedition. 

The enemy at New York removed the greater part of 



251 

their shipping from the East River round into the North 
River. 

18th. — Two hundred men, properly ofificered, marched 
down to the lines, under pretence of being a relief; 100 
men of Hazen's regiment moved from Fishkill to the vil- 
lage, and a detachment of artillery from West Point. 
These were intended for an enterprise against the enemy. 
19th.— 150 men from the Connecticut line, and 200 
from the New Hampshire line, were to move towards the 
lines; these, with those who marched from Hazen's the 
day before, were to form a covering party to the detach- 
ment under Lieut. Col. Hull, who was to make an attempt 
on Delancey's corps. 

21st.— A letter was received from Major Throop, at 
Ringwood, stating that the evening before the Jersey 
line, at Pompton, had revolted, and it was supposed would 
be joined by the other part of the line, who were at Chat- 
ham. Their intentions had not been developed. 

22d.— His Excellency Gen. Washington, the Marquis de 
la Fayette, and a number of French gentlemen, visited the 
Point. The same day, 500 rank and file, properly officered, 
from the Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Hampshire 
lines, were detached and ordered to march the next day 
under the command of Maj. Gen. Howe, to establish order 
and discipline in the Jersies. 

23d. — The detachment marched from West Point for 
the Jersies. The battalion from thence was commanded 
by Col. Sprout. The troops on the east side of the river 
were to cross and join those from the Point, at King's 
Ferry : the detachment marched in high spirits. 

24th. — In the morning about sunrise, a noise was 
heard in the air, resembling the firing of platoons, and 
there were various conjectures respecting it. Intelligence 
was received that Gen. Arnold had gone up James River, 
in Virginia, and had taken possession of Williamsburg, 
and was moving towards Richmond ; that he met with but 



252 

little opposition, and would probably plunder large quan- 
tities of tobacco and other articles. 

28th. — The detachment under the command of Lieut. 
Col. Hull, returned from the enterprise against the enemy 
at Morrisania. The address and gallantry of the officers, 
the bravery and patience of the troops, exhibited on the 
occasion, did them much honour. Besides a number of 
the enemy who were killed, upwards of fifty were made 
prisoners; the pontoon bridge was cut away, the huts and 
forage were burnt, and a large number of cattle driven up. 
Of the detachment, one Ensign, one drummer, and ten 
rank and file, were killed ; one Captain, one Sergeant, and 
eleven rank and file wounded ; six rank and file were miss- 
i-Dg. 

31st. — Maj. Gen. Howe returned with the detachment 
from the Jersies ; order was established among the troops 
in that quarter : two of the ringleaders in the revolt were 
executed. It was learnt that considerable damage was 
done to the enemy's shipping at New York by the high 
gusts of wind, on the night of the 23d. It was also said 
that a British 74 gun ship was dismantled off New Lon- 
don; another struck a reef, and a third went out to sea 
with one of her masts lost. 

February 12th. — The Duke de Lauzun, Count Pherson' 
and Col. Sheldon^, of the French army, visited West 
Point. 

13th. — Intelligence was received that on the 17th ul- 
timo, an action^ happened near Pedee, in Carolina, be- 
tween a body of the enemy under Lieut. Col. Tarleton, and 
a body of about 800 Americans, under the command of 
Gen. Morgan: the enemy were totally routed, and pur- 
sued upwards of 20 miles. Of the enemy, 10 officers and 
100 rank and file were killed, and 200 wounded ; 29 officers 



1 Count Axel Fersen, afterwards the friend of Marie Antoinette. 

2 Col. Sheldon was a French officer, of English extraction. Uestre 
de Camp of Lauzun's hussars. 

3 The battle of Cowpens. 



253 

and 500 rank and file were taken prisoners, with two field- 
pieces, 2 standards, SOO muskets, 35 wagons, 70 negroes, 
100 dragoon horses, one traveling-forge, and all their 
music. The loss of the Americans was not more than 12 
killed and 60 wounded. 

14th. — General Warner' and Col. Ashley, of Massachu- 
setts arrived at West Point, to distribute to the soldiers 
of the Massachusetts line, engaged to serve during the 
war, 24 dollars in specie, each, as a generous gratuity from 
the State. The most sensible soldiers did not applaud 
this measure, as it did not assure to them the full payment 
of the wages due to them, while this boon increased the bur- 
den of debt on the State. 

16th. — Count de St. Maim-, of the French army, visited 
West Point. The same day, orders were issued for aug- 
menting the light companies of all the regiments at West 
Point, and its dependencies, to 50 rank and file each; 
they were to rendezvous, the 18th or 19th, at Peek's Kill. 

17th. — The light companies were formed into battalions 
in the following order: the eight eldest companies of the 
Massachusetts line to form a battalion under the com- 
mand of Col. Vose and Maj. Galvan; the two youngest 
companies of that line, and those of Connecticut and 
Rhode Island, to form a battalion, under the command of 
Col. Gamat^ and Maj. Throop; those of the New Hampshire 
line, and Col. Hazen's regiment, and such others as might 
be joined to them, to form a battalion. This appointment 
of officers was declared to be intended not to affect the 
general plan of arranging the light infantry for the cam- 
paign. The preceding morning, the enemy made an ex- 
cursion from Morrisania towards Bedfor'l. took Lieuts. 
Carpenter, Wright and Peacock* and five other inhabi- 
tants prisoners; burnt five houses, plundered and stript 



1 Seth Warner and probably Col. Moses Ashley, 5th Mass. 

2 Jean B. L. P. F. d'Ollifires, Count de St. Mesme (or Saint Maime), 
was colonel of the regiment of Soissonais. 

3 Gimat, aide to Lafayette, wounded at Yorktown. 

4 Probably Richard Peacock of Malcolm's New York regiment. 



254 

several other inhabitants, and returned. They were pur- 
sued by Capt. Pritchard, but could not be overtaken. 

18th. — The light companies were inspected. It appeared 
that Admiral Arbuthnot's squadron were so much 
damaged in the storm on the 23d ult. as to be rendered in- 
ferior to the French in these seas. 

20th. — A detachment of artillery was ordered from the 
park to join the light infantry ; the whole were to be com- 
manded by the Marquis de la Fayette, and were to march 
to the southward. The same day, six of our guides, on a 
reconnoitring party towards King's Bridge, fell in with a 
reconnoitring party of Delancey's corps: the guides at- 
tacked them and took five prisoners, all of whom were 
wounded. 

24th. — The detachment doing duty on the lines was 
reduced to 50 rank and file, properly officered. Capt. Paul 
Jones, who arrived in the Ariel, at Philadelphia on the 
17th, in eight weeks from L'Orient, brought a large quan- 
tity of powder. 

28th. — Intelligence was received that a considerable 
embarkation of troops was taking place at New York — the 
inhabitants and army in some consternation. It was said 
that a fleet of French merchantmen had arrived in the 
Chesapeake; but from appearances, there were good 
grounds to suspect that there was something more than 
merchant ships. 

March 1st. — News was received that a part of the 
French squadron at Newport had sailed as far as the 
Chesapeake, where they took the Romulus, of 50 guns, and 
nine privateers and transports; four of the latter they 
destroyed, not having spare men to navigate them ; but the 
remainder, with the Romulus, had safely arrived at Rhode 
Island. 

On the morning of the 2d of March, Gen. Washington 
set out from New Windsor for Rhode Island. By the last 
accounts from the southward. Lord Cornwallis was ad- 
vancing rapidly, and Gen. Greene retreating moderately. 



255 

His Lordship had destroyed his wagons, and disengaged 
himself of incumhrance as much as possible. 

3d. — A Capt. Simmons, of Delancey's corps, was sent 
up to West Point; he asserted to be disaffected to the 
enemy on some pretences, and that he had resigned his 
commission, and deserted from them : he was sent to the 
Governor of the State. 

5th. — Three prisoners were sent up ; they were taken 
by a party of our guides within a small distance of the 
enemy's post, No. 8, near Morrisania. 

6th and 7th. — Col. Vanschaak's^ regiment of the New 
York line arrived at West Point from Albany. The troops 
were at this time well supplied with provisions, but almost 
totally destitute of forage, and subjected to great fatigue 
in obtaining fuel, which part of the troops were obliged 
to bring on their backs, nearly a mile. 

9th. — Intelligence was received, that the last embarka- 
tion of British troops sailed from New York the preceding 
Wednesday, said to be six regiments, making about 3000 
men in the whole. The southern militia had been success- 
ful against the Cherokee Indians, and destroyed a num- 
ber of their towns. The last advices from the southward 
stated that Lord Comwallis had continued to push rapidly 
after Gen. Greene, who had crossed Dan River, and his 
Lordship had come up to it, and then began to retreat ; on 
which Gen. Greene re-crossed the Dan, in order to pursue 
him, and that the militia were collecting. Gen. Arnold 
kept close at Portsmouth; Gen. Mecklenburgh- was near 
him, with a superior force, and the Marquis de la Fayette 
was as far as Elk on the 3d Avith the light infantry. 

11th. — A detachment of recruits from Massachusetts 
arrived. The same day, Capt. Pray^ was ordered to take 
command of the Block-House at Dobbs' Ferry, the water- 
guards, &c. 



1 Van Schaick's. 

2 Muhlenberg. 

3 John Pray, 12th Mass. (Died Sept., 1812.) 



256 

On the first of this month, the Confederation and per- 
petual Union of the Thirteen American States, from New 
Hampshire to Georgia, inclusive, was signed and ratified 
by all the Delegates in Congress. 

On the evening of the 12th, intelligence was received 
from Capt. Pray, that at about two o'clock in the morning 
he was alarmed by the firing of guns, blowing of horns, &c. 
— that the enemy were out on both sides of the river. In 
consequence of this, an express was sent off to Maj. Max- 
well to be on his guard ; and a detachment of 150 men was 
ordered to be in readiness to march early the next morn- 
ing, if it should be necessary to cover him. 

13th. — The intelligence of the enemy being out on both 
sides of the river, was confirmed ; as to the west side of the 
river, the enemy came out from Paulus Hook about 200 
strong, with two field-pieces, and had advanced within 
about three miles of the Block-House at Dobbs' Ferry. 
About noon a detachment of 150 men, under the command 
of Maj. Graham, with one field-piece, embarked on board a 
sloop, and with the gun-boat, having one six and one three 
pounder, and a fiat boat, fell down the river to King's 
Ferry, where they were ordered to debark and make a 
movement to Tappan, for the relief of the Block-House. 
The garrisons of the redoubts on the east side were 
doubled. 

14th. — About noon, Maj. Graham I'eturned; he had, 
with the detachment, embarked the preceding day, pro- 
ceeded to King's Ferry, disembarked, marched to Haver- 
straw, where he met the militia returning; when he re- 
turned to the Ferry, re-embarked, and arrived at West 
Point about noon ; having exhibited a spirit and expedi- 
tion that did the detachment much honour. 

The enemy were completely defeated in their design 
by the militia, who early turned out, attacked, repulsed, 
and pursued them, until they retook all their plunder ex- 
cept two horses, and justly merited high commendation. 
The militia had one man wounded; the enemy were sup- 



257 

posed to have had several killed and wounded. The same 
day, Brig. Gen. Hand was announced, in general orders, 
Adjutant-General of the arniv, in the room of Col. Scam- 
mell, who had discharged the duty of that office for some 
time, to great acceptation. Col. Scammell joined his regi- 
ment. 

15th. — Intelligence was received that the enemy's fleet, 
which had sailed from New York the preceding week, re- 
turned on Sunday, having found that the French fleet 
were on the coast ; their return occasioned some consterna- 
tion at New York. The same day, news reached the army 
that Brig. Gen. Peleg Wadsworth, who commanded 
some militia levies in the eastern parts of Massachusetts, 
had been surprised and taken prisoner in the night by two 
British officers and some refugees, at a place called 
Camden.' 

16th. — It was learnt that the French fleet, with troops, 
sailed from Rhode Island on the 8th ; and it was said that 
Admiral Arbuthnot, with the British fleet, came out of 
Gardiner's Bay on the 10th. The small pox at this time 
made its appearance in the vicinity of the army and sev- 
eral soldiers were taken down with that distemper. The 
enemy who were out a day or two before, on the east side 
of the Hudson, did no mischief. About this time a dis- 
covery was made that a number of persons at Stratford, 
Norwalk, &c. had been secretly associating to submit to 
the enemy if a favourable opportunity presented; and to 
supply them with provisions, furnish intelligence, &c. 

19th. — Letters from Gen. Greene, of the 28th ult. at 
Highrock Ford, on Haw River, advised that Lord Corn- 
wallis had retreated from Hillsborough, and that Gen. 
Pickens and Col. Lee had fallen in with Col. Hamilton's 
corps (rising of 200) and had killed and taken almost 
every individual of them ; and that several other skirm- 
ishes had happened, but nothing decisive. Lord Corn- 



1 Maine. See Dwight's " Travels in New England," Vol. 2. 



258 

wallis had erected the royal standard at Hillsborough and 
issued a vain proclamation, as usual. 

By accounts from New York, it appeared that the Brit- 
ish had declared war against the Dutch, and had taken 
possession of St. Eustatia. 

20th. — In the afternoon, Gen. Washington arrived at 
head-quarters, at New Windsor, from the eastward. 

21st. — Five prisoners of war were sent to West Point: 
they were taken by some of the light parties below the 
lines; a sixth who was taken was so badly wounded as 
to be left behind for the present. 

22d. — Several resolutions of the State of Massachusetts 
in favour of the line of the army, and for the discharge of 
governmental securities, were received at West Point. 

23d. — Intelligence was received that the British fleet 
which sailed from New York some time before, and had 
been chased back by the French fleet, sailed again on the 
preceding Wednesday for the southward. It was said that 
Sir Henry Clinton was on board, and that Gen. Knyp- 
hausen was to command in his absence — that the enemy 
were collecting a number of flat-boats in Spuyten Duyvil 
Creek, near Kingsbridge, and that 24 were then collected 
— that Arnold's corps was under orders to be in readiness 
to man the boats. Two spies were sent out of New York 
the same day the fleet sailed; they were to pass, by dif- 
ferent routes, through the country to Canada. 

24th. — A number of prisoners of war, who had been col- 
lected at West Point, were sent off under a guard of 60 
men, commanded by Capt. PopeS to Lancaster, in Penn- 
sylvania. 

28th. — The New Hampshire brigade were ordered to 
do duty on the lines; and the Rhode Island regiment to 
return to their quarters near Robinson's Mills. 

29th. — News ^as received from Philadelphia that the 
French and English fleets had had an engagement off the 



1 Isaac Pope, 4th Mass. 



259 

Capes of Virginia, but that the issue was not known. Tlie 
same day, intelligence was received from New York, that 
one of Admiral Arbuthnot's ships had returned to New 
York on Monday, and reported that there had been an en- 
gagement beween the two fleets, and that it was a drawn 
battle. 

31st. — A New York paper of the 28th was received, in 
which it was said that an engagement between the two 
fleets took place on the Ifith, off the Capes of Virginia, in 
which several ships on both sides received considerable 
damage; and that the British had 1 Lieutenant, 2 mid- 
shipmen, and 40 seamen killed, and 80 wounded. The 
French account was not greatly different from that of 
the British, but did not mention the number of killed or 
wounded. 

A number of American soldiers who had not had the 
small pox, were collected and inoculated. 

April 3d. — Intelligence was received, that a battle had 
been fought between Gen. Greene's army and that of Lord 
Cornwallis. The action was bloody; and although hia 
Lordship may be said to have gained the victory, as Gen. 
Greene retreated a mile from the field of battle, yet it was 
a dear bought victory. Gen. Greene having lost his horses, 
4 pieces of cannon fell into the hands of the enemy. Some 
of the British corps, and in particular the Guards, suf- 
fered much. This day, Capt. Pray, of the water-guards, 
M^as reinforced with a whale-boat, a Subaltern, and 14 men. 

4th. — Gen. Washington visited the Point. In the after- 
noon, 2 prisoners of war were sent up — they were of a 
party who had crossed Croton River and taken 16 head of 
cattle and four horses. On their return, near Dobbs' Ferry, 
they were overtaken by a party of the militia — the cattle 
etc. retaken, and two of the party made prisoners. About 
this time, the southern mail was carried off, between head- 
quarters and the Jersies. The mail contained some letters 
of importance. The troops which had sailed from New 
York arrived safe in the Chesapeake. 



260 

7th. — Private intelligence was received, that four par- 
ties were to be sent out — one to take Gen. Washington, 
another the Governor of New Jersey, a third the Governor 
of New York, the object of the fourth not known. The 
same day, the gun-boat was ordered to take a station op- 
posite Fort Mongomery; additional guards to be mounted 
in the night time, and patroles to pass frequently. 

8th. — The enemy's flat boats, which had been collected 
near Kingsbridge, were removed down into the East River. 

9th. — Intelligence was received from the commanding 
oflQcer on the lines, that the enemy were out towards White 
Plains, said to be about 90 horse and 50 foot. 

10th. — The great chain was hauled from off the beach 
near the red house at West Point, and towed down to the 
blocks, in order to its being laid across the river — about 
280 men were ordered on this duty. 

11th. — The chain was properly fixed with great dexter- 
ity, and fortunately without any accident. 

12th. — Our General visited the patients who were under 
inoculation with the small pox, when 500 were turned out 
and drawn up, all of whom were then under the operation, 
and in a fine way. The same day, intelligence was received 
that the enemy were preparing for another embarkation 
at New York, supposed for the southward 

14th. — A groom, belonging to Col. Gunning of the 82d 
British regiment, came up; he deserted from his master 
with a very good saddle-horse, which he sold for 100 dol- 
lars in specie. Intelligence was received that the enemy 
had brought a large number of wagons across the Sound 
from Long Island for the purpose of making a grand for- 
age ; the covering party to consist of three or four hundred 
men, of different corps. 

22d. — Two hundred and forty thousand dollars in new 
emission bills were brought to West Point, from Boston, 
for the troops of the ISIassachusetts line. 

24th. — Monsieur Beville, Quarter-Master of the French 
iirmy at Newport, arrived at head-quarters, New Windsor; 



261 

he came on to view the roads, and determine on the best 
route, should the French army move that way, and to fix 
on proper places for magazines, etc. 

26th. — Gen. Washington visited West Point, with Mon- 
sieur Beville, etc. The next day, the latter set out on his 
return to Rhode Island, taking the lower road through 
Connecticut. Many of the soldiers who had gone through 
the small pox, joined their regiments the next day; of 500 
who had been inoculated, four only had then died. At this 
time, provisions were growing very scarce at West Point, 
and the prospects daily growing more alarming. The 
magazines in Forts Clinton, Putnam, and some other of 
the most important works, had reserves of the best provis- 
ions, which were not to be touched ; that in case the 
enemy, by any sudden movement, should invest them, and 
cut oflf the communication with the country, the garrisons 
might be enabled to hold out, until other troops, or the 
militia of the country, could march to the relief of the be- 
sieged ; but unfortunately, the scarcity of provisions had 
become so great that even these reserves were broken in 
upon, and some of them nearly exhausted ; when, after 
some other representations, our General addressed the fol- 
lowing letter to Gen. Washington : 

West Point, May 6, 1781. 
" Dear General, 

I am honoured with yours of the 5th and 6th. to which 
I shall duly attend. 

I hoped I should not have been compelled again to repre- 
sent our situation on account of provisions; but supplies 
of meat have not arrived — all the Irish beef in the store 
has been gone for some day.s — we are at last forced in 
upon the reserves ; that in Fort Clinton has all been taken 
out this day — the pork which was ordered to be reserved 
is all issued, except about 16 barrels — the boats are now 
up from below for provisions, with representations that 
they are out ; the reserves will be gone in a few days if re- 



262 

lief does not arrive, and liunger must inevitably disperse 
the ti'oops. If the authority of our country will not order 
on supplies, I will struggle to the last moment to main- 
tain the post: but regard to my own character compels 
me to be thiis explicit — that if any ill consequences hap- 
pen to this post or its dependencies through want of pro- 
visions, I shall not hold myself accountable for them. 
I have the honour to be, &c. 

(Signed) W. Heath. 
His Excellency Gen. Washington." 

To which the Commander in Chief wrote the following 
answer : 

Head-Quarters, New Windsor, 
May 8th, 1781. 
" Dear Sir, 
Distressed beyond expression at the present situation 
and future prospects of the army, Mnth regard to provis- 
ions, and convinced with you, that, unless an immediate 
and regular supply can be obtained, the most dangerous 
consequences are to be apprehended — I have determined 
to make one great effort more on the subject, and must 
request that you will second and enforce my representa- 
tions to, and requisitions upon the New England States, 
by your personal application to the several Executives, 
and even Assemblies, if sitting, as I suppose they will be 
in the course of this month. 

From your intimate knowledge of our embarrassed and 
distressed circumstances, and great personal influence 
with the eastern States, I am induced to commit the exe- 
cution of this interesting and important business to you, 
and wish you to set out on this mission as early as may be 
convenient. 

(Signed) Geo. Washington. 
Maj. Gen. Heath." 



263 

On the next day our General received the following let- 
ter of instructions from the Commander in Chief, viz: 

Head-Quarters. New Windsor, 
May 9th, 1781. 
" Dear Sir, 

You will be pleased to proceed immediately to the sev- 
eral eastern States, with dispatches addressed to the Gov- 
ernors of Connecticut, Ehode Island, Massachusetts Bay, 
and the President of New Hampshire, on the subject of 
supplies for the army. The present critical and alarm- 
ing situation of our troops and garrisons, for the want of 
provisions, is (from the nature of your command) so per- 
fectly known to you, and your personal influence with the 
New England States is so considerable, that I could not 
hesitate to commit to you a negotiation, on the success of 
wliich the very existence of the army depends. 

The gi'eat objects of your attention and mission are, 
1st — An immediate supply of beef cattle. 2d. — The trans- 
poi'tation of all the salted provisions in the western parts 
of Connecticut and Massachusetts; and 3d — The estab- 
lishment of a regular, sijstcmatic, effectual plan for feed- 
ing the army through the camjjaign. Unless the two for- 
mer are effected, the garrison of Fort Schuyler must in- 
evitably, that of West I'oint may probabl}', fall, and the 
whole army be disbanded : without the latter, the same 
perplexing wants, irregularities and distress which we 
have so often experienced, will ince.ssantly occur, with 
eventual far greater evils, if not final ruin. 

With regard to the particular mode of obtaining and 
transporting supplies, I will not presume to dictate; but 
something must now be attempted on the spur of the oc- 
casion. I would suggest whether it would not be expedi- 
ent for a Committee from the several States, (consisting 
of a few active, sensible men) to meet at some convenient 
place, in order to make out, upon a uniform and great 
scale, all the arrangements respecting supplies and trans- 



264 

portation for the campaign. In the mean time, to avoid 
the impending dissolution of the army, the States must 
individually comply precisely with the requisitions of the 
Quarter-Master and Commissary upon them. 

As the salted provisions which have been put up for the 
public in the eastern States, (except in the western parts 
of Connecticut and Massachusetts) cannot at present be 
transported to the army, you will obtain accurate official 
returns of the quantity that has been procured in the re- 
spective States, at what places, and in whose charge it 
actually is; and if it should not all be collected and 
lodged in the deposits that have been pointed out, you 
will urge this immediately to be done; and that the pro- 
visions should be repacked, stored, and taken care of in 
such a manner as to prevent the hazard of its being 
tainted or lost by the approaching hot season. 

I omit entering into the detail of particulars which it 
may be necessary to state to the respective Executives, (or 
Legislatures if in session) to enforce the present requisi- 
tion, because you are as well acquainted with the circum- 
stances of our distress, the prospects before us, and the 
only resources from whence we can derive relief, as it is 
possible for you to be. Previous to your departure you 
will obtain from the Quarter-Master-General and Com- 
missary with the army, the proper estimates of supplies 
and transportation to be required of the several States, 
together with all the light and information concerning 
their department, which may be requisite to transact the 
business committed to you. 

After having delivered the dispatches with which 
you are charged, and made such further representations 
as you may judge necessary, you will not cease your appli- 
cations and importunities, until you are informed 
officially, whether effectual measures are or will be taken, 
to prevent the army from starving and disbanding. What 
supplies in general, and particularly of beef cattle, may 
certainly be depended upon, to be delivered at fixed regu- 



265 

lar periods (monthly or weekly) at the army, during the 
whole campaign. When you shall have seen this business 
put upon the surest footing and in the best train of execu- 
tion, (which you will endeavour to have eifected as early 
as possible) you will be pleased to report to me, without 
delay, the success of your proceedings. 

I heartily wish you success and a pleasant journey, and 
am, &c. 

(Signed) G. Washington. 

P. S. — I wish attention may be paid to learn what quan- 
tity of rum is in store, at what places, and in what manner 
it may be forwarded. In transportation the arrangements 
should be made with the States, so as to have the articles 
brought entirely through to the army, without having them 
stopped on the road. You will also be pleased to urge the 
forwarding the summer clothing. G. W. 

Maj. Gen. Heath." 

During the month of April, a large number of recruits 
from the Eastern States, to fill up their respective battal- 
ions, arrived at West Point. 

9th. — The Commander in Chief visited West Point. 

11th. — In the morning, our General left West Point, and 
proceeded up the river to New Windsor where he received 
from the Commander in Chief the dispatches addressed 
to the several executives of the New England States; and 
in the afternoon crossed the Hudson, on his journey east- 
ward. On his reaching Fishkill, he found that Governor 
Clinton of New York was making every exertion in his 
power for the relief of the army — that he had issued im- 
press warrants to take flour and other provisions where 
they could be found, &c. 

14th. — He arrived at Hartford, where he found the Leg- 
islature in session. The dispatches to Governor Trumbull 
were immediately presented to him, with an earnest re- 
quest for speedy relief. This venerable patriot gave assur- 



266 

ance of his immediate attention and exertions, and accord- 
ingly laid the dispatches from Gen. Washington before the 
Legislature, who also discovered the same noble patriotism. 
They inquired into the state of their treasury, and finding 
that it was destitute of money, except a sum appropriated 
to another purpose, they ordered this money to be taken, 
and directed Col. Champion^, one of their number, (a gen- 
tleman remarkable for his knowledge in the state of pro- 
visions in all the towns, skill in purchasing, and expedition 
in forwarding) immediately to purchase and forward on 
to the army 160 head of beef cattle, and 1000 barrels of 
salted provisions from their stores; and resolved to make 
every other exertion in their power to comply with the 
reqiiisitions of the Commander in Chief, as they respected 
both fresh and salted provisions, by appointing a commit- 
tee for a general arrangement of supplies. 

16th.— Our General left Hartford, and on the 18tb 
reached Greenwich, in the State of Rhode Island, where he 
waited upon Gov. Greene, and presented the dispatches 
from Gen. Washington. The Legislature of the State were 
not then in session, but Gov. Greene made the most satis- 
factory assurances that the State of Rhode Island would 
adopt every measure recommended by the Commander in 
Chief. Our General left Greenwich the same day, and ar- 
rived at his house in Roxbury on the evening of the 19th, 
and the next day waited upon Gov. Hancock at Boston, 
and presented the dispatches with which he was charged. 
The new Legislature of Massachusetts were to convene on 
the last Wednesday of the month. Gov. Hancock gave the 
fullest assurances that in the interim the Executive would 
do everything in his power for the immediate relief of the 
army, by directing the several contractors of provisions in 
the State to forward all in their power with the utmost ex- 
pedition. 

21st. — Intelligence was received at Boston that the State 



1 Henry Champion, Commissary of Issues, an extremely efficient 
officer. 



267 

ship-of-war, Protector, of 28 guns, commanded by Capt. 
Williams, had been taken and carried to New York. 

The next day intelligence was received that on the 13th, 
Col. Greene, of the Rhode Island regiment, who was doing 
duty on the lines of the American army, was surprised by 
a body of the enemy's horse, supposed to be about 150 dra- 
goons, and that the Colonel, Maj. FlaggS and two Subal- 
terns and 27 men were killed and several wounded. Col. 
Greene was a brave and intrepid officer, and his loss was 
much regretted. The Colonel had taken post above and 
near to Croton River, at a place where the river was ford- 
able, to prevent the enemy passing up by this ford to ra- 
vage the country. He had practised the greatest vigilance 
in guarding this ford in the night time, taking off the 
guards after sunrise, apprehending that the enemy would 
never presume to cross the river in the day time; but the 
enemj', having learnt his mode of doing duty, on the morn- 
ing of the 13th effected his overthrow, by crossing the ford 
soon after the guards had come off, and surrounding their 
quarters before they had an idea of any enemy being near 
them. In this situation, the utmost exertion could not 
avail them. 

23d.^Our General left Roxbury on his way to New 
Hampshire, arrived at Exeter on the evening of the 24th, 
and delivered to the Hon. Mr. Weare^ the dispatches ad- 
dressed to him. The Legislature of New Hampshire was 
not then in session. The next day, he had an interview 
with the Honorable President and the Council of Safety, 
when such representations, ( in addition to the requisitions 
of the Commander in Chief) were made to them, as the 
exigencies of the case required ; and the fullest assurances 
were received, that every aid in the power of the State 
should be afforded. 

26th. — Our General left Exeter on his return, and on 



1 Ebenezer Flagg of the same regiment, the 1st Rhode Island. It 
was composed of negroes. 

2 Meshech Weare, President of the New Hampshire Legislature. 



268 

the 27th arrivea at his house in Roxbury. On the 29th he 
again waited on Gov. Hancock, and requested that the re- 
quisitions of the Commander in Chief of the army might 
be predominant in all the public objects. 

The 30th was the General Election day in Massachusetts, 
and it appeared that his Excellency John Hancock was re- 
elected Governor, who, as soon as the two Houses were or- 
ganized, laid the requisitions of Gen. Washington before 
them. 

June 2d. — Our General was heard before a Committee 
of both Houses on the siibject of his mission. The zeal and 
patriotism of the several Executives and Legislatures of 
the NeAv England States, to relieve and amply supply the 
army with provisions, were so conspicuous on this occasion 
that it is not possible to say which, or whether any of them 
exceeded the other ; each was for making every exertion in 
its power ; and, to insure success to their resolutions, they 
all fell in with the recommendation of the Commander in 
Chief, and appointed committees to meet in Convention to 
digest and systematize the business. The Committees met 
accordingly at Providence, in Rhode Island, and were so 
fortunate in their arrangements, that the most ample sup- 
plies of meat were afterwards furnished for the main 
army, and a surplus of 100 head of beef cattle weekly sent 
on after Gen. Washington towards Virginia, until he or- 
dered a discontinuance of that supply, as will appear in the 
sequel. While the New England States were thus intent 
in supplying meat for the army, the State of New York 
was equally assiduous in furnishing flour and forage. 

4th. — Intelligence was received by a vessel from the 
West Indies, that the Count de Grasse, with a French fleet 
of upwards of 20 sail of the line, had arrived in that quar- 
ter. The same day there was a confirmation of this news, 
and that the fleet, with troops on board, was seen coming 
this way. 

The same day intelligence was received that there had 
been an action at the southward, between Gen. Greene and 



26!) 

the British army in that quarter. Gen. Greene, having 
reconnoitred Camden, did not think it expedient to storm 
the enemy's works, but retired a little back, with a view to 
draw the enemy out; in this he succeeded, and an action* 
commenced. The Maryland troops being attacked under 
some disadvantage, an attempt was made to change their 
position; this was unfortunately taken by Gen. Greene's 
army for a retreat, and the whole army retreated accord- 
ingly. Gen. Greene had 17 men killed; his retreat was 
about 2 or 3 miles, and the troops were in high spirits. It 
is always a dangerous manoeuvre to change a position in 
the face of an enemy; but necessity sometimes requires 
it. 

Gen. Phillips^, of the British ai'my, had died in Virginia 
of a fever. 

6th. — The Continental frigate Alliance arrived in Bos- 
ton harbor from France. The Alliance had taken 6 prizes; 
2 West Indiamen, 2 sloops of war, and 2 privateers. In the 
engagement with the sloops of war, both of which engaged 
the Alliance in a calm, Capt. Barry was wounded in the 
shoulder by a grape-shot; the Captain of Marines, and 8 or 
9 men killed, and about 20 wounded. 

9th. — Orders came on from Gen. Washington, to forward 
with all possible dispatch all the cannon, mortars, powder, 
shot, shells, and other military stores belonging to the 
United States, which were then in Massachusetts and 
Rhode Island, and also requesting the loan of some heavy 
artillery, powder, &c. of the State. The most spirited 
measures were taken for completing the Continental bat- 
talions, and raising a body of militia to be in readiness to 
march wiien called for. 

The General Assembly of Massachusetts, in their session, 
at this time, passed resolutions for settling with the troops 
of their line to the last of the year 1780, making good the 
depreciation of their pay, &c. 

1 This was the battle of Hobkirk's Hill, S. C. 

2Major General William Phillips, whose haughty correspondence 

with General Heath fills so much space in previous pages. 



270 

2l8t. — Intelligence was received that the British had 
formed a junction of their principal force at the southward 
in Virginia, by which means Gen. Greene would deprive 
them of all their posts in South Carolina ; that on the 10th 
of May, Lord Rawdon was compelled to evacuate Camden 
with precipitation, leaving behind him 3 of his officers and 
58 privates, who had been dangerously wounded, and were 
unable to be removed. He burnt part of the town, and 
some of his baggage. On the 11th of the same month, the 
strong post of Orangeburgh surrendered to Gen. Sumter; 
a Colonel, several officers, and upwards of 80 men were 
made prisoners. On the 12th, the garrison of Fort Motte, 
consisting of 7 officers, 12 non-commissioned officers, and 
165 privates, surrendered by capitulation to Gen. Marion. 
On the 15th, Fort Granby capitulated to Lieut. Col. Lee; 
1 Lieut. Colonel, 2 Majors, 6 Captains, 6 Lieutenants, 3 En- 
signs, 1 Surgeon, 2 Sergeant-Majors, 17 Sergeants, 9 Cor- 
porals, and 305 privates surrendered; large quantities of 
provisions and some military stores were taken at some of 
the posts. At the same time the posts of Augusta and 
Ninety-Six were invested by Gen. Pickens, and Gen. Greene 
on the IGth had determined to march the army to expedite 
their reduction. 

23d. — Intelligence was received that some time before, 
the barracks at Fort Schuyler had taken fire and were 
burnt down ; and that afterwards the fort was dismantled 
and evacuated. The same day it was reported that the 
Spaniards had taken Pensacola from the British. The 
marine mortars, and a number of heavy iron cannon, 18 
and 24 pounders, were removing from Boston to the North 
River, New York. The British forces in Virginia, after 
their junction, were said to be about GOOO. The invalids, 
who had been doing duty in Boston, received orders to 
march to West Point, where the Avhole corps was to be col- 
lected, and compose a part of the garrison of that post. 

28th. — His Excellency the Commander in Chief was 
pleased to communicate to our General, that in the arrange- 



271 

ment of the main army the command of the right wing had 
been assigned to him. 

29th. — A vessel arrived at Boston from Cadiz, with a 
quantity of clothing for the United States. This vessel 
brought an account, that the British had again succoured 
the garrison of Gibraltar, but that the Spaniards con- 
tinued the siege. 

30th. — His most Christian Majesty's frigate, the Sur- 
rilantf^. arrived in Boston harbour from the West Indies; 
on her passage had a warm engagement with a British ship- 
of-war, when some damage was sustained on both sides. 
This frigate brought news that the French had taken the 
island of Tobago, and had blocked up Admiral Rodney's 
fleet at Barbadoes. 

./(//,// 4th was celebrated at Boston, being the Anniver- 
sary of the Declaration of American Independence. 

6th. — Information was received that Gen. Washington 
had ordered the American troops from their several can- 
tonments, and that the whole had assembled, and were en- 
camped near Peek's Kill. 

Some of the enemy's cruisers from Penobscot were cruis- 
ing in the Bay, where they took several vessels ; one within 
a league of the light-house. 

11th. — Intelligence was received that there had been a 
skirmish between the Americans and the British, between 
White Plains and King's Bridge, but no particulars were 
received. 

12th. — Our General set out from his house in Roxbury 
for the army. 

19th. — The enemy's shipping, which were up the North 
River, ran down; there was a brisk cannonade at Dobbs' 
Ferry. 

21st. — The American field artillery, which had for some 
days been on board vessels in the North River, proceeded 
downwards to the nearest landing to the army. 

When the enemy's shipping passed Dobbs' Ferry, on the 

1 Surveillante- , 



272 

19th, a box of powder on board the Savage ship-of-war 
took fire, supposed by the bursting of a howitzer shell, on 
which a number of the crew, apprehending that the ship 
would blow up, jumped overboard into the river. An 
American, who was a prisoner on board, jumped overboard 
at the same time, and swam on shore, relating what had 
happened; he also reported that the Savage was several 
times hulled by our shot, and must have suffered consider- 
able loss. The late skirmish near King's Bridge was oc- 
casioned by the American army's moving down, in order to 
gave the French officers a view of the British outposts near 
the bridge. A number of Americans were killed and woun- 
ded by long shot from the Jagers of the enemy, who kept 
up a popping fire whenever they could reach our troops. 

27th. — Our General arrived at the army, which was en- 
camped at Phillipsburg, in two lines ; the park of artillery 
in the centre of the second line. Accounts had been re- 
ceived from the southward that the enemy had no footing 
in Georgia, except Savannah, nor in South Carolina, ex- 
cept at Charleston. The position which the American 
army now occupied was between the lines the preceding 
campaigns; consequently the roads and commons, as well 
as the fields and pastures, were covered with grass ; while 
the many deserted houses and ruined fences depicted the 
horrid devastations of war. The French army, under Gen. 
Rochambeau, was encamped at a small distance, on the left 
of the Americans, in one line. 

29th. — A forage was made towards Phillips's, conducted 
by Col. Scammell. It was said that some of the British 
troops had returned from the southward to New York; and 
that those in Virginia were collected at Portsmouth. 

August. — On the night of the 3d, about 11 o'clock, the 
British and American guard-boats met in the river, near 
Dobbs' Ferry, when a considerable firing ensued; we had 
one man badly wounded, who died soon after. The damage 
sustained by the enemy was not known. 

6th. — The Commander in Chief, attended by a number of 



273 

the General Officers, reconnoitred towards King's Bridge, 
covered bj strong detachments of cavalry and infantry. 
Three ships and a galley lay in the river between Fort 
Washington and Spnyten Duyvil Creek. The enemy did 
not make any movements. The morning of the 7t.h, about 
2 o'clock, the armv was awakened by the firing of cannon 
at Dobbs' Ferry; 'it appeared that 2 of the enemy's gun- 
boats had come up as high as the ferry, probably to endea- 
vour to seize some vessels or boats; on finding that they 
were discovered, they fired four cannon, but to no eifect. 
Four cannon were discharged at the boats from the bat- 
tery, on which they went down the river. Two days before, 
Deiancey's corps ventured as far above King's Bridge as 
Phillips's. 

News was received that the great French Financier, 
Necker, had resigned, and that Monsieur Fleury had been 
appointed in his room. 

C'apt. Saltonstall,! formerly of the frigate Warren, who 
was dismissed the service on account of his conduct in the 
Penobscot expedition, about this time behaved most gal- 
lantly in a privateer, on a cruise against the enemy. 

The American army at this time continued in the same 
position at Phillipsburg. The Connecticut and Rhodelsland 
lines, and G regiments of the Massachusetts line, composed 
the front line; the New Hampshire line, four regiments of 
Massachusetts, Crane's and Lamb's regiments of artillery, 
with the sappers and miners, the second line; the right 
wing commanded by Maj. Gen. He<ath, the left wing by 
Maj. Gen. Lord Stirling; the advance of the American 
army on a height a little advanced of Dobbs' Ferry, under 
the command of Col. Scammell, and Sheldon's dragoons 
near Dobbs' Ferry. The French army in one line on the 
left of the Americans, with their legion under the Duke de 
Lauzun, at White Plains. Gen. Waterbury^, with the mi- 

1 Dudley Saltonstall, John Adams' frotcgc, and John Paul Jones' 
pet aversion. 

2 David Waterbery of Connecticut. 



274 

litia under his connnand, towards New RochoUe. The 
camps at this tinio swarmed with flics, which were very 
troublesome. 

nth. — Kobert Morris, Esq. the American Financier, and 
Richard Peters, Esq. one of the members of the Roard of 
War, visited the army. The same day, the advance of the 
army took a position a littk> more to the northward, and 
the dragoons were added to Col. Scammell's command. A 
fleet arrived at New York from England ; they brought 
over between 2 and 3000 Flessian recruits. 

14th. — Col. Hazen's and Col. Van Schaick's regiments 
joined the army. A French frigate arrived about this time 
at Rhode Island, supposed to have brought news of the ap- 
proach of the Count de Grasse. A few nights before, Gen. 
Schuyler came very near being taken and carried off from 
his house in Albany. 

In the general orders of the 15th, the army was directed 
to hold itself in the most perfect readiness to march on the 
shoi'test notice. 

16th. — It was whispered that the Count de Grasse, with 
28 sail of the line, besides frigates, with a number of land 
forces on board, might soon be expected on our coast, and 
these, with the squadron under the command of the Che- 
valier de Barras, would make a fleet of 3() sail of the line, 
a force probably superior to any the British could assemble 
in these seas. 

Under prospects so flattering, the Commander in Chief 
determined to strike the enemy a capital blow in some 
quarter. To strike at their very root in New York, was a 
most desirable object; but the situation of New York with 
Long Island, and Staten Island and the adjacent country, 
was such as would require a very large army to effect a 
complete investiture, and give a proper security against 
the sallies of the enemy, which, from situation, might be 
easily and frequently made — that such an army must be 
composed, in a very considerable degree, of militia, to 
whom the continuing long in camp had often been found 



275 

diBagropablp, an<l tli<' l-'rench wiTc not \\it,liout apprehen- 
sions that if their fleet entered the harbour of New York, 
and heeanie warmly enf^aged with the Britiwh ships and 
batteries, in the course of those mano'uvres which it might 
be necessary to make, some of their heavy ships, tlirough 
the want of a competent knowledge of all parts of the bay, 
might get aground or be damaged; while all these incon- 
veniences would be avoided in case Lord Tornwallis, with 
the British army in Virginia, were made the object, and 
his capture would be almost certain, while the American 
iiiaiii army might be left in sufficient strength to act on the 
defensive against Sir ITenry Clinton, and effectually cover 
the important posts in the FTighlands of New York. 

17th. — (Jen. Washington was i)lea.sed to communicate 
to our General, (in confidence) his intentions, at the same 
time intimating to him that he should give him the com- 
mand of tlie main army during his absence. The whole of 
the French army, with the two regiments of New Jersey, 
first regiment of New York, Col. Ifazen's regiment, Col. 
Olney's regiment of Kliode Island, Col. Lamb's regiment 
of artillery, and the light troops under the command of 
Col. Scanimell, were detached for the expedition against 
Lord Cornwallis, and the army under his command, at 
Yorktown, in Virginia. 

18tli. — Some of the corps began to move towards the 
ferries. The next day, the Commander in Chief was pleased 
to honour our General with the following : 

"To .Major General Heath, 
Siii, 
You are to take command of all the troops remaining 
in this department, ccmsisting of the two regiments of New 
Hampshire, ten of Massachusetts, and five of Connecticut 
infantry, the corps of invalids, Sheldon's legion, the 3d 
regiment of artillery, together with all such State troops 
and militia as are retained in service of those which would 
have been under my own command. 



'27(3 

The security of West Point, and the posts in the High- 
lands, is to be considered as the first objects of your atten- 
tion; in order to effect this, you will make such disposi- 
tions as in your judgment the circumstances shall from 
time to time require, taking care to have as large a supply 
of salted provisions as possible, constantly on hand; to 
have the fortifications, works, and magazines repaired and 
perfected as far as may be; to have the garrison at least, 
in all cases, kept up to its perfect strength ; to have the min- 
utes, plans and arrangements, for the defence and support 
of this important post perfectly understood and vigorously 
executed in case of any attempt against it. Ample maga- 
zines of wood and forage are to be laid in, against the ap- 
proaching winter; the former should be cut on the margin 
of the river, and transported to the garrison by water ; the 
latter ought to be collected from the country below the 
lines, in the greatest quantities possible, and deposited in 
such places as you shall judge proper. 

The force now put under your orders, it is presumed, 
will be suflicient for all the purposes above mentioned, as 
well as to yield a very considerable protection and cover to 
the country, without hazarding the safety of the posts in 
the Highlands; this is to be esteemed as it respects the 
friendly inhabitants and resources of the country, an ex- 
tremely interesting object; but when compared with the 
former, of a secondary nature. The protection of the north- 
ern and western frontier of the State of New York, as well 
as those parts of that and other States most contiguous 
and exposed to the ravages and depredations of the enemy, 
will claim your attention ; but as the contingencies which 
are to be expected in the course of this campaign, may be 
so various, unforeseen, and almost infinite, that no partic- 
ular line of conduct can be prescribed for them — upon all 
such occasions you will be governed by your own prudence 
and discretion, on which the fullest confidence is placed. 

Altliough your genei'al rule of conduct will be to act on 
the defensive only, yet it is not meant to prohibit you from 



277 

striking a blow at tlie enemy's posts or detachments should 
a fail' opportnuity present itself. The most eligible posi- 
tion for your army, in my opinion, will be above (that is, 
on the north side) of the Croton, as well as for the purpose 
of supporting the garrison of West Point, annoying the 
enemy and covering the country, as for the security and 
repose of your own troops. 

Waterbury's brigade (which may be posted towards the 
Sound), Sheldon's corps, the State troops of New York, 
and other light parties may occasionally be made use of to 
hold the enemy in check, and carry on the pctit-f/iicnr with 
them ; but I would recommend keeping your force as much 
collected and compact as the nature of the service will 
admit, doing duty by corps instead of detachments, when- 
ever it is practicable; and above all exerting yourself most 
strenuously and assiduously, while the troops are in camp 
of I'epose, to make them perfect in their exercise and man- 
o?uvres, and to establish the most perfect system of disci- 
pline and duty. The good of the sei-vice and emulation of 
corps will, 1 am persuaded, prompt the oflicers and men 
to devote their whole time and attention to the pleasing 
and honourable task of becoming masters of their profes- 
sion. The uncertainty which the present movement of the 
army will probably occasion with the enemy, ought 
to be increased by every means in your power, and the de- 
ception kept up as long as possible. It will not be exped- 
ient to prevent tJie militia, which were ordered, from com- 
ing in, until the arrival of the Count de Grasse, or some- 
thing definite and certain is known from the southward; 
and even these circumstances may, (but of this you will be 
advised) render it adviseable to keep the enemy at New 
York in check — prevent their detaching to reinforce their 
southern army, or to harass the inhabitants on the sea- 
coasts. 

The redoubt on the east side of Dobbs' Ferry is to be dis- 
mantled and demolished; the platforms to be taken up, 
and transported up the river, if it can be conveniently done. 



278 

The block-house on the other side to be maintained, or 
evacuated and destroyed as you shall judge proper. The 
waterpfuards and other precautions to prevent surprise, 
you will be pleased to take into your consideration, and 
regulate in such a manner as you shall judge most ex- 
pedient. You will be pleased to keep me regularly 
advised of every important event which shall take place 
in your departments. 

Given under my hand at headquarters, near Dobbs' 
Ferry, this 19th day of August, 1781. 

(Signed) Geo. Washington. 

P. S.— By the act of Congress of the 3d of Oct., 1780, a 
return is to be made to them annually, on or before the 
first of September, of the troops belonging to the several 
States, that requisitions may be made for completing the 
same. This you will please to have done by the troops 
under your command. 

The preservation of the boats is a matter of very great 
importance, to which you will attend. Let all the new 
boats, and such others as are not absolutely necessary, 
and allotted to the service of the garrison, be hauled up, 
and put under the care of a guard, so that the person to 
whom they are committed shall be accountable for every 
boat. 

The abuses committed by people belonging to commis- 
sioned whale-boats on Long Island ought to be inquired 
into and suppressed, especially as Congress have ordered 
those commissions to be revoked. 

G. W." 

19th. — About noon, his Excellency Gen. Washington left 
the army, setting his face towards his native State, in full 
confidence, to use his own words, "with a common bless- 
ing," of capturing Lord Cornwallis and his army; while 
our General was left to watch Sir Henry Clinton, and 
guard against those attempts which it was probable he 
would make to succour Cornwallis direct, or by making 



279 

such other movements as might tend to induce Gen. Wash- 
ington to give up his object, or avail himself of some im- 
portant posts in his absence. Sir Henry Clinton was con- 
sequently on the rack, to devise something which should 
effect his purpose; a stroke at the posts in the Highlands, 
Connecticut, New Jersey, Albany and Philadelphia, was 
contemplated. Against all this had our General to guard 
— let impartiality judge, and candour decide on his con- 
duct. 

On the morning of the same day, the French army 
marched from their encampment towards King's Ferry, 
where they were to cross the river. The American park of 
artillery, Col. Olney's regiment, and the New York regi- 
ment decamped and moved the same way. 

20th. — A little after noon, our General ordered off the 
baggage to the strong ground near Young's, which at about 
6 o'clock was followed by the army, marching by the left 
in one column, which took a strong position during the 
night. The pickets after dusk were drawn back a little to 
the northward of the former encampment. The advanced 
parties under Maj. Scott^ were ordered to join their re- 
spective regiments, and Sheldon's horse to patrol in the 
front. 

21st.— Col. Putnam, with 320 infantry. Col. Sheldon's 
horse, and two companies of the New York levies, were 
ordered to form an advance for the army, and remain at 
or near their present ground. About 12 o'clock at noon, 
the army took up its line of march, and halted at night on 
the lower parts of North Castle. Two regiments had been 
detached on the march to Sing-Sing church, to cover a 
quantity of baggage belonging to the French army, assist 
in removing it, &c. and a detachment was sent to the New 
Bridge, to secure a quantity of flour lodged near that place. 

22d. — The army marched from North Castle, and en- 
camped at Crom Pond; all the French stores at Tarrytown 
and Sing-Sing had been secured. 



1 William Scott, Ist N. H. 



280 

23d. — The army marched from Crom Pond, and took a 
strong position at Peek's Kill; the first line encamping 
before the village, and the second behind it. After the 
troops were encamped, 80 wagons were sent off to assist 
in forwarding the stores of the army with Gen. Wash- 
ington. Intelligence was received that a frigate and store- 
ship had arrived at Boston from France, with military 
stores, &c. for the United States. 

2J:th. — The French troops had not all passed the Ferry 
— 150 Americans were sent to aid them, and at evening 150 
more. Intelligence was received that a large French fleet 
had been seen standing for the continent. 

2Gth. — The whole of the French army had crossed the 
river. Gen. Washington was as far as liamapo in the fore- 
noon. Six deserters came in from the enemy, and three 
prisoners of war belonging to Delancey's corps were sent 
up; they had taken and were driving off about 30 sheep, 
which were recovered. 

27th. — Dispatches were sent off' to Gov. Trumbull at 
Hartford, and Gov. Hancock at Boston. A heavy cannon- 
ade was heard towards New York, from early in the morn- 
ing till two in the afternoon, supposed to be off at sea. 

30th. — At evening a detachment consisting of 250 men, 
marched towards the New Bridge, where wagons were col- 
lected for the grand forage, which was to be covered by 
this detachment and the troops on the lines — the whole 
under the command of Col. Greatou. By the last accounts 
Gen. Washington was as far as Chatham, in the Jersies. 

31st. — Colonel Laurens passed the army on his way from 
Boston to Philadelphia; he had brought from France a 
large sum in specie for the United States. Col. Laurens 
reported the friendly disposition of the European powers 
towards the United States; that Great Britain continued 
to stand without a single ally, nor could she obtain one in 
the war in which she was engaged. 

t^eptcmber 1st. — The foragers returned with 42 loads of 
hay. A Hessian rifleman came in with his rifle. 



281 

The same da.y letters were received from Gen. Washing- 
ton, dated at Trenton, the 29th ult. mentioning tliat a 
British fleet of 15 sail of the line had arrived at Sandy 
Hook from the West Indies. The same evening, about 40 
Indians, from the Oneida and other neighboring tribes, 
came to the army, on their way after Generals Washington 
and Rochambeau. 

2d. — Intelligence was received from New York that a 
fleet, under the command of Admiral Sir Samuel Hood, 
had arrived at Sandy Hook from the West Indies, con- 
sisting of 14 sail of the line, three 44 gun ships, one of 28, 
sloop and fire-ship. The ships of the line were, Bar- 
fleur, of 90 guns, Princess, Invincible, Alcide, Alfred, 
Ajax, Resolution, Centaur, Intrepid, Terrible, Montague, 

fihreusburij, Belliqueax, and , 74 guns each. It was 

said that the first battalion of Royals, 13th and 69th Brit- 
ish regiments came in the fleet. 

3d. — Intelligence was received, that General Washing- 
ton was at Philadelphia the preceding Friday, and that his 
army was to march from Trenton, as yesterday. 

4th. — Intelligence was received from New York that the 
British fleet had sailed to counteract the French. The 
day before, the southern post-rider, with the mail, was 
stopped near Pompton in the Jersies, and the mail carried 
off ; the horse was left in the road. The same day a fleet of 
2G sail, some of which were large, passed Stamford to the 
eastward. 

6th. — Intelligence was received from New York that an 
embargo was laid on the shipping there and that 6 British 
transports had been taken by the French. The enemy's 
shipping in the North River above Fort Washington had 
all gone down. 

7th. — Intelligence was received from New York, that the 
Count de Grasse had arrived in the Chesapeake on the 31st 
ultimo; that a 64 gun ship and a frigate had entered York 
River ; that Lord Cornwallis was preparing for a vigorous 
defence; and that 6 sail of victuallers had been taken by 



282 

Admiral Barras. A heavy cannonade was heard the day 
before towards the Hook. The same day there was much 
passing between the city and Fort Washington, which oc- 
casioned a great rising of dust, visible at a great distance ; 
and there was rumbling of carriages in the night. Mr. 
Rivington, in his paper, observed the present to be the most 
interesting and critical era of the war. The same evening 
a detachment marched from our army for a grand forage. 

8th. — Two companies of Col. Weissenfel's^ regiment 
were ordered to Albany to cover that city against the de- 
signs of the enemy. The same evening, our General re- 
ceived a letter from Gen. Washington, dated at the Head 
of Elk the preceding day, in which he observes, "I have it 
now in my power to congratulate you on the arrival of 
Count de Grasse with 28 ships of the line and some frigates, 
in the Chesapeake, with a body of land forces on board, 
which he debarked immediately on his arrival. On his pas- 
sage, he took Lord Rawdon, who was bound from Charles- 
ton to England. This arrival, with Col. Laurens, from 
France, must fill the United States with the most happy 
prospects and expectations." • • * j am thus far on 
my way to Virginia with the troops under my command; 
we are now embarking the heavy baggage, stores, and some 
of the troops." » • » i must beg of you not to forget 
sending the quantity of beef I requested, as I must at pres- 
ent altogether depend on that supply." 

The same day intelligence was received that the enemy's 
fleet, which had sailed up the Sound on the 4th, had made 
a descent on New London. At evening, Maj. Tallmadge, 
with 20 cavalry and 200 infantry, was orderefl to move im- 
mediately towards the Sound. The preceding day, about 
30 sail of the enemy's vessels passed the Sound towards 
New York. 

On the morning of the 9th the foragers returned with 28 
loads of hay. 

10th. — Intelligence was received from Governor Trum- 



1 Lieut. -Col. Frederick Weissentels, 4th N. Y. 



•283 

bull, that the enemy had made a descent on New London, 
on the evening of the 6th with about 2000 infantry and 300 
light horse. Their fleet consisted of about 40 sail of sliips- 
of-war and transports; they pluudered the inhaliitants of 
property to a large amount, and burnt a great part of the 
town. The militia behaved very gallnntly, aud a number 
of very \aluable citizens were killed; among others, Col. 
Ledyard, Caiitaius Saltonstall and Richards^ The enemy, 
in three assaults on the fort on (h'oton side of the river, 
were repulsed, but on the fourth attempt carried it. The 
militia collecting in greater numbers, with some pieces of 
artillery, the enemy retreated on board their shipping. 
Part of the American shipping in the harbour were scut- 
tled and some were run up the river. In Governor Trum- 
bull's letter, the enemy were cliargeil with behaving in a 
wanton an<l l>aj'barous manner; and that of between 70 and 
SO uuMi who were killed, three only were killed before the 
enemy entered the fort, and the garrison had submitted; 
that on Col. Ledyard's delivering his sword reversed to the 
c(tmmandiug officer who entered the fort, the officer im- 
mediately plunged it in the Colonel's body, on A\'hich sev- 
eral soldiers bayoneted him. It is also asserted, that upon 
the foregoing taking place, an American officer, who stood 
near to Col. Ledyard, instantly stabbed the British officer 
who stabbed the Cobuiel ; on which, the British indiscrim- 
inately bayoneted a great number of Americans. 

This expedition was commanded by Arnold. The Brit- 
ish loss was very considerable^ in killed and wounded; 
among the former was Major Montgomery. Arnold him- 
self continued on tlie New London side, and while his 
troops were plundering and burning, was said to have been 
at a house where he was treated very politely; that while 
he was sitting with the gentleman^ regaling himself, the 

1 Peter Richards was a captain of Massachusetts mihtia. 

2 This citizen was Christopher Christophers. His house, which is still 
standing, is known as the Vinegar House, from the fact that he used the 
contents of a tanli of vinegar in extinguishing the bm-ning house of a 
neigiibor. nn tiiat dn-"-. 



'28i 

latter observed that he hoped his house and property would 
be safe; he was answered that while he (Arnold) was there 
it would not be touched; but the house, except the room in 
which they were, was soon pluudered, and found to be on 
fire. During the plunder of the town, tlie British (as is al- 
ways the case in a plunder) were in great confusion, set- 
ting their arms against trees and fences, while they were 
collecting and carrying off their plunder ; in this situation 
they might have been easily defeated; nor would it have 
been the first time that an army in possession of victory 
lost it in this way; hence, by the articles of war, "If any of- 
ficer or soldier shall leave his post or colours to go iu search 
of plunder, lie is liable to suffer death for the offence." 

It is not meant to exculpate or to aggravate the conduct 
of the enemy on this occasion — but two things are to be re- 
membered : first, that in almost all cases the slaughter does 
but begin when the vanquished give way ; and it has been 
said, that if this was fully considered, troops would never 
turn their backs, if it wei*e possible to face the enemy : Sec- 
ondly, in all attacks by assault, the assailants, between the 
feelings of danger on the one hand, and resolutions to over- 
come it on the other, have their minds worked up almost to 
a point of fury and madness, which those who are assailed, 
from a confidence in their works, do not feel ; and that con- 
sequently when a place is carried, and the assailed submit, 
the assailants cannot simultaneously curb their fury to rea- 
son, and in this interval many are slain in a way which 
cool bystanders would call wanton and barbarous, and 
even the perpetrators themselves, when their rage subsided 
would condemn ; but while the human passions remain as 
they now are, there is scarcely a remedy. 

11th. — Arnold's fleet was still in the Sound, and further 
depredations were expected; they were this morning at 
Killingsworth, and about noon 50 sail of vessels came to 
anchor between Norwalk and Stamford. Major Tallmadge, 
who was returning, upon supposition that the enemy had 
returned to New York, was ordered back immediately. Maj. 



285 



Kuapp' was detached with 100 men to leiufoi-ce Col. Put- 
nam on the lines; and Brig. (Jen. Huntington, with the first 
Connecticut brigade and a detaciiment of artillerA' was 
ordered to niarcli towards tlie Sound. The same day the 
army moved from its encampment at Peek's Kill and took 
a very strong position on Bald ITill, where it encamped in 
one line, the second line forming in the centre of tlie first; 
and the 8th Massachusetts regiment was ordered to march 
from the army, and reinforce tlie garrison at AVest Point. 

l;>tli. — Intelligence ^\•as received that on the. enemy's 
anchoring ofl' Stamford, Maj. Tallmadge advanced towards 
the town; den. Huntington had advanced as far as Bed- 
ford; and tliat t!ie picceding morning the enemy's lleet 
came to sail and sto(Ml principally to the westward; some of 
tlie fleet at tlie. .sime time standing over to Huntington Baj', 
Long Island. Major Tallmadge was to remain at or near 
Canaan for the protection of the inhabitants; Gen. Hun- 
tington to return to tiie army. 

Tlie Hessian recruits, wliicli had a litth' time before ar- 
rived at New York, were very sickly, and many died. The 
tleet which had arri\-ed at New York were in bad condi- 
tion. The I'ntdeiite and Rohusie lay at the ship-yard; the 
Roebuck had been sent to Halifax to repair, and had not 
returned. xMr. TJiviugton, in his paper, talkt^l of another 
fleet coming out, under Admiral Digby. 

15th. — The enemy had still a number of troops on board 
their transports in the harbour. The same day intelligence 
was received from Canada, that tJie enemy were preparing 
a number of canoes and small batteaux at St. John's, bak- 
ing hard Iiread at ^lontreal and forwarding it to St. 
John's, &c. Tlie <'ork tleet had arrived at Quebec. The 
same day about 40 sail of the enemy's vessels passed in the 
Sound to the eastward. 

17th. — Intelligence was received that a brigade of troops 
had lately come to St. John's, from whence an incursion 
on our northern frontier might be expected ; on which the 

1 Moses Kuapp. 10th Massachusetts. (Died Nov. 7, 1800.) 



280 

whole of Weissenfels' regiment was ordered for Albany 
immediately; notice was also given to the eastern Gover- 
nors, and the Brigadiers commanding the militia of the 
connties of Hampshire and Berkshire, in Massachusetts, 
requested to lend their aid, if it should be found necessary. 

ISth. — A deserter came in from New York; he reported 
that wlien he left tlie city about 20 sail of vessels were fall- 
ing down to the Hook, said to have troops ou board. 

19th. — The 2d and 5th ]\rassachusetts regiments were 
ordered to go into garrison at West Point, and the 7th reg- 
iment to join the army; it had before been in garrison. The 
same day, intelligence was received from New York, that 
there had been a naval engagement off the Chesapeake be- 
tween 19 sail of British men-of-war, and 24 French ships 
of the line : tlie story was so badly told in New York, that 
there was good grounds to conclude that the British had 
received a severe drubbing. On tlie 17th, when a packet 
arrived at New York, 3000 people were said to ))e waiting 
on the wharves to learn the news, but not a word transpired 
nor did the countenance of the ofiicer who landed a])peai' 
to beam with smiles of fortune. The enemy had taken a 
number of liea^y cannon from the grand batter^v, which 
were put ou board ship. The troops still remained on board 
the transports and had fallen down to the Hook. A mortal 
sickness prevailed in Delancey's corps at llorrisania, which 
was much reduced in its nuuibers. 

22d. — Intelligence was received that the British fleet had 
been pretty severely handled by the French, and some of 
the ships were considerably damaged ; that the inhabitant's 
were in great consternation in New York ; many were pack- 
ing up their goods; that Arnold's loss at New London, in 
both killed and wounded was very considerable; that the 
38th, 47tli and 50th regiments were on that expedition, and 
then considered as unfit for duty. Gen. Sir Henry Clinton 
was said to be embarked with the troops, report said from 
7 to 8 thousand; among them the British and Hessian 
grenadiers, light infantry, 42d regiment, &c. 



■287 

24tli. — A grand forage was made below the lines. The 
Britis^h fleet returned to the Hook on the 20th. The Pru- 
deutc of Oi guns, had gone down in a miserable condition 
to join the fleet; and the Robuste of 74 guns had hauled 
down nearly (>pi)(>site to the city. The heavy cannon had 
been taken from Fort A\'ashiugton as well as the grand bat- 
tery. 

25tli. — Forty-six loads of forage were l)rought off from 
below the lines. .Mr. l{ivington published another account 
of the naval engagement between the fleets on the 15th ; he 
acknowledged that several ships were much damaged, and 
that two whicii had coir.e fi'om the West Indies leaky, were 
more so after the engagement ; that in particular, the Tcr- 
rlhlc was so n\uch daraaged as occasioned the taking out 
her guns, &c. and setting her on fire; after which tlie fleet 
returned to the Hook, finding it impracticable to succour 
Lord Cornwallis. It was said that the troops which had 
embarked, ( al)out (iOnOj had debarked on Htaten 
Island. Other accounts stated their number not more than 
4000 — they were impressing and collecting wagons. 

27th. — Three deserters came in from Col. Wurmb's' 
corps with their arms, &c. 

28tli. — Ajipreheuding that the enemy might have inten- 
tions of crossing over from Staten Island to the Jersies, a 
detachment of 300 infantry, with light artillery, under the 
command of Col. Rwift-, were ordered to cross the ferry the 
next morning and move as far as Eamapo, to be on hand 
to aid the militia, in case the enemy should land in the Jer- 
sies. 

29th. — Intelligence was received from the northward 
that a small party had been sent from St. John's to Sara- 
toga, to take a prisoner or two, for the purpose of obtain- 
ing information, but that five of the party, with the instruc- 
tions of the British commandant at St. John's were taken 
and brought in by Captain Dunham". 



1 Wurmb's was a Hessian regiment. 

2 Heman Swift, 2d Connecticut. 

3 George Dunham, 2d Massachusetts. 



288 

30th. — Intelligence was received that Admiral Digby 
arrived at New York on the 25th inst. with three sail of the 
line and one frigate. Prince William Henry/ the King of 
England's third son, came in this fleet. It was said in New 
York that Lord Cornwallis's force in Virginia consisted 
of 5000 I'egular troops, and 3000 levies; bnt that behind 
him was a numerous Continental army — before him a 
powerful French fleet. The troops on Staten Island were 
at this time suspected to be planning some secret expedi- 
tion ; and Congress, from some intelligence which they had 
received, were not withoxit apprehensions that Philadel- 
phia might be their object. The militia of Pennsylvania 
were held in readiness for instant service, and our General 
was notified to hold the army in readiness to move, if neces- 
sary. The enemy were carefully watched. Sir Henry Clin- 
ton was endeavouring to devise some means whereby he 
might relieve Lord Coruwallis, but nothing would have di- 
verted Gen. Washington from capturing him. The New 
York papers were filled with addresses and adulations to 
their young Prince ; but these could not retard the advances 
of a Washington or defend Cornwallis. The fleet of Count 
de Grasse made several captures. 

3d.— At 3 o'clock A. M. Major Trescott,- with a detach- 
ment of 100 men from ^laj. Tallniadge's command, erosse<l 
the Sound to Long Island and completely surprised the 
enemy's Fort Slonge^, making 2 Captains, 1 Lieutenant, 
and 18 rank and file prisoners; of the enemy, 2 were killed 
and 2 wounded; of the Americans, none were killed, and 
but one wounded. Two double fortified i pounders, found 
in the fort, were damaged. One bra.ss three-pounder, with 
a number of small arms, ammunition, clothing, British 
goods, &c. were brought off. Tliis enterprise was conducted 
with address and gallantry. 



1 Afterwards William IV. 

2 Lemuel Trescott (1751-1826). ICth Massachusetts. 

3 Slongo. 



289 

4th. — The foragers returned with upwards of 40 loads of 
hay. 

5th. — A detachment of dragoons were sent towards Bos- 
ton, and 100 picked infantry under Maj. MorreP were to 
march towards Springfield to escort a large sum of money 
(brought by Col. Laurens) to Philadelphia. 

6th. — The enemy were again end^arking their troops 
from Staten Island; tlie.y embarked on board the men-of- 
war. Considering their case as desperate, they were de- 
termined to make one desperate attempt. Ten or twelve 
fire-ships were prepared to sail with the fleets; they were 
filled with proper materials for the jiurpose, and, to pi-e- 
vent suspicion, they were new painted, had guns, and the 
appearance of some of the handsomest ships in the fleet. 

8th. — A detachment was sent on a grand forage. The 
same day, intelligence was received that a party of refu- 
gees and Indians from Niagara had burnt a number of 
houses and barns at Warsvorsing- ; they were pursued by 
Col. Paulding, but could not be come up with. Sir Henry 
Clinton, in his orders of the 3d, directed 3000 regular 
troops to embark on board the men-of-war as marines; it 
was sui^posed that everything would be ready by the 14th. 
Secret intelligence had been received from Albany, that the 
enemy had intentions on that city; that they would ad- 
vance by different routes and on their near approach would 
be joined by some disaffected people in the country, and 
the destruction of the city be effected. Brig. Gen. Stark 
had been in command for some time at the northward. 

10th. — Our General ordered the 2d New Hampshire reg- 
iment and a detachment of artillery to the northward. Gen. 
Stark had executed a Mr. Loveless,^ sent in by Capt. Dun- 
ham as a spy. 

13th. — Intelligence was received that the enemy had ad- 
vanced to this side of Lake George. 



lAmos Morrill, 2d N. H-. 

2 Wa warsing, Ulster County. 

3 Thomas Lovelace was hung near the present Schuylerville, N. Y. 
He was a noted Tory marauder. 



290 

14th. — The 1st New Hampshire and 10th Massachusetts 
regiments, with a detachment of artillery, were ordered to 
Albany, where matters wore a more serious aspect. 

15tli. — Intelligence was received that on the 28th ult. 
Gen. Washington took a position in the neighborhood of 
York — the enemy gave him no annoyance: on his advanc- 
ing, a body of horse paraded before the enemy's works; but 
retired upon the discharge of a few shots at them. 

The 29th was spent in taking another position as near 
the enemy's advanced woi'ks as could be done without plac- 
ing the encampment in range of their shot. Some skirmish- 
ing happened between our riflemen and the Jagers, in 
wiiich the former had the advantage. At night the enemy 
abandoned all their out-posts, (some of which were vevr 
advantageous) and retired to the tovrn; the Americans oc- 
cupied the same ground, and made lodgments at a short 
distance from the enemy's lines. The heavy artillery was 
to be brought up as soon as possible, and the siege pushed 
flith vigour. 

-30th. — Col. iT*canvmell, ^^•llo was officer of the day. was 
wounded and taken prisoner by a party of the enemy's 
horse, as he was reconnoitring one of the Avorks which had 
just before been evacuated. 

Our General had ordered Maj. Gen. Lord Stirling to 
proceed to Albany, and take command of the troops in 
that quarter; he set out for the northward about noon on 
the Ifith. The same day, Col. Tupper, with the 1st New 
Hampshire and 10th Massachusetts regiments, and a de- 
tachment of artillery, embarked at Fishkill Landing, and 
arrived at Albany in 18 hours afterwards. The same day 
it was learnt that the (memy's fleet at New York was 24 
or 25 sail of the line, and that 5 ov 0000 of the best troops 
at New York had embarked and A\e]'e on the point of sail- 
ing to attempt to relieve Earl Cornwallis; it was also said 
that Cornwallis was short of bread, and that his meat pro- 
visions would not last him more than the month out, at 



291 

farthest — he had received fresh provisions but once after 
lie was blockaded. 

On the morning of the 17th a horse-guard beh)nging to 
(ien. Howe's division, consisting of a Sergeant, 9 privates 
and 8 wagoners, with 30 horses, wei'e taken by Delancey's 
horse a little below Croton River, where the horses had 
been put to pasture contrary to orders. A Court of In- 
quiry was ordered to investigate the matter. 

18th. — It was learnt that on the preceding Saturday, a 
British 74 gun ship was struck by the lightning at New 
York, and sustained considerable damage. 

22d. — Gen. Greene's official letter to Congress, an- 
nounced that his battle on the 8th, near Eutaw Springs, 
was well fought; that on the field he obtained the victory, 
drove and pursued the enemy for several miles, when the 
enemy, throwing themselves into a three-story brick house, 
a stockaded garden and thick brush, renewed the action, 
when, after some efforts to dislodge them. Gen. Greene 
thought it advisable to call off his troops, which was done, 
and the wounded brought off, except such as were under 
the fire of the house. Four brass six-poiinders having had 
their horses killed, were also left near the house, in pos- 
session of the enemy. This was somewhat similar to what 
took place at Germautown battle, and now very probably 
saved the British from a total defeat. The close of this ac- 
tion barred it>' being called a comi)lete vict(U'y, although 
its effects proved it such. General Greene of Continental 
State troops and militia, had one Lieutenant-Colonel, 1 
Major, (i Captains, 8 Subalterns, 8 Sergeants, and 111 
rank and file killed — .5 Lieutenant-Colonels, 13 Captains, 
25 Subalterns, 32 Sergeants, and 300 rank and file woun- 
ded — 1 Sergeant and 40 rank and file missing — 1 Brigadier- 
General of militia Avounded. Of the enemy, 500 prisoners, 
including the wounded, \\ hich the enemy left behind them, 
were taken, and it was supposed that the killed and other 
wounded of the enemy must be nearly 000 more. Perhaps 
troops never fought better than the Americans did in this 



'292 

b;Utlo; and of Iho I'ritish. litMirrnl (irtHMH" obscrviHi ••tlu- 
onomv foufflu \\itli i'()iial s]Mrit. arxl woiiliy of a bi-ttor 
oanso." 

I»v a lot tor from (ii'ii. A\'asliiiigtou of ilio ('>(1\. it ai>|>oarotl 
that tho oporatious airaiust Earl Corinvallis had I lion i^oiio 
on but sUnvlv. but (hat tI>o trouohos woro (o bo opoiiod that 
night. Tho samo U'ltor obsorxtvl that xouto luismnkMstaud 
iujj, whioh had subsisttsl in ^"ol•Illont. was sottUMl. and that 
(>on. l\uos and (ho (roops niulor his o()inniand won' (o ho 
snbj(H't (o (ho ofdors of our (lonoral. 

Tlio army in iho llii;hhinds woro a( this timo short of 
th)ur. iH'oasionod by tho dry soason. and consiHiuout want 
of wator for tho mills. 

l.*4th. — A lottor was roooivod from (ion. Washington, 
datod at York, in Viriiinia, tho lL*th. by whioh it ajipoarotl 
that tho tronolios woro oi>onod on tho nijiht of tho t>th. with 
ont boing disoovorod by tho onon\y until daylight. The 
approaohos wore oarriod ou within (>00 yards of tho onoii\y"s 
works without any loss — tho 7th and 8th woro oTuployod 
in orootiuii' battorios — on tho lUh. two battorios. ono on th« 
rijiht, and tho othor on tho loft, woro oiumuhI. Tho noxt 
morninii-, four othor battorios boinu 0(uni>lotiHl. tho wholo 
oponod a lunivy tiro of cauuou and mortars, whioh soiui 
booamo so warm as to drive tho onouty from thoir siuns ami 
their tiro was almost totally silonoiHi — very littlo return 
was made afterwards. Tho ("iKirun of 44 ,miiis. with one 
transi>ori. took tiro fi'tun our shot or shells, the evening of 
tho lOtii. and wore both oonsnmod. Tho tlth. another ship 
was destroyed in tho same manner. Tho same nii;h(. the 
seeond parallel was advaneed within less than 400 yards 
of the enemy's lines. This approaoh was also tMlVeted with- 
out annoyaitoe; and on tho ll'th. tho fatijiuo nuui woro si^ 
onrely eovered wliilo they wore oompletini; the works. Tho 
same ovoniuii thiM'o was a llyiuii' report, whioh seoinod to 
gain oredit. tlmt Karl Cornwallis ami his army snrrendoriHl 
ou the 17th. and tiiat fount do (Wrasse had gone out to 
mo(>t Admiral Dighv. 



2y:i 

UOtli.-— In(cllij,'<in(' wiis ii<<ivc(l of the advance of th(! 
cnein.v ;il (lie norl li\\;ii-(l. 

130(11.- ("ol. |<'i'im<iH, will) llic sjiccic from fJosloii, ))nsHC',d 
(lie i-i\<'f; (he money \v;ik cKcoi-lcd ]\\ iO lioi-se of Kli(!l(lon's 
rcfjijiieiil, iiml IHO iiif;iiifry, and IJeiH. ("ol. Mellen' wan 
ordered \\i(h a defaelimeiH of inf;iii(ry, lo move on the 
lower ro;id ;is f;ir iis Al orris! own, keei)ing hetvveeii tlic e.s- 
<-or( and I he enemy. 

L'Slh. In llie aflernoon, a ledei- from (ieii. Wiisliinjfton 
to oni- (lenernl iinnoimred (he ph'nsin;; and hij^hly im- 
portaid news of (he (■(>m|»le(e cnpdire of lOiirl ("ornwallis 
and his wliole ai'iny on (he 11t(h. Our (ieneral liad iissiired 
(he ai-iny thai (he monieiH, he I'ceeivcd (he certain intelli- 
iri'iice of (he eapl lire of Cor-nwallis, it sliould l»o announced 
(o (Jieni l)y (he dischiii'fic of ]'.', ciinnon iieiii- his qnai-tcrs; 
(hese were now (he heralds (o (he nrmy, and ^vere instantly 
answci'ed hy ;i like niimhei' of licld-jdeces in e\-ei'y hi'ifjade 
on the •^roiind. 

On (hr \~>\\[, (wo of Ihe enemy's redonh(s were s(()rnied, 
one hy (he Americans and (he olhei' hy (he l''renci) troops, 
and soon cjiri'ied with hn( li((h' loss. The possession of 
(hese i-e(h.iih(s f^nve (he allied army in a •;reat measni'c tho 

eoniiiKind of II (her works of the enemy, who on tiie 17fh 

he;i( a pnrley, and on (he l!t(h, surrendered: ;!")(»() re^nlar 
(roops hiid down (heir arms; liOOO more wen; sick and 
wounded in (he hos])iliils. These were exclusive of sailors, 
nei,n'oes, tS;e. Iliirl ('ornw;illis was (o j^o to l<]n<;land (m i)a- 
r<de, and reiimin a prisoner iirdil exchanjicd. 'j'he (dlicers 
;ind men wei'c (o he (>.\chaiiffed as far as the garrison of 
rhiirleslon wdiild exiend; the HMnainder wiTC to remain 
pi-isoners of war; the i;ri(ish were to i-etain (heii- privnie 
hi\<i:ii:;\<<;i: I ( was said (li;i( more than TOO vessels were taken 
from (he enemy. A detnil of (he jtrisoners taken, was stated 
as follows: one Lient. <!eneriil, one T?ri<r. (ieneral, 2 Col- 
onels, l^l liient. Tolonels, Ml Majors, 1)7 <'aj)tains, ISO 
Fvieutenants, 55 Ensi-ins. I <Mi;ii)hiinR, <i Ad.jntant's, 18 
Qnarter .Mnsters. IS Surycons. LT. Afates, .'iSr> Sersreants, 

1 James Millcn, Ith Massachusetts. 



'29i 

197 Drummers aud Trumpeters, G039 rank aud file, 3 89 in 
Commissary's department — sailors in the pay of the King, 
840 — killed during the siege, 309 — deserters, 44 — 75 brass 
cannon, 1{)9 iron do., 5743 muskets with bayonets, 915 mus- 
kets -without bayonets, and 1136 damaged muskets were 
among the trophies of victorj'. Thus was the principal 
force of the enemy crushed in the south. At the northward 
the enemy were advancing, both by the way of the Lakes 
and by the Mohawk River. Col. Willet% with his regiment 
of New York levies, and some militia of New York, and 
from the western parts of Massachusetts, were advancing 
to meet Maj. Ross, who, with from 500 to 700 men, prin- 
cipally British troops, was making his way towards Al- 
bany thr-ough the settlements on the Mohawk. 

29th. — Intelligence was received that an action took 
place the preceding Thursday, near Johnstown, between 
the troops under the command of Col. Willett and Maj. 
Ross. 

Col. Willett having advanced until he had arrived near 
Maj. Ross detached Maj. Rowley of Massachusetts with a 
body of militia, by a circuitous movement, to get in the rear 
of the enemy, with orders that as soon as he heard the firing 
in the front, to fall on them. Maj. Rowley performed his 
manoeuvre acordingly, and as soon as Col. Willett judged 
that the Major had gained the rear of the enemy, he made a 
vigorous charge on their front when they immediately gave 
way, and to all appearance the Colonel was nearly in the 
grasp of victory, Avhen, all at once, without any visible oc- 
casion, the levies came to a stand and then immediately be- 
gan to fall back, the enemy facing about and charging vig- 
orously; the Colonel's brass field-piece and ammunition 
tumbrel fell into the hands of the enemy, and a rout seemed 
to be taking place, when Maj. Rowley, not knowing what 
had taken place in the front, commenced a brisk attack on 
the enemy's rear ; this instantly threw them into confusion, 
Ihe levies rallied in the front and fought with redoubled 



1 Marinus Willett. 



295 

bravery; the field-piece and tmiibrol were retaken, and the 
enemy put to a most complete rout and jnirsued uutil the 
levies, militia, and some Oneida Indians who were with 
Col. Willett were worn down with fatigue. It was not 
possible to ascertain the number of the enemy's slain ; for. 
to use the words of the reporting officer, "Unless the 
swamps and rivers in which they fell were to report the 
killed, it was impossible to make a return of them." Major 
Butler', so freijuently a troublesome partisan officer on the 
fr(mtiers, was killed by the Indians as he was passing a 
river. Fifty-two prisoners were taken and brought in ; and 
Major Ross went off in a direction into the woods where 
he and his troops must have suffered extremely for pro- 
visions, &c. Of the levies and militia with Col. Willett, l 
Lieutenant and 12 rank and file were killed; 1 <'aptain, 2 
Lieutenants, and 20 rank and file were wounded; 1 Cap- 
tain, 1 Lieutenant and 3 privates missing. Thus were the 
designs of the enemy also frustrated in the north. 

The Corporation of the city of Albany were so much im- 
pressed with the seasonable and effectual exertions made 
by our General to save their city from destruction, that 
they sent him the following Aery polite address : 

Alb.vny, October 22, 1781. 
" Sir, 
Threatened as this city and the frontiers of the State 
have been with destruction from an enemy who, forgetting 
the rights of humanity and customs of war adopted by civ- 
ilized nations, have hitherto waged it with all the spirit of 
the most savage barbarism, we cannot reflect but with 
pleasure and gratitude on the alacrity with which yoii 
have pursued the intentions of the Commander in Chief, 
in affording with so much dispatch a competent support 
to oppose the enemy ; permit us, therefore, to render to you 
our unfeigned thanks, and to assure you that the corpora- 



1 This was the execrated Walter N. Butler, whose body was denied 
burial. 



2% 



tion of the city of Albany cau never be unmindful of your 
attention; and we entertain not the least doubt but that 
similar sentiments influence every inhabitant who has ex- 
perienced the advantage of your generous exertions. 

We are. Sir, with the greatest respect and esteem, your 
most obedient, humble Servants, 

By order of the Corxjoration, 
(Signed) Abra. Ten Broeck, Mayor. 
The Hon. Jfaj. Gen. Heath.^" 

31st. — The avnjy in the Higlilands celebrated the glori- 
ous victory obtained over Loi'd Cornwallis. The whole 
army was under arms in one line; the artillery inter- 
sjjersed with the brigades to which it was attached ; at 12 
o'clock, the army was reviewed by the General; at one, a 
grand fen-dc-jojj was fired, after which, all tlie officers 
dined together at a table spread in the field, and formed a 
great square, where great festivity and social mirth pre- 
vailed. The soldiery had an extra boon on the occasion, 
and, to crown the whole, in the midst of the joy around the 
table, an officer approached our General, and informed 
liim that, at the request of the prisoners in the provost (who 
were pretty numerous) he was desired to represent that 
their hearts expanded with joy on account of tlie glorious 
victory obtained by their illustrious Commander in Chief — 
tliat tliey lamented they could not express it with their 
comrades in arms, but that they did it heartily in their 
confinement, and solicited the General's goodness in an 
order for something to cheer their spirits. This was in- 
stantly done, with an additional (U'der to the officer of the 
provost guard to set every j^risoner in confinement at lib- 
erty. Tiie promulgation of this order drew a shout of ap- 
probation from the whole bod}' of the officers at the table, 
and probably had a better effect on the discipline of the 
army than a continuation of conliuement and exemplary 
punishment of the culprits could have produced. The gen- 
eral order of the day directed that, "As soon as the feu-de- 



297 

joy is over, the arms, ammunitiou, &c. are immediately to 
be put in perfect order for instant action. All guards, 
pickets and centinels to be vigilant and alert on their 
posts;" which, notwithstanding the joy of the day, was 
strictly observed. 

On this occasion there were rejoicings in all parts of the 
United States. One instance seems to be worthy of notice: 
the company collected had determined to burn Gen. Ar- 
nold in effigy for his treachery at West Point; just as they 
were going to commit the effigy to the flames, one of the 
company observed that one of Arnold's legs was wounded 
when he was fighting bravely for America, that this leg 
ought not to be bui'nt, but amputated ; in which the whole 
company agreed, and this leg was taken off and safely laid 

by- 

Koremhrr 3d. — At night the escort with the southern 
mail, who had put up at Col. Cooper's in Clark's Town, 
were attacked by a gang of villains who fired into the house 
and killed the Sergeant dead on the spot and wounded 
Capt. Champion^ of Connecticut, who had put up at the 
same house, in the shoulder; the Corporal of the escort 
behaved well, threw the mail behind a bed, and defended 
the house — the assailants made off. 

Tlie same day the foragers returned from below the lines 
with a large quantity of forage, and two prisoners, taken 
near Col. Phillips's. 

5th. — A Hessian Jjiger came in with his horse and 
equipments complete. 

7th. — Two deserters came in from New York; they left 
the city the evening before — they were very intelligent; by 
them it was learnt that the British fleet returned to Sandy 
Hook the preceding Saturday was a week — that no ac- 
tion happened while they were at sea — that the ti'oops 
were disembarked from the men-of-war, but remained on 



] Although the State records make no mention of his wound, this 
officer T/ns probably Henry Champion, Jr.. of Colchester. 



298 

board the transports — that Gen. Sir Henry Clinton landed 
on Long Island and came across to the city. 

8th. — Intelligence was received from the northward that 
the enemy did not establish a post at Ticonderoga, but 
were returning towards Canada ; and the militia which had 
been called out were dismissed. The British at New York 
at this time, wished to strike some of the posts in the High- 
lands, but did not attempt any of them. The army was 
short of flour, but amply supplied with meat. 

About this time our General received a letter 
from Gen. Washington, dated at York, (Virginia) 
October 27th, 1781, in which, among other things, 
the Commander in Chief observes: "There will be 
no occasion for forwarding on any more beef cattle from 
the northward for this army. Should there be a greater 
quantity of cattle sent from the New England States than 
the daily consumption of your army shall require, I would 
wish the surplus might be salted (if practicable) at some 
convenient place on the North River; otherwise, it might 
be necessary for you to give orders to the Agents and Com- 
missaries to prevent their sending more cattle than you 
shall have occasion for." This was the good fruit of the 
systematic arrangement. 

12th. — Gen. Glover, with his own brigade, marched for 
the lines in order to cover a grand forage. 

13th. — Lieut. Deforester^ of the Connecticut line, with 
25 Continental soldiers, and Capt. Lockwood,^ with 15 vol- 
unteers, including Lieutenants HulP and Mead,*, of the 
Connecticut State troops, took an armed slope of 10 car- 
riage-guns with 25 soldiers on board. Lieut. De Forest 
and those with him, behaved with great address and gal- 
lantry. 

Ifith. — Brig. Gen. Glover returned from the grand for- 
age; during the forage one of the enemy was killed and 



1 Samuel De Forest. 5th Conn. 

2 Lockwood is appp.rently the same as on page 288. 

3 Probably Abner Hull of the 7th Conn. 

4 Probably Jasper Mead, Lieut. 5th Conn. 



299 

two takeu prisoners; a quantity of corn, hay, &c. and 
ahout 40 swine, were brought off. 

17th. — The 3d Massachusetts brigade niovetl to their 
ground of cantonment, soutli of tlie north redoubt, where 
they built their huts. 

I'cjth. — Admiral Digby remained at New York with 
seven sail of the line, five of 74 and two of (54 guns, two 
fifties, two frigates, one 20 gnu ship, and two sloops of war ; 
the remainder Of the British fieet under the command of Ad- 
miral Graves, sailed from Sandy Hook the preceding Mon- 
day for the West Indies; a great number of shipping, per- 
haps 300 sail, were lying in New York harbour; the enemy 
aud inhabitants appeared much dejected. 

20th.— Col. Tupper, with the 10th ]»Iassachuset.ts regi- 
ment, a detachment of artillery, &c. arrived at West Point 
from Albany. 

■2M. — The Connecticut line marched to their canton- 
ment back of Constitution Island, aud the corps of artil- 
lery to West Point. The same day, Maj. C.eu. Lord Stir- 
ling returned to the army from Albany. 

24th. — Our General reuujved his quarters from the Con- 
tinental Village to Robinson's Farm, for winter quarters. 
The army in want of flour and forage. 

28th. — The 1st Massachusetts lu'igade moved to their 
cantonment back of West Point. 

December 2d. — The militia which had been called out 
for three months, were returning home. They had served 
with much reputation, and done good service for their 
country. 

4th. — Capt. Sacket' of the New York levies, near Har- 
rison's Purchase, below the lines, having gone a small dis- 
tance from his detachment on the morning of the 2d, was 
taken prisoner by a party of the enemy. The enemy after- 
wards attacked Lieut. Mosher^ to whom the command of 
the detachment fell; Lieut. Mosher and the detachment be- 

1 Samuel Sacket, 4th N. Y. (Died April 15, 1780.) 

2 John Mosher. 8th Massachusetts. 



300 

haved with great bravery, repulsed the enemy, killed one 
of them and two horses and wounded eight of the enemy ; 
among them a Capt. Kipp, said mortally ; Colonel Holmes 
and Capt. Kipp had their horses killed under them. The 
levies had not a man killed or wounded. 

The army were now husily employed in building their 
huts, which they prosecuted with great expedition, and 
soon rendered them comfortable as to shelter; but many 
of the troops were in a most naked and distressed condition 
as to clothing ; but relief was daily arriving from the east- 
ward. 

8th. — The officers and soldiers who had been in Virginia 
were now returning to the army. Some of the soldiers 
brought the small-pox with them. 

12th. — The river was frozen down to Fishkill Lauding. 

The 13th was a general Thanksgiving Day ; a large com- 
pany of the officers of the army dined with our General. 

24th. — The Clothier-General was issuing the new cloth- 
ing to the regimental Pay-SIasters — a most necessary piece 
of business. Congress about this time, by resolutions 
whicli they passed, called upon the Legislatures of 
the respective States to complete their quotas of the army 
by the first of March ensuing, Congress being determined 
to push the late sucesses until the enemy were driven from 
America. The preceding day, viz. the 23d, Capt. Williams^ 
of the New York levies, (stationed on the lines) with 25 
volunteer horse, made an excursion to Morrisania, where 
they took and brought off prisoners, one Captain, one 
Lieutenant, and seven privates of Delancey's corps, with- 
out the loss of a man. Capt. Williams conducted this enter- 
prise with address and gallantry. Capt. Pritchard moved 
down with a detachment of Continental troops to cover the 
horse, if necessary, but the enem.y did not come out. 

26th. — Five deserters came in from Arnold's corps, with 
their horses, &c. complete; they were a patrol to a forag- 
ing party near Col. Phillips's. An embarkation of troops 



1 Daniel Williams. 



301 

was taking plat(' at Is'ew York for Cliarlestou and Savan- 
nah; Gen. Leslie having Avritten, that without a reinforce- 
ment he could not maintain liis posts. 

27th. — Free Masons celebrated the feast of St. John, &c. 

31st. — The river was a little freed of the ice. — Thus 
closed the year 1781, a year which will be memorable in 
the annals of the United States of America for the caijture 
of Earl Cornwallis and his army — for several well-fought 
battles in the south bj' General Greene and the British, in 
that (juarter — for the Count de Grasse's having visited our 
coast with the most formidable fleet ever before in these 
seas — and for general successes on the American arms, 
under the smiles of Divine Providence in every quarter. 
-May tlie new year be rendered more auspicious in the com- 
pletion of tlie American warfare, and in the establishment 
of the United States in the full acknowledgment of inde- 
pendence, i)eace and happiness. 

1782. Jinmaiij 1st. — A new mode of supplying the 
army by contract commenced under the conduct of Com- 
fort Sands & Co., contractors. 

7th. — Nine soldiers had then died of the small-pox; 
it was spreading, and it was determined to inoculate 
such as had not had the distemper, which took place in the 
Connecticut line on the 11th. 

11th. — Capt. Hunnewell' of New York, with a number 
of volunteer horse, covered by Maj. Trescott with a detach- 
ment of Continental troops, made an excursion to Mor- 
risania, took and brought off prisoners Capt. Totten and 
three privates of Delancey's corps; it was the intent to have 
captured the Colonel, but he was absent from his quarters. 
A party of the enemy's horse collected and pursued Capt. 
Hunnewell but they were checked by ^lajor Trescott, and 
no injury was sustained. 

14th. — It was learnt that on the 4th, a fleet of 25 sail of 
victuallers arrived at New York finmi Cork under convoy 



1 Capt. Israel Honeywell, Jr.. 1st Westchester militia. 



302 

of the Qitchcc frigatt'; ten sail luoi'e were left at Charles- 
ton, where the whole totiehed. 

16th. — The river was hard frozen again, and was passa- 
ble on the ice from West Point to Constitution Island. The 
same day a sergeant and four dragoons came in from Ar- 
nold's corps, with six horses and furniture complete. The 
sixth dragoon would not come off, on which the others 
took from him his horse, cloak, sword, &c. They deserted 
from a foraging party and reported that a great part of 
the corps Avould desert when the opportunity offered. 

17th. — Three dragoons came in from Arnold's corps with 
their horses, &c. complete, and one j)risoner taken by our 
guides near Morrisania, was sent up. 

18th. — Lieut. HiwilP, crossing the river on the ice, fell 
through, but fortunately got out again. 

19th. — It was communicated that about the month of 

the preceding October, one was offered two thousand 

guineas to take Gen. Washington, and five hundred to 
take and bring in Gov. Keed. 

20th. — News was received that the Marquis de Bouille-, 
Governor of Martinico*, had recaptured the Island of St. 
Eustatia, where he made prisonei's of 670 men. The Count 
de Grasse, with 31 sail of the line, had arrived at ]\Iartin- 
ico before the 6th of December. The British fleet from 
New York had arrived at Barbadoes. 

24th. — Some uneasiness having taken place on account 
of the issues of provisions under the contract, the officers 
commanding brigades were ordered, on the part of the 
army, to endeavour an adjustment with the contractors, 
who went for that purpose. 

28th. — A man and his horse fell through the ice near 
West Point; several soldiers lent their assistance, but in 
vain — both were drowned. 

31st. — The whole of the troops who had not before had 



IJohn Hiwell. 3vi Continental artillery. He died in Savannah, 
17S8. 

2 Bouilie. 

3 Martinique. 



303 

the small-pox, were theu under the operation of inoculation 
—their number near 2000 ; several had died, but in general 
it was very favourable. 

Fchnmiji 8th.— News was received that the Duke de 
Lauzuu, who carried to France the news of the capture of 
Earl Cornwallis, arrived in France in 23 days after he left 
the Chesapeake; that there were great rejoicings in France 
on the occasion, and also for the birth of a Dauphin. 

10th. — The river had been passable on the ice for several 
days at King's Ferry. On the preceding Thursday, about 
50 of Delancey's horse came out within four miles of Chap- 
paqua, where they halted. On the 8th, they moved towards 
North Castle, but turned off by Wright's Mills ; from thence 
to King Street, and towards Horseneck ; they fell in with a 
small guard of Gen. Waterbury's— killed one and made 
four prisoners; they also took two or three inhabitants, 
plundered two houses, and returned. About this time, a 
detachment from the Jersey line made an attempt on the 
refugee post at Bergen, but were repulsed. 

17th. — The King of England's speech to his Parliament 
came to liand; this speech was more moderate than any 
before had been, and an inclination to pacification was dis- 
cernible. 

20th. — Two deserters came in from Arnold's corps and 
also two Hessians; ten had come in during the course of 
two or three days. 

21st. — The enemy were out towards Bedfoi-d. About 
this time, nine or ten thousand stand of arms and a large 
quantity of powder brought from France by Col. Laurens, 
were brought from Boston to Fishkill. 

23d. — A detachment, consisting of 150 men, properly of- 
ficered, under the command of Maj. Maxwell, marched for 
Stamford to cover that part of the country. 

27th. — Col. Sumner arrived from Massachusetts; he 
brought on about 2000 suits of clothes for the army. The 
day before, a Mr. Dyckman^ one of our guides on the lines, 

1 Abraham Dyckman (see next page). 



304 

with 13 volunteer horsemen, made an excursion to Morri- 
sania, took five prisoners of Delancey's coi-ps and five 
liorses ; on their return they were pursued by a party of the 
enemy's horse, Avho coming rather too near, the brave 
volunteers faced about, charged vigorously, and took one 
man prisoner with liis horse, and put the rest to flight. The 
enemy again appeared in some force at a distance, but 
dared not to renew the attack. About this time, a fleet of 
transports sailed from New York to the southward; it 
was conjectured to bring away troops. 

March 3d. — The river was so freed of ice that the (Jen- 
eral's barge crossed to West Point. Two prisoners of war 
taken from Delancey's corps were sent Tip. Accounts from 
Massachusetts announced an uneasiness among the people 
respecting the burden of taxes, and that there had been 
Conventions in the counties of Hampshii-e and Berkshire. 

4th. — Capt. Hunnewell, with a body of volunteer horse, 
backed by the infantry under the command of Maj. Wood- 
bridge, made an excursion to Morrisania. The horse pro- 
ceeded down between the British fort Xo. 8 and the can- 
tonment of Delancey's corps, and having turned the canton- 
ments between day-break and sun-rise, they entered pell- 
mell. The enemy were comi^letely surprised and fled in 
every direction; some were cut down on the spot, othei's 
so badly wounded as not to be able to be removed. Some 
of the enemy availed themselves of positions where the 
horse could not assail them, from whence they began to fire 
on the horse; this ocasioned the firing of the alarm guns 
at No. 8. The horse having nearly accomplished their de- 
sign, moved off, taking the East Chester road, on which 
Maj. Woodbridge had posted the infanti'y in ambuscade. 
Capt. Hunnewell had brought oft' one Subaltern and 20 men 
prisonei-s, and 20 horses. The enemy in the vicinity col- 
lected a number of horse, backed by light infantry, and 
pursued Capt. Hunnewell until he came to Maj. Wood- 
bridge. The enemy were drawn into the ambuscade, who 
made one or two discharges on them, on which they broke 



305 

and retired, but soon returned to the charge; skirmishing 
ensued, and continued to a considerable distance. Of the 
Americans, two privates were killed — ilr. Dvckman, one 
of the guides, a brave and active man, mortally wounded, 
and three privates slightly wounded. 

The enemy at New York were now contemplating means 
for their own defence against the next campaign, and it wius 
determined to open a canal and strong lines from the Hud- 
son to the East River, at some distance from the city. The 
canal was to be deep and wide; 2000 men were employed 
on the works on one day, 300 of whom were inhaltitants. 
The same number were to be furnished daily. These prep- 
arations were a defensive shield for the time of approach- 
ing negotiation, for, from the debates and speeches in the 
British Parliament, the olive-branch was evidently putting 
forth its buds. 

10th. — Two soldiers belonging to the 0th Massachusetts 
regiment, having some words respecting their mess, one 
of them struck the other with his fist a blow on the head 
and killed him dead on the spot. About the same time, an 
inhabitant, apprehending that some soldiers were about 
to rob his henroost, discliarged a musket out of a window, 
by which a soldier was killed. 

13th. — Maj. Gen. Lincoln, Secretary at War, arrived at 
the army on his way to Philadelphia. 

At this time it was learnt that on the 13th of the preced- 
ing December there were strong debates in the British 
House of Commons respecting the carrying on of the war 
in America. When Sir James Lowther made a motion that 
the mode which had been pursued was ineffectual, many 
Members spoke for and against the motion; when it was 
put, there was against the motion, 220; for it, 179; ma- 
jority, 41. 

14th.— Lieut. Harris, with six men belonging to Capt. 
Vermille's^ company of militia, having obtained intelli- 
gence of a party of Delancey's corps being at a house near 



1 Benjamin Vermilyea was a captain in the 1st Westchester militia 



306 

Mile-8qiiai'e, had the address to surprise the whole party, 
consisting of 12, killed one and made four prisoners. 

21st. — A dneP was fought at West Point between Capt. 

and Lieut. , when the former was killed and the 

latter wounded: they fought Avith pistols, at about ten feet 
distance. The Lieutenant absconded. 

25th. — News was received that the islands of St. Chris- 
topher's and NeA'is surrendered to the arms of his most 
Christian Majesty on the 12tli of the preceding February. 
The terms granted by the French commandants were truly 
noble, and reflect the highest honour on them. 

2fith. — About this time, putrid fevers were prevalent 
among the American troops, and in some instances proved 
mortal. About this time an embarkation of about 800 
troops took i)lace at New York; their destination not pub- 
lickly known. 

28th. — The whole army were ordered to be in readiness 
for instant action, or to march to such place or places as 
might stand in need of aid. An additional company was 
ordered to the lines, and another to Smith's Clove, for the 
safety of the Commander in Chief, who was on his way 
from Philadelphia to Newburgh, and was to pass the Clove 
on the succeeding Saturday or Sunday. News Avas re- 
ceived that the citizens of Loudon and Westminister had 
petitioned the King, in the strongest terms, to relinquish 
the American war. 

29th. — Five deserters came in from Arnold's corps with 
their arms, &c. complete. The enemy Avere busily employed 
on their canal and lines: a number of heavy cannon had 
been put on board ship at New York. About this time the 
British cruisers were but too successful against the Ameri- 
cans at sea. A ship of 18 guns had, for some time, taken a 
station off Spuyten Duyvil Creek. 

31st. — His excellency Gen. Washington arrived at New- 
burgh ; he had been absent from the main army since the 



1 The principals were Captain Luke Hitclicock of the Ist Massachu- 
setts and Lieutenant Nathan Stone of Jackson's regiment (Mass.). 



307 

19tli of the preceding August, having spent the winter at 
Pliiladelphia after the capture of Earl Cornwallis. 

April 2d. — Oiir General went up to Newburgh to pay his 
resijects to the Commander in Chief, where he dined, and 
returned at evening; Gen. Washington established his 
(}uarters at Newburgh. On the night of the 1st, a party of 
(^apt. Fray's men, from the water-guard, being on shore, on 
tlie east side of the Hudson, fell in with a party of our own 
militia, who, in the dark, attacked each other ; four of the 
latter were wounded, and eleven (being the whole of the 
party) were taken prisoners before the mistake was dis- 
covered. An express, on his way from St. John's to New 
York, with sevei-al letters, one in characters,^ had been 
taken. 

4th. — The following extract was published in the genei'al 
orders: 

HEAD-QrARTERS, Newburgh, April 4tb, 1782. 
"The Commander in Chief having returned and resumed 
the command of the main army, presents his thanks to Maj. 
Gen. Heath and the troo]is whicli have been employed under 
Ills orders, for having preserved the important posts com- 
mitted to his charge and covered the country so successfully 
against the depredations of the enemy during the absence 
of tlie General." 

(itli. — The Commander in Cliief visited West Point, and 
I'eviewed the first Massachusetts brigade. On his arrival 
at the Point, lie Avas saluted by the discliarge of 13 cannon. 

8th. — Four deserters came in, three from the 42d Brit- 
ish regiment, and a seaman from the ship Vengcr; this ship 
stationed in the Nortli IJiver, mounted 24 guns, and had 
two gun-boats A\ith Iier. The enemy continued at work on 
tlieir canal and lines, which they were making very strong. 
An incredible number of fascines had been made during 
winter on Long Island and Staten Island, strongly bound 

1 Cipher is doubtless meant. 



308 

with eight bands ; these were placed in the face of the work 
with five pickets in each fascine. 

9th. — The Commander in Chief reviewed the 3d Massa- 
chusetts brigade and 10th regiment, and dined with our 
General. The same day, two deserters came in from the 
ship in the river. The same night, an armed brig, and three 
boats, full of men, came up the Hudson, and came to anchor 
a little above the place where our guard-boats rendezvous 
at Nyack ; they were early discovered and the alarm given. 
The soldiers landed at Haverstraw about one o'clock on the 
morning of the 10th and took three or four militiamen. It 
was supposed that their design was to have taken our whale- 
boats; they were refugees and sailors. Not knowing but 
that this might have been a feint to an attack on the lines, 
200 men were detached for their support, if necessary. 
The enemy returned down the river in the afternoon, hav- 
ing, in addition to the militia above mentioned, taken two 
of Capt. Pray's men who w^ere out burning coal, and two 
others who were over at Tarrytown fishing, and destroyed 
some seines. It was learnt from the northward that the 
enemy were repairing and building boats at St. John's, 
and bringing up provisions to that place; this rendered it 
probable that the enemy would be troublesome in that 
quarter the ensuing campaign. Several parties of Indians 
had been skulking about on the Mohawk River, had killed a 
soldier and a lad, and taken a soldier prisoner, and burnt 
a building. 

14th. — Three deserters came in from Robinson's corps; 
they made their escape from Long Island by crossing the 
Sound in a canoe. They reported that the enemy were un- 
der great apprehensions of an attack, and were making 
every preparation for defence; that 62,000 fascines had 
been made on Long Island during the winter and spring. 
A fleet of transports had arrived at New York from 
Charleston. Lines were traced out on Long Island from 
the great fort to the marsh, near M'Gowan's mill dam. 
18th. — It was learnt that the enemy had laid an embargo 



309 

on the shipping at New York. News was received that 
Holland had formed an alliance with France, and that a 
Spanish tleet had arrived in the West Indies. 

19th. — The General Officers, and officers commanding 
brigades and regiments, met at our General's quarters, in 
consequence of orders from the Commander in Chief, to 
give an opinion what measures ought to be adopted in con- 
sequence of the horrid and brutal murder of a Capt. Huddy, 
who had commanded a block-house at Tom's River, in the 
Jersies, and had been taken prisoner by the enemy and 
carried to New York, where he was closely confined, under 
guard, and in the sugar-house, and on board a vessel, in 
irons and then carried over to Bergen, in the Jersies, and 
hanged by the refugees, a Capt. Lippincott directing the 
execution. This was done under the pretence that Capt. 
Huddy had been concerned in the death of one Philip 
White, although White was killed by the guard, from whom 
he endeavoured to make his escape, and Capt. Huddy was 
at the same time a prisoner with the enemy. Huddy was 
left hanging on a tree with the following label fastened on 
his breast : "Up goes Huddy for Philip White." This wan- 
ton and cruel act so exasperated the inhabitants of New 
Jersey, that they drew up a petition, signed by a vast num- 
ber of respectable citizens, claiming of Gen. Washington, 
as the Military Guardian of their country, the obtainment 
of justice for tliis horrid act, or retaViatiou in case justice 
was refusetl. Indeed, painful as the idea of retaliation 
must be to the feelings of humanity, it seemed now to be 
the only preventative of more horrid murders. Gen. Wash- 
ington with his wonted prudence and talent for investiga- 
tion, free of all bias, ordered the officers to assemble as be- 
fore mentioned, and directed our (Jeneral to state to them 
the occasion of their being convened, and then the follow- 
ing questions : "Shall there be retaliation for the murder 
of Capt. Huddy? On whom shall it be inflicted? And how 
shall the victim be designated?"' The officers assembled 
were forbidden to converse on the questions submitted to 



310 

them, each one was to write his own opinion, seal it up, and 
address it to the Commander in Chief. By this mode of 
procedure, all the influence which some officers might have 
on others was prevented, and tlie spontaneous feelings of 
every individual officer collected. Col. Humphries^ and 
Col. Trumbull of the General's family, attended the Coun- 
cil, and every direction of the Commander in Chief was 
most strictly observed. It was found that the officers were 
unanimous in their opinion that retaliation ought to take 
place ; that it should be inflicted on an officer of equal rank, 
viz. a Captain ; not under Convention or capitulation, but 
one who had surrendered at discretion ; and that in desig- 
nating such a one, it should be done by lot. The Com- 
mander in Chief was pleased to approve of the opinion of 
the officers, and wrote to the British commander demand- 
ing justice for the wanton murder of Capt. Huddy, inform- 
ing the British General at the same time that if justice was 
not obtained retaliation would most assuredly take place. At 
the same time arrangements were put in train for retalia- 
tion ; the names of several British officers of equal rank and 
circumstances were thrown together, and a fair and impar- 
tial lot was drawn, when young Capt. Asgill was taken; 
he was of a noble family, his father was dead, and on him 
were the fond hopes of his mother. Lady Asgill, placed. In- 
deed, a more affecting scene than this can scarcely open ; 
an innocent young man doomed to suffer for the wanton 
offence of another, which deed, no doubt, his soul despised ; 
and the tender breast of a mother rent in twain on the fate 
of her darling son. Nor were the feelings of the great Wash- 
ington unmoved on this occasion; they were too manifest 
not to be observed, and could only be curbed by the invaria- 
ble resolution in every exigence, to exhibit the administra- 
tor of justice. It was months before this tragic business 
closed, and that the reader may have the whole narrative 
together, it will be carried forward to such periods as will 



1 David Humplireys. 



311 

render a return back to the proper chain of events neces- 
sary. 

Gen. Sir Gny Carletou, Mho liad come into the command 
in chief at New York, wrote to Gen. Washington, assuring 
him of the fullest satisfaction. 

Sir Guy ordered a Court-Martial for the trial of Capt. 
Lippincott, who was charged with the murder of Capt. 
ITuddy. The Court-Martial had set and given in their pro- 
ceedings to Gen. Carleton, who wrote a letter to Gen. 
Washington requesting a passport for Chief Justice Smith 
to repair to the head-quarters of the American army, in or- 
der to lay before the Commander in Chief the proceedings 
of the Court-Martial, with other documents which he (Sir 
Guy) had no doubt would give full satisfaction. 

Upon Gen. Washington's receiving the letter from Sir 
Guy Carleton, he informed our General that he should not 
consent to, or give a passport to Mr. Chief Justice Smith, 
to come up with the proceedings of the Court-Martial on 
Lippincott; but that he would send him (Gen. Heath) 
down to Col. Phillips's, near King's Bridge, to meet such 
officer of equal rank as Sir Guy Carleton might think 
proper to send out to meet him, with the proceedings of the 
Court-Martial, &c. ; and on the 30th of July the Commander 
in Chief wrote to our General as follows : 

Head-Quarters,, 30th July, 1782. 
" Dear Sir, 

For your information and that you may know the ob- 
ject of your mission, I enclose to you a transcript of my 
letter to Sir Guy Carleton, which is herewith committed to 
your care to be forwarded as soon as possible. 

Before the time of your going to Phillips's house, I shall 
have the pleasure of seeing you, or conveying to you in 
writing my sentiments more fully on the subject of your 
meeting. 

With great regard, &c. 
(Signed) G. Washington. 
Maj. Gen. Heath.'" 



312 

Copy. 

Head-Quakters, Julv 31st, 1782. 

In reply to your letter of the 25th, I have to inform 
your Excellency that Maj. Gen. Heath, second in command, 
with two Aids-de-Camp, will have the honour of meeting an 
officer of equal rank of your Excellency's appointment, at 
the house of ]Mr. Phillips, on the 5th day of August next. 
At that time Gen. Heath will receive from your offlcer the 
proceedings of the Court-Martial on Capt. Lippincott, for 
the murder of Capt. Huddy, together with such other doc- 
uments as you shall think proper to communicate. 

The assurance which your Excellency has given me of 
the fullest satisfaction in this matter, is as pleasing as it 
is interesting. 

Your Excellency's propositions, contained in your letter 
of the 7th, have been communicated to Congress, and are 
now under the consideration of that honourable body; as 
soon as I am favoured with their determination, your Ex- 
cellency may be assured I will do myself the honour to 
communicate it. 

I have the honour, &c. 
(Signed) G. Washington. 
Sir Guy Carleton.^" 

By his Excellency George Washington, Esq., General and 
Commander in Chief of the forces of the IT^nited States 
of America: 

" To Maj. Gen. Heath. 

SiR;, 

His Excellency Sir Guy Carleton, having requested a 
pass-port for Chief Justice Smith, to repair to the head- 
quarters of the American army, in order to lay before me 
the proceedings of a Court-Martial, on the trial of Capt. 
Lippincott for the murder of Capt. Huddy, with other doc- 
uments and explanations, which he says, "he has no doubt 
will give full satisfaction : 



313 

I do, therefore, from au earuest desire to proceed with 
candour and deliberate justice, appoint you to meet an 
oflSoer of equal rank, at the house of Col. Phillips, on Mon- 
day the 5th instant, or at any other time or place which 
you may tliink more convenient, for the purpose of receiv- 
ing the proceedings and documents above mentioned, with 
such explanations (*( icritiiig as he may think proper to 
communicate. The papers you shall receive, you will trans- 
mit to me as soon as your business is concluded, together 
witli a report of your proceedings therein. 

Given at head-quarters, this 3d day of August, 1782. 

(Signed) G. Washington. 
By his Excellency's command." 

The following instructions accompanied the foregoing 
commission : 

**To Maj. Gen. Heath, 
Sir, 

Having desiretl yon to meet an officer from Sir Guy 
Carleton for the purpose mentioned in your appointment 
and authority, you will proceed to execute said business, 
in the course of which you may inform the officer you meet 
that, as 1 iiave no connexion with, or control over any per- 
son in the line in which Mr. Smith walks; as the question 
before us is in my opinion purely of a military nature, and 
reduceable to this single point, whether the perpetrator 
of the wanton and cruel murder of Huddy is to be given 
up, or a British officer to suffer in his place, that I could 
see no propriety or necessity in an interview with the Chief 
Justice. 

If you should find that tlie design of »Sir (iuj' 
Carleton is to procrastinate this business, to en- 
velope it in as much intricity and difficulty as 
possible, or that he means to justify it by recrim- 
ination and law cases, thereby attempting to avert our 
purposes of retaliation, you may assure him, (unless you 
shall judge it expedient to leave me more at liberty) if not 



314 

explicitly, at least by strong insimiatiou, that he will miss 
his aim ; and that my deliberate and dispassionate proceed- 
ings in this case are intended to give hini, as he now has 
had, full time to determine whether the guilty i)erson or 
an innocent officer shall be made the subject of retaliation. 

You will be particularly cautious, that whatever passes 
in the conference you are to have, which is to be considered 
as ofticial, be committed to writing, that no omissions or 
misconceptions may be plead hereafter; and you will in- 
form the officer in explicit terms, if you find the matter is 
not likely to end as justice dictates and we could wish, that 
all oral conversation will be excluded from the official re- 
port of these proceedings now, or any share in the account 
of them hereafter, or the recital of them will be considered 
as unfair, and an evident departure from that line of rec- 
titude which we wished to pursue, for an unbiassed world 
to judge by. 

If, notwithstanding my letter to Sir Guy Carleton, re- 
questing his appointment of an officer of your rank- 
to meet you on this business, he should send Mr. Chief 
Justice Smith, you may, at your discretion, either receive 
the proceedings of the Court, and such other documents as 
he is merely the bearer of, without going into any explana- 
tion with this gentleman, or refuse the whole, as the cir- 
cumstances of the moment shall dictate to you. Or if this 
gentleman should be an attendant on the officer aforemen- 
tioned, you may refuse to admit him at your conference. 
In the first case you may either return with the proceed- 
ings, &c. or you may write to Sir Guy Carleton that you 
will wait a given time for an officer, agreeable to the pur- 
port of my letter to him of the 30th of last month. 

Given at head-quarters, Newburgh, August 3d, 1782. 

(Signed) G. Washington.'' 

In the afternoon of the same day, our General received 
the following letter from the Commander in Chief: 



315 

HEAD-QvAifTERS, August 3d, 1782. 
"Dear Sir., 
By tlie contents of Sir (Juy Carledrn's letter, wliich came 
inclosed in yours of this day, I find it is unnecessary foi- 
you to proceed to Phillips's house. Disappointed in not 
obtaining a passport for Mr. Cliief Justice Smith to come 
out, he will not, he says, trouble an officer of your i-ank to 
be the bearer of a bundle of papers only; but adds, they 
shall be sent out in the ordinary course of conveyance. 
Your letter to Col. 'I'rnmbuU, C(tvering the new adopted 
system of issues, &c. is received. 

(Signed) G. Washington. 
Maj. Gen. Heath." 

Not long after, the proceedings of the Court-Martial on 
('apt. Lippincott for the murder of Capt. Huddy were 
sent out; Lippincott was accjuitted by the Court, and it 
appeared that the British Commanders in Chief, both Sir 
Elenry Clinton and Sir C.uy Carleton, disapproved the 
act. It seemed that a kind of Board of Directors who had 
a subordinate direction of the refugee operations, were 
somehow concerned in this business, and that iirgument 
and some artifice were necessary to smooth it over. How- 
ever, Gen. Washington, painful as his task was, was not to 
be diverted from justice or retaliation ; but execution was 
suspended. Lady Asgill, learning the unhappy situation 
of her darling son, with much policy, and equal success, 
applied to the Count de ^'ergennes, then Prime Minister 
of France, who spread the matter before the King and 
Queen : indeed, it was a subject that needed no extra colour- 
ing to fix it on tlie mind of humanity. The Iving and Queen 
listened to the reiiuest, and Congress was addresseil in a 
representation, that the French, as well as American arms, 
were victorious at York, and that the former seemed to 
have some share in the prisoners ; and hinted that it would 
be pleasing to the French Court if young Asgill was par- 
doned — which Congress complied with; and although rep- 



316 

aration foi' the wanton murder of Capt. Huddy was not 
fully obtained, yet it is highly probable, that the firm and 
determined conduct of Gen. Washington on the occasion 
put a final stop to any further repetition of the kind. 

Sir Guy Carleton was probably the greatest General 
which the British had in America during the war, and it 
was fortunate for the Americans that he Avas so long kept 
within the limits of Canada. In him wei'e combined many 
of those great qualifications which form the General. 

When Sir Guy visited the American iH'isoners in con- 
finement in Canada, he addressed them with all the tender- 
ness of a father; he observed to the young prisoners that 
he did not blame them, it was the fault of the designing 
men of their country that had led them into difliculty ; that 
he would not hold them in confinement, but would send 
them home to their fathers and friends. See here the 
soothing art that could not fail to cool the ardour of the 
young warrior in the cause of his country. 

To Gen. Waterbury of Connecticut, when he shewed him 
his commission, Sir Guy observed, "Your commission is 
from the proper authority of your Colony (Connecticut 
had not changed her form of government) ; you are no 
rebel, Sir; you shall go home to your family." 

Soon after Sir Guy Carleton came into the command at 
New York, a Connecticut soldier, who had been a prisoner, 
came out to our army, and requested a pass to go home, 
informing that he had given a parole to Sir Guy not to 
serve again during the war ; but he was ordered to join his 
regiment, which disappointed the soldier exceedingly. 
Gen. Washington ordered the Commissary of Prisoners to 
credit the British for one man exchanged; and informed 
Sir Guy that this practice would not be allowed. Many 
soldiers were at that time very uneasy in the American 
army — had a conduct of this sort been allowed, many sol- 
diers on the out-posts and othei-wise, might have gone to 
the enemy, have pretended they were taken, and have come 
out under parole and have gone home, to the unspeakable 



317 

iujury of the army, but it was uipped iu the bud — only one 
other having come out in the same way before it was put a 
stop to. 

We uo\\' return to talce up the chain of events from which 
we digressed. 

The 20th of April, two prisoners of war, taken near 
King Street, were sent up by Major Oliver.* 

21st. — A Sergeant-Major deserted and came out; he re- 
ported that an enterprise was contemplating at New York 
and a number of large boats were collecting at Turtle 
Bay. 

24th. — Two deserters came in from the Adamant man- 
of-war, of .50 guns, which lay in the East River, against 
New York. Admiral Digby's flag was then hoisted on board 
the Centurion. The seamen on board the ships very sickly. 

The latter end of April, the Dulic of Vumherland packet, 
Capt. Dashwood, arrived at New York, in six weeks from 
England with the March mail, by which it was learnt that 
the debates in the British Parliament on the American 
war, grew more and more interesting; that a motion had 
been made by Gen. Conway, for bringing in a bill, empower- 
ing the King to make peace with America. 

The beginning of May, the British cruisers were very 
successful against tlie Americans; eleven sail of vessels 
from Philadelphia were taken and carried into New York 
with near 900(1 barrels of flour. 

May 4th. — This evening exliibited the most extraordi- 
nary aurora boreal is ever before seen by those who ob- 
served it. 

.5th. — It was learnt that the iiierchants of Edinburgh at 
a meeting on the 7th of the preceding January, declared 
and published their sentiments and wishes for peace with 
America and a renewal of friendship. It was also further 
learnt that it was the prevailing sense of the British House 
of Commons, as a first step to an accommodation with 
America, to change the mode of carrying on the war, and 

1 Robert Oliver. 3rd Massachusetts. 



318 

to act only on the defensive, on the Continent; and that the 
person who should advise to offensive operations against 
the Americans, sliould be considered as an enemy to the 
King and nation. At the same time, France and Holland 
appeared to be making great preparations for a vigorous 
campaign. 

Gth. — Symptoms of a dangerous mutiny were discovered 
in the Connecticut line; it had been conducted with so 
much address as to have been nearly matured before it was 
divulged. Under the pressure of real or supposed griev- 
ances, the soldiers of the whole line had determined at 
reveille the next morning to have marched from their can- 
tonment Avith arms, &c. complete, for Fishkill, where they 
were to take a number of field-pieces and such ammunition 
and provisions as might be necessary and then proceed to 
Hartford and there demand of their new General Assembly 
that justice which they supposed was their due. Just as the 
officers were going to bed, a faithful soldier who was waiter 
to an offtcer came to his room, and told the officer that he 
could not go to rest until he divulged to him an event which 
would assuredly take place the next morning at break of 
day ; and that everything was then in readiness for it— and 
laid open the whole secret. The matter was immediately 
communicated to the principal officers of the line, and sev- 
eral soldiers were seized and confined, and one suffered. 
The whole design was frustrated. Mutiny is a most horrid 
offence in an army, which, without strict order and disci- 
pline, is but a rope of sand. On the other hand, human 
nature can bear but to a certain degree, and no further; 
hence any trial of human nature, beyond such a degree, is 
impolitic, and unjustifiable. Of this line, it may with strict 
justice be said, that their whole conduct through the war 
was highly meritorious. 

7th. — A stoj) was put to the inoculation with the small- 
pox. 

8th. — A prisoner was sent up, and a deserter came in. 
9th. — News was received that there had been a total 



.J 



319 

cbange of the British Ministi'y, and that Fort St. Philip 
and the whole island of Minorca surrendered to the Span- 
iards on the 6th of the preceding February, by capitula- 
tion. 

15th. — Eleven trusty Sergeants were sent to Massachu- 
setts to march on the recruits to the army from that State. 

17th. — Two deserters came in, who reported tliat a packet 
had arrived at New York from England. 

24th. — Near 100 old and decrepit soldiers were collecteil 
from the ditferent regiments, and many of them dis- 
charged. About this time a packet ai'rived at Boston in 
25 days' passage from France; the letters wei'e immedi- 
ately forwarded to Congress. 

2Gth. — The 1st ilassachusetts brigade was ordered to 
move out of its cantonment and encamp near the German 
Huts. 

The United States of Holland acknowledged the inde- 
pendence of the United States of America, the 2Sth of the 
preceding March. 

There was a great talk of peace in New York. 

In the American army great preparations for some time 
had been making to celebrate the birth of the Dauphin of 
France. At least 1000 men a day were employed, under the 
direction of the engineers and other artists, in constructing 
a most superb arbor, decorated with every emblem and 
device descriptive of the occasion, and the alliance between 
France and America, which ingenuity could invent; and 
perhaps for any thing of the kind, constructed in the field, 
was never surpassed. 

31st. — The birth of the Dauphin of France was cele- 
brated by the American army. An elegant dinner was 
provided by order of the Commander in Chief, of which 
the officers of the army and a great number of ladies and 
gentlemen, invited from the adjacent country, partook. 
Thirteen toasts were di*ank, announced by the discharge 
of cannon. At evening there was a grand feu-de-joy, 
opened by the discharge of thirteen cannon, three times 



320 

repeated. The feu-de-joy, being fired in the dusk, had a 
pleasing appearance to the eye, as well as the ear, and was 
so ordered for that purpose. The army was not formed in 
line, but each brigade was drawn up in front of its own 
cantonment, or camp, on both sides of the river, and thus 
were in a cii'cle of several miles circumference, in the cen- 
tre of which the Commander in Chief and the spectators 
were placed. After the feu-de-joy there was an exhibition 
of fire-works, &c. 

June 2d. — Information was received that the Island of 
New Providence and its dependencies were taken by the 
Spaniards on the 11th of the preceding May. The garri- 
son, which consisted of about 200 men, were sent to 
Europe. The uew frigate South VaroHmt, built in Europe, 
arrived about this time in the Delaware; she was an ex- 
ceeding flue ship, mounting 28 42-pounders on one deck, 
and 12 12-pounders on her quarter and fore-castle. She 
was commanded by Commodore Uillon. 

There had been a bloody engagement in the West Indies 
the 12th of the preceding April, between the Count de 
(irasse and Admiral Eodney ; but all the accounts had been 
very vague. The British now published their account, and 
that they took from the French the VUle de Paris, of 110 
guns, and 1800 men ; Le Glorieux, Le Cesar, and Le Hector, 
of 74 guns each; and Le Ardent, of 64 guns, and sunk one 
ship of the line. They acknowledged to have had 236 men 
killed, and 779 wounded; among Avhom were several oflQ- 
cers. They also boasted of having obtained a very signal 
advantage in the European seas, over Admiral Kempelfelt. 

5th. — It was reported that a French fleet had been seen 
on the American coast. A fleet about this time sailed from 
New York eastward through the Sound, conjectured to be 
destined to Penobscot. The brigades of the American army 
daily manoeuvred, and fired to great acceptation. 

14th. — The British had been removing a number of heavy 
cannon and ordnance stores from their works at the north 



321 

eud of New York island, and placing light pieces in the 
room of them. A number of deserters daily came in. 
24tli. The Commander in Chief sent the following letter 

to our General : 

Head-Quautkrs, Newei k" June 24th, 1782. 

" Dear Sir, 

I am at this moment setting out for Albany and shall be 
absent a few days. I give you this information for the reg- 
ulation of your own eouduct ; and request, in the meantime, 
you will give me any intelligence you may receive which 
you shall deem of sufficient consequence for ((iimmiirua- 
tion by express. (Signed) G.Washington. 

Maj. Gen. Heath." 

2Gth.— It was learnt from Canada, that several armed 
vessels and a number of haftcaux had come up Lake Cham- 
plain ; there were probably about 300 men. A much larger 
force, (report said 3000) was gone or going towards Lake 
Ontario, to establish a post at Oswego. 

oj^Ij^^ .^^nother ship came up the North River and took 
a station near Spuyten Duyvil Creek. 

./«/// 2d.— The Commander in Chief returned from Al- 
bany. 

4ti,._The army fired a grand fcii-dc-joi/. it beiug the an- 
niversary of the declaration of Americau Independence. 

llth.-^At evening, the Commander in Chief wrote our 
General the following letter: 

Head-Quarters. Julv 11th, 1782. 
"Dear Sir, 
I have at this moment received a letter from Count de 
PiOchambeau, (by one of his Aids, in 5 days from Williams- 
burg) informing me that he is on his way to Philadelphia ; 
that he will be there the 13th or 14th, and wishes for an in- 
terview with me; for this purpose I shall set out in the 
morning, very early, and have only to request your usual 
attention. (Signed) G. Washington. 

Maj. Gen. Heath." 



322 

13th. — Two prisoners of war were sent up, and three 
German deserters came in, and the next day a dra- 
goon M'ith his horse, &c. complete. About this time the 
southern mail was taken between Philadelphia and Morria- 
town. 

18th. — It was learnt that on the 21st of the preceding 
May, Gen. Wayne obtained a considerable advantage over 
the enemy, with very little loss on his side, near Ogeechee, 
in Georgia ; the enemy retired into Savannah. About this 
time, a Corporal and 8 men deserted from our block-house 
at Dobbs' Ferry. 

21st. — Three deserters came in. About this time a fleet 
of about 40 sail arrived at Sandy Hook under convoy of 
two frigates ; they were supposed to be from Ireland. 

22d. — Three deserters came in from the British grena- 
diers; two others deserted at the same time, but had not 
got in. The same day four deserters came in from the 
Hussar frigate, and the next day three soldiers. At this 
time the cow thieves and refugees were lurking in the 
Highlands, and detachments were sent out to patrol them. 

26th. — Information was received that a party of the 
enemy to the number of 4 or 500 had appeared on the Mo- 
hawk River, advancing toAvards Herkimer. They killed a 
Continental soldier. 

27th. — Gen. Washington retui'iied to Newburgh from 
Philadelphia. 

August 2d. — The British May and June packets had ar- 
rived at New York. Admiral Barrington had taken a 
French man-of-war of 74 guns, and several transports des- 
tined for the East Indies. The next day it was learnt that 
a French fleet, consisting of 12 or 13 sail of the line, and 
3 frigates, had arrived in the Chesapeake. 

On the 29th ult. a bloody engagement took place off the 
Chesapeake between the French frigate Amazone of 36 
guns, and the British frigate Marf/orctto. which terminated 
in favour of the latter. 

6th. — Information was received that the British had 
evacuated Savannah in Georgia. 



323 

8th. — Four deserters caiue in from the enemy. 
10th.— The prospect of an approaching peace brightened. 
Gen. Sir Guy Carleton and Admiral Digby informed Gen. 
Washington that Mr. Grenville liad gone over to France 
on the negotiation for peace, and that the independence 
of America wins to be aclvuowledged previous to, or as an 
opening of the negotiation. The refugees at New York 
were greatly alarmed at the prospect of peace. Sir Guy 
Carleton had notified the inhabitants to meet him; and, in 
Rivingtou's paper of the 7th. there appeared a proclama- 
tion advising the refugees to continue their loyalty and 
make themselves easy until the event of the negotiation was 
known. 

12th. — A large stone magazine, capable of containing 
1000 bands of gun powdi-r. was begun to lie erected on 
Constitution Island; it was built upon the principles of 
Monsieur Vauban, and under the direction of .MaJ. Villc- 
franche. 

loth.— It was leanat that the French fleet, which had 
been at the Chesapeake, had arrived at Boston. The Brit- 
ish troops evacuated Savannah the 11th of July, leaving 
the town and works uninjured. Previous to the evacua- 
tion, the refugees sent out to Gen. Wayne, to know if they 
might depend on protection in their persons and property ; 
they were answered in the affirmative, until they were de- 
livered over to the civil authority, who, they were informed, 
must decide on their case. When the British left the town 
near 200 of the inhabitants immetliately entered the Ameri- 
can service in the Georgia battalion. 

19t.h. — Three prisoners of war were sent up; they were 
taken near East Chester. Several deserters came in about 
the same time. 

22d. — The light infantry of the American army moved 
down, and encamped near Peek's Kill. 

24th. — :Maj. (ten. Knox was in the general orders ap- 
pointed to the command of West Point. The artillery, 
sappers and miners, 10th Massachusetts regiment, and the 
corps of invalids, for the garrison. 



324 

From the 25th to the 27th, inclusive, 7 deserters came 
in; they reported that the sick of the British army were 
ordered to be sent on board the hospital ships, and not to 
the hospitals on shore. The heavy baggage was also or- 
dered to be put on board the shii>ping ; the officers to retain 
on shore no more than what was of absolute necessity. 

29th. — An order of encampment aud battle for the 
American army was published. The army was to encamp 
in one line with a reserve; the New Jersey and New York 
troops were to form a division under the command of Maj. 
Gen. St. Clair ; the Connecticut troops, a division under Maj. 
Gen. M'Dougal ; these two divisions to form the right wing, 
to be commanded by Maj. Gen. Gates; the New Hampshire 
brigade and the first brigade of Massachusetts, to form a 
division under the command of Maj. Gen. Lord Stirling; 
the 2d and 3d Massachusetts brigades, a division under the 
command of Maj. Gen. Howe; these two divisions forming 
the left wing under the command of Maj. Gen. Heath. The 
2d Connecticut and 3d Massachusetts brigades to form the 
reserve; and when tlie ground would admit, form at 200 
paces in the rear of the army. Maj. Gen. Lord Stirling was 
ordered to Albany to take command of that part of his di- 
vision which was then in that quarter. 

31st. — As many of the army as could be carried in the 
boats eml)arkefl at their res]»ectivo brigade landings, and 
the whole of the boats being formed in order, fell down the 
river to Verplank's Point, where the troops disembarked 
and encamped. They made a most beautiful appearance 
when in the boats and in motion. The remainder of the 
army marched down by land. 

September 1st. — Information was received that the Brit- 
ish were on the eve of evacuating Charleston, South Caro- 
lina. The season was remarkably dry, both to the eastward 
and southward; it was with difficulty that the army could 
obtain a supply of water. About this time an embarkation 
of Hessian troops took place at New York. 

7th. — There was a grand review and manoeuvre of the 
army, which gave great satisfaction. The July packet 



325 

arrived at New York about this time; it appeared that the 
Marquis of Rockingham had died, that Mr. Fox and Lord 
Cavendish had resigned their places, and that Lord Shel- 
bnrne was appointed one of the Secrettiries of State. 

14th. — The American army ^\as under arms to receive 
(iien. Count de Kocliambeau ; after liis reception, the army 
defiled before him, and returned to their respective encam];> 
ments. The French army was now arriving from the 
southward ; they encamped to tlie south of Peek's Kill as 
they arrived. 

l(5th. — The enemy made a grand forage near Valentine's 
Hill ; Sir Guy Carleton was out in person, as was the young 
prince. The covering party, it was said, consisted of 5 or 
6000 men ; a number deserted. The American army at this 
time was in great want of forage, occasioned by the dry 
season. 

18th. — The last of the Fi'euch army arrived. 

20th. — Gen. Washington reviewed the French army; the 
troops made a fine appearance. A French frigate had been 
inn on shore in the Delaware and taken by the enemy. 

21st. — The American army mano-uvred before the Com- 
mander in Chief. Gen. Rochambeau, and many other offi- 
cers. The troops made a handsome appearance and ma- 
uflpuvi'ed well. 

22d. — It was learnt that the ships of war and transports 
at New York Avere watering and preparing for sea, and a 
number of regiments were under orders for embarkation. 
A little before this time. Congress had authorized and em- 
powered Gen. Washington to adjust and finally settle the 
accounts subsisting between the United States and the 
British government respecting the support of tlie prisoners 
of war on both sides; and to provide, by a general cartel, 
for their greater comfort and exchange, under the great se^il 
ratifying wliat he, the Commander in Chief of tlieir army, 
should agree to. Gen. Washington transferred this power 
to Major-Generals Heath and Knox, wliom he appointed 
Commissioners for the purpose, and instructed them not to 
proceed to business unless the British Commissioners were 



326 

found to be equally empowered to bring the business to a 
final issue. 

The time and jilace of meeting were agreed to by the 
two Commanders in Chief, and was to be on the 25th of 
September, at Tappau. 

24th. — The American Commissioners sent down two of 
their Aids-de-Camp to take up the necessary quarters, and 
make other preparations, and a company of light infantry 
was ordered to Tappan to furnish guards and ceutiuels. 

25th. — The American Commissioners embarked on board 
their barges at King's Ferry and fell down the river to 
Tappan Landing, where they arrived about 2 o'clock, P. M. 
In less than half an hour the British Commissioners, in two 
vessels wearing flags, came up the river, and cast anchor 
off the Landing. The American Commissioners waited at 
the shore, and sent off their barges to aid in bringing the 
British Commissioners on shore, the river being at that 
time very rough ; on their reaching shore, it was found that 
Lieut. Gen. Campbell and the Hon. Mi*. Elliot, who had 
been Lieut. Governor of New York, were the Commissioners 
on the part of the British. Tlie whole dined together, an 
elegant dinner having been ordered by the American Com- 
missioners, and politeness and great sociability took place, 
and mutual arrangement for the daily support of the table 
was agreed on, as it was expected that the business would 
not be completed in less than three or four weeks, if the 
whole object was adjusted. 

26th. — The Commissioners interchanged copies of their 
respective powers; these were to be considered until the 
next day, when answers were to be given in writing 
whether the powers were satisfactory on both sides. On 
examining the powers given to the British Commissioners, 
it appeared that their doings would not be conclusive 
until confirmed, and were very short of those held by the 
American Commissioners, whose agreement and signature 
were to be final. 



327 

27tli. — The American Commissioners stated to tlie Brit- 
ish Commissioners that the powers with which they were 
vested were iuadeciuate to effect the expectations of the 
sovernnieut of the United States, and that therefore the ue- 
gotiation must be broken off. Of the great difference of the 
powers the British Commissioners were fullv convinced. 
The American Commissioners thought it to be their duty 
when they gave their note of objections to the British del- 
egated powers, to hand with it a very pointed protest, in 
l)ehalf of the United States, against that conduct on the 
part of the British, which had so long delayed the settle- 
ment of the accounts for the support of the prisoners of 
war which were in the powi'r of the United States. The 
Commissaries of Prisoners on both sides were present, to 
present and support their respective accounts ; and a settle- 
ment would not only have been just, but also very interest- 
ing to the United States. 

28th. — About 12 o'clock at noon the Commissioners 
parted with the same politeness and good humour with 
which they had met, and which had invariably continued 
during the time they were together. Our General sent or- 
ders to the commanding officer at Dobbs' Ferry to permit 
the British flags to pass down the river, and the American 
Commissioners returned to camp. The day before, (the 
27th ) Gen. Washington, covered by the dragoons and light 
infantry, reconnoitred the grounds on the east side of the 
river, below the White Plains, and on the 29th, about noon, 
returned to camp. 

October 3d. — It was learut that the enemy had evacuated 
Lloyd's Neck, and destroyed their works at that place; 
their works at Bergen Point, in the Jersies, had been de- 
stroyed before that time. 

5th. — Maj. (ien. Gates arrived at camp. At this time the 
horses of the army were suffering for want of forage. 

6th. — Intelligence was received from the southward that 



328 

on the 27tli of August, Col. Laurens' was killed in a skirm- 
isli with the enemy ; the loss of this brave young officer was 
much regretted. The enemy, previous to their leaving 
Charleston, desired to purchase some provisions, and Gen. 
Leslie had intimated to Gen. Greene that if this could not 
be permitted, he must take the provisions by force. The 
former being denied, the latter was attempted, and Col. 
Laureus fell ; 24 or 25 others were killed, wounded, or 
taken prisoners, and one howitzer fell into the hands of the 
enemy. 

7th. — Intelligence was received that Maj. Gen. Lee had 
died, a little before, at Philadelphia; he had just before 
sold his estate in Virginia for £6,100 sterling. 

8th. — The weather beginning to grow cold and blowing, 
all the bowers (which were numerous and very salutary, 
during the hot season ) were ordered to be pulled down and 
removed, to prevent accidents by fire, and to admit the ben- 
efit of the sun. 

12th. — Intelligence was received from Europe by the ar- 
rival of a vessel in 34 days from Amsterdam, that the nego- 
tiation for peace was going on, and that additional Min- 
isters and Envoys had gone to attend; that the combined 
fleets were all in port ; that the siege of Gibraltar was con- 
tinued, and that there had been an obstinate engagement 
in the East Indies, between the French and English fleets, 
in which both fleets had suffered much, but no ships were 
taken by either side. The insurrection in South America 
had been quelled. 

15th. — A new contract for supplying the army with pro- 
visions, under ifessrs. Wadsworth and Carter, took place. 

16th. — A grand manoeuvre was performed by eight picked 
battalions, preparatory to a grand review, which was to be 
the next day. 

On the 19th ( several preceding days having been stormy) 
the grand manoeuvre was performed by the eight picked 
battalions. The evolutions and firings were performed 

1 John Laurens. 





'£ 



^>-^<2-/ 



329 

with regularity and exactness, much to the credit of the 
troops, and general satisfaction of the numerous spectators 
of the American and Freucli armies. 

20th. — The iSecretary of War arrived at camp. The 
enemy were demolishing their works at No. 8, Morrisania. 
Intelligence was received that the besiegers of Gibraltar 
had made a nearer approach to the place, and were playing 
upon it with 200 pieces of artillery. 

22d. — The first division of the French army moved east- 
ward ; they were to halt at Hartford, in Connecticut, where 
the whole were to rendezvous. The American army was 
put under orders to be ready to move at the shortest notice. 
The August packet from England arrived at New York the 
day before. 

24th. — The whole American army mana?uvred before the 
Hon. the Secretary of War. The Commander in Chief, in 
the orders of the day, expressed his own as well as the Sec- 
retary of War's fullest approbation. 

26th. — At reveille, the left wing of the American army, 
under the command of our General, struck their tents and 
marched from the encampment as far as the wood near the 
north redoubt, in the Highlands, where they remained dur- 
ing the night ; the day and night were rainy, and the troops 
had no covering but the heavens. 

27th. — The troops crossed the Hudson in boats to West 
Point, the whole having crossed by half past 12 o'clock. In 
the afternoon, tiie troops took up their line of march, and 
ascended Butter Hill, a tedious march, and halted and 
passed the night on the northern descent of the hill, in the 
open field. 

28tli. — At 7 o'clock A. M. the troops resumed their march 
from Butter Hill, and reached the ground on whicii they 
were to build their huts, in New Windsor, at about half 
past 10 o'clock, A. M. Upon this ground, and its vicinity, 
the army passed the ensuing winter. The cantonment, for 
its nature and kind, was regular and beautiful. I^pon an 
eminence, the troops erected a building handsomely fin- 



330 

ished, with a spacious hall, sufficient to contain a brigade of 
troops on Lord's days, for public worship, Avith an orches- 
tra at one end ; the vault of the hall was arched ; at each 
end of the hall were two rooms, conveniently situated for 
the issuing of the general ordets, for the sitting of Boards 
of Officers, Courts Martial, &c. and an office and store for 
the Quarter-Master and Commissary departments. On the 
top was a cupola and Hag-staff, on which a flag was hoisted 
occasionally for signals, &c. In this cantonment the army 
spent the winter vei'y comfortably, and it proved to l)e 
their last winter quarters. 

30th. — It was learnt that on the 26th or 27th, fourteen 
British men-of-war of the line, one 44 gun ship, seven frig- 
ates, three large transports, and ten or twelve brigs and 
schooners sailed from New York, it was conjectured for 
the W'Qiit Indies. They were observed to sail nearer under 
Long Island than usual, and came to near the place where 
(Jen. Howe landed in the year 177(1, where it was conjec- 
tured trooi^s now embarked. 

On the 7th of the preceding August, Congress passed I'es- 
olutions directing the Secretary of War, on or before the 
1st day of January following, to cause the non-commis- 
sioned officers and privates belonging to the lines of the 
several States, to be arranged in such a manner as to form 
complete regiments, agreeable to the acts of Congress of 
the 3d and 21st of October, 1780, of regiments of not less 
than 500 rank and file, the junior regiments to be drafted 
to fill the senior regiments. The regiments so formed to be 
completely officered; the officers to agree and determine 
who should stay in service; or if this could not be effected 
by agreement, the juniors who were supernumerary of each 
grade were to retire, retaining their rank, and be entitled to 
the emoluments to v.hicli tlir officers were entitled who re- 
tired under the resolutions of the 3d and 21st of October, 
1780. In consequence of these resolutions, the Commander 
in Chief on this day (30th of Oct.) ordered the regiments of 
the Massachusetts line to be reduced to 8 regiments of 500 



331 

rank and tile each, or as near as ooiild be to that number; 
and the Connecticut line to 3 regiments of similar strength, 
with 3 Field Officers, Captains, 19 Subalterns, 1 Surgeon, 
and 1 Mate each ; and the regiments were formed accord- 
ingly. 

Noccinbir 1st. — It \\as learnt from Europe that the 
Royal George, a first-i-ate English man-of-war, of 110 guns, 
had been overset near Spithead by a sudden flaw of wind as 
she lay heeled to repair a leak im the other side; that .slic 
sunk in about 8 minutes, having on board 12 or 1300 souls, 
about 900 of whom perished. 

5th. — Our General left the army, and commenced his 
journey to the eastward, and arrived at his house in Kox- 
bury on the 11th. 

12th. — 1'herj was a transit of ^Mercury over tlie north- 
west limb of the sun's disk. The preceding week, one of the 
French men-of-war in Portsmouth harbour, (N. H.) was 
struck liy lightning and her foremast damaged. The Frencli 
army were now on their march towards Boston. 

The A nierica, a fine new 74 gun ship, the first of her rate 
built in the United States, and which had not long before 
been presented by Congress to his most Christian Majesty, 
was launched at Portsmouth on Tuesday, the 5th instant. 

liSth. — The field artillery of the French army reached 
Boston. The same day it was reported that the British 
troops had left Charleston, South Carolina. 

21st. — The French discharged their artillery horses to 
the number of several hundreds. 

27th. — Intelligence was received from Spain that the 
British had relieved Gibraltar and taken a Spanish 70 gun 
ship; several of their gun-l)oats were also destroyed. Had 
Spain long before this given over the siege of Gibraltar and 
employed her naval and land forces against the British 
in some quarter more vulnerable, solid advantage might 
have accrue<l, much money and nianv lives have been saved. 



332 [1782 

28th. — General Thauksgiviug throughout the United 
States. The French fleet, under the command of the Mar- 
quis de Vaudreuil, was at this time in Nantasket Road, ex- 
cept a few ships whicli were at Portsmouth, New Hamp- 
shire. 

December 2d. — Maj. Gen. Baron Viomeuil, commander 
of the French army, (Count Rochambeau not coming this 
way) arrived at Boston from Providence. The troops were 
coming forward in divisions, at one day's march distance 
from each other. The first division arrived at Boston on 
the 5th in the morning. 

6th. — In the morning, a ship lying in Boston harbour, 
laden with masts, destined to the West Indies, by some ac- 
cident took fire and burnt down to the water's edge; the 
loss was very considerable. Advice was received from Eu- 
rope that the Commissioners for settling peace were sitting 
at Paris; that matters were in forwardness; several arti- 
cles had been agreed to, &c. A reinforcement of French 
ships and troops had arrived in the West Indies from 
France. This day tlie last division of the French array 
reached Boston. These troo^js embarked on board the men- 
of-war, were much crowded, and in danger of growing 
sickly if continued long on board. About this time, the 
American officers had been very uneasy respecting their 
great arrears of pay, &c., and soon after addressed Congress 
on the subject, and appointed a committee from the army 
to present their petition and support it. 

11th. — The town of Boston presented an address to the 
French General and officers. 

22d. — The French fleet had fallen down below the Castle 
and were in readiness to proceed to sea. The markets were 
at this time extremely high ; flour at 8 and some at 9 dol- 
lars per hundred ; butter was sold at 2.s;. id. per pound, &c. 

24th. — His most Christian Majesty's fleet, under the 
command of the Marquis de Vaudreuil, came to sail in 
King and Nantasket Roads, and went out to sea, having thie 
army under the command of Gen. Viomenil on board. The 



1783] 333 

fleet was first to stand to the northward until it was joined 
by the ships from Portsmoutli ; they were then to tack and 
stand to the southward, and take with them the Funtasque, 
armed en-flute from Rhode Island, and proceed to the West 
Indies. 

25th. — It was learnt that near 3000 refugee inhabitants 
had gone from Charleston, South Carolina, to Jamaica, 
and about the same number to Augustine. The exorbitant 
prices of provisions fell immediately after the sailing of 
the French fleet. 

2Gth. — Authentic accounts were received from Europe 
that Monsieur de la Perreuse^ in the ship Sceptre, with two 
frigates, had returned to France from a successful enter- 
prise against the British settlements in Iludson's Bay, 
having entirely destroyed the establishments and property 
of the English on that coast, estimating the damage at ten 
millions of livres. 

31st. — Intelligence was received that the British home- 
ward-bound West India fleet, on their way to England, 
met a violent storm, in which two 74 gun ships, the Raniil- 
lies and the Centaur were said to have foundered ; and that 
a number of the merchantmen had been taken by French 
and American cruisers and carried into Frauce — tliat four 
prizes had been taken by the American frigate Alliance, 
Capt. Barry, having 1200 hhds. of sugar and 400 hhds. of 
rum on board. 

1783. Januarij 1st. — Intelligence was received that a 
terrible fire happened in the city of Constantinople in the 
month of the preceding August, in which a large part of 
the city was consumed and about 5000 lives lost. The fire 
was supposed to have been kindled by the malefactors in 
six different places. 

4th. — Intelligence was received that Great Britain had 
acknowledged the independence of the United States, col- 
lectively and severally, and that a commission had been 
sent to Mr. Oswald, one of the British Commissioners at 



334 

Paris, to treat with the American Commissioners accord- 
ingly. 

Some further accounts of the terrible tire in Constanti- 
nople stated that near 200,000 inhabitants were burnt out 
of their habitations — that the fire continued to burn sixty- 
two hours, and at some times with a front a mile in width. 

Sth. — Intelligence was received that the Charleston man- 
of-war, belonging to the State of South Carolina, a remark- 
able fine ship, commanded by Commodore Gillon, was taken 
by the British and carried into New York. 

In this month the inhabitants of Massachusetts, in their 
several religious societies, made voluntary contributions 
to the inhabitants of the town of Charlestown, to enable 
them to rebuild a meeting-house in the room of that which 
was destroyed by fire by the British troops during the bat- 
tle of Bunker Hill, on the 17th of June, 1775. 

24th. — News was received that Maj. tleu. Lord Stirling 
had lately died at Albany; he was a brave officer in the 
American army. 

2oth. — Intelligence was I'eceived that the British troops 
left Charleston, in South Carolina, the 14th of the preced- 
ing December, and the Bar the 17th, and that Gen. Greene 
had taken possession of the city. It had been previously 
agreed that the Americans would not molest the British 
in quitting the place, and on their part they were not to 
injure the city. 

28th. — It was learnt that Gen. Clark had been very suc- 
cessful against the Shawanese Indians, and had destroyed 
a number of their toAvns. From France it was learnt that 
though there wais the greatest prospect of peace, yet all the 
powers at war were straining every nerve to be prepared 
for the opening of the next campaign. The damage sus- 
tained by the British homeward-bound West India fleet 
was greater than at first supposed ; among the disabled 
ships was the Yille de Paris of 110 guns, and several others. 

2'Jth. — A prize ship, taken by Capt. Manly, arrived in 



335 

Boston harbour, having about 1800 barrels of provisions 
on board. 

February Hth. — News was received that the British had 
reinforced the garrison at Penobscot — that the whole gar- 
rison consisted of nearly 900 men— that a further reinfoi'ce- 
meut v/as expected — and that the British were endeavour- 
ing to extend their influence in that quarter. 

(Jth. — Intelligence was received that a number of loyal- 
ists had gone from New York to Nova Scotia ; that Gov. 
Franklin, in England, had written to his friends in 
New York that peace would certainly take i^lace. About 
this time, the articles of a treaty of amity and commerce 
between the United States of America and Holland was 
published by Congress. In the mouth of the preceding 
December, Congress passed a spirited resolution respect- 
ing the conduct of the government of ^'ermout, and about 
this time the Council of Vermont presented to Congress a 
remonstrance against the resolution as interfering with 
their internal i)olice. 

About this time Gen. Washington and Gen. Sir Guy 
Carleton had an intervieM' on the lines of the two armies. 

20th. — Intelligence was received that Don Solano, with 
ten sail of Spanish men-of-war had arrived at the Havau- 
uah, and that the Count D'Estaing had arrived with a 
French fleet at Martinique; that an attack on the island of 
Januiica was soon expected to take place, in consequence 
of which seven British regiments were to go from NeA\' 
York to the West Indies. The refugees at New York were 
selling off their effects at auction, and preparing for a sud- 
den removal to Nova Scotia. 

21st. — The British King's speech to his Parliament ap- 
peared in a hand-bill. The speech breathed reconciliation 
throughout. The King informed his Parliament that lie 
had gone the utmost lengths the power granted to him 
would allow, and that he hoped soon to lay before them 
the articles of peace, which were in great forwardness, and 
such as he apprehended they would approve; that he hoped 



33C 

the two countries would still be in friendship — that relig- 
ion, language, interests, &c. urged this — that he devoutly 
prayed Great Britain might not experience any of those 
calamities which might be feared from such a dismember- 
ment of the Empire, and then extends some compassionate 
expressions to America. Alas, O King! it might have been 
happy for both countries if a due consideration had been 
early exercised ; then might much blood and much treasure 
have been saved. Let it be a warning to other nations to 
be wise and just ! Nature will have her own way, and d'o 
her own work in her own time. America, of course, would 
be independent and sovereign, but a mistaken policy in 
Great Britain hurried on an event to her own loss, long 
before nature had ripened it for her own consummation. 
The public expectation now was high, and the period when 
peace should be announced supposed to be even at the door, 
and divers premature accounts were at different times cir- 
culated. 

25th. — It was learnt that Lieut. Col. Barber of the New 
Jersey line had a little before been killed, together with 
his horse, near the army, by the unexpected fall of a tree 
which a soldier was cutting. By this event a brave officer 
and valuable citizen was lost, who had frequently dis- 
tinguished himself in action; his fall, therefore, in this 
manner, and at the very grasp of the harvest of his toils, 
was rendered the more affecting. 

27th. — Intelligence was received from Virginia that the 
House of Delegates of that State had recommended to their 
constituents not to choose into places of power and trust 
men who had not been attached to the cause of liberty, 
and only such as had given early and decided proof of their 
friendship. 

28th. — It was found that the British cruisers from New 
York had taken a number of American vessels, among them 
several from Boston to Virginia. 

March 3d. — Accounts were received from Europe that 
in an assault made by the Spanish troops on the garrison 



337 

of Gibraltar, in the mouth of September, the besieged, with 
their cannon loaded with grape-shot, made great havoc 
among the assailants, but that this did not check their 
ardor; but that upon a near approach to the walls, they 
were stopped and thrown into great confusion by several 
engines throwing scalding water upon them. Home were 
scalded almost to death, and others had their eyes put out 
— a new mode of defence, but a powerful one. 

Gth. — Intelligence was received that not long before, the 
French frigate HyhUJc had been taken by some of the Brit- 
ish cruisers and carried into New York. 

20th. — It was learnt from Philadelphia that the Wash- 
ington packet, Capt. Barney, had arrived at that place from 
L'Orient in France, which place she left the 17th of Janu- 
ary. The public dispatches brought by this vessel, al- 
though they did not announce a peace to be concluded, yet 
informed that the negotiations were going on; every thing 
was settled between xVmerica and Great Britain, and mat- 
ters looked favourable towards France; I)ut difficulties 
were subsisting between Great Britain, Spain and Holland. 
Several of the outlines of the articles of the treaty between 
Great Britain and the United States of America were pub- 
lished and in general were thought to be favourable to the 
latter. The same packet brought dispatches for Gen. Sir 
Guy Carleton and Admiral Digby, which were forwarded 
to New York. 

22d. — It was learnt that a great uneasiness had dis- 
covered itself in the American army, on account of the 
great arrears of pay which was due, and some doubting 
appreheusions as to the real intention of the public to ful- 
fil their promises to the army, and in particular that of 
half pay. An anonymous notification and two addresses 
to the officers made their appearance about ten days be- 
fore, couched in very firm and decided language; these pro- 
duced an address from the Commander in Chief, a meeting 



338 

of the officers, a representation to Congress, and their reso- 
lutions respecting the army at that time. 

The evening of the 28th a letter was received from Phila- 
delphia purporting that a vessel had arrived there from 
Europe with the intelligence that the preliminary articles 
of peace were signed on the 20th of the preceding January. 
Hostilities were to cease in Europe the 20th of February, 
and in America on the 20th of this month. The public dis- 
patches had not now arrived, but were momently expected. 

April 2d. — It was learnt that a very valuable prize was 
carried into Salem. 

7th. — Our General set out from his house in Koxbury 
and arrived at the head-quarters of the American army at 
Newburgh, on Hudson's River, on the 14th, in the fore- 
noon. 

On the 16th, in the general orders of the day, our General 
was directed to take the immediate command of the army, 
during the absence of Maj. Gen. Gates. Congress had pub- 
lished their proclamation suspending hostilities. 

18th. — The Commander in Chief addressed the army on 
the happy cessation of hostilities as follows: 

"The (^ommauder in Chief orders the cessation of hos- 
tilities between the United States of America and the King 
of Great Britain to be publickly proclaimed to-morrow at 
12 o'clock, at the New Building; and that the Proclama- 
tion which will be communicated herewith, be read to- 
morrow evening at the head of every regiment and corps 
of the army; after which, the chaplains, with the several 
brigades, will render thanks to Almighty God for all his 
mercies, particularly for his over-ruling the wrath of man 
to his own glory, and causing the rage of war to cease 
amongst the nations. 

Although the proclamition liefore alluded to extends 
only to the prohibition of hostilities, and not to the an- 
nunciation of a general peace, yet it must afford the most 
rational and sincere satisfaction to every benevolent mind, 



339 

as it puts a period to a long and doubtful contest — stops 
the effusion of human blood — opens the prospect to a 
more splendid scene — and, like another morning star, 
promises the approach of a brighter day than hath hitherto 
illuminated this western hemisphere! On such a happy 
day — a day which is the harbinger of peace — a day which 
completes the eighth year of the war, it would be ingrati- 
tude not to rejoice: it would be insensibility not to par- 
ticipate in the general felicity. 

The Commander in Chief, far fnnn endeavouring to 
stifle the feelings of joy in his own bosom, offers his most 
cordial congratulations on the occasion to all the officers of 
every denomination — to all the troops of the United States 
in general, and in particular to those gallant and persever- 
ing men who had resolved to defend the rights of their in- 
vaded country so long as the war should continue; for 
these are the men who ought to be considered as the pride 
and boast of the American army, and who, crowned with 
well-earned laurels, may soon withdraw from the field of 
glory to the more tranquil walks of civil life. 

While the General recollects the almost infinite va- 
riety of scenes through which we have passed, with a mix- 
ture of pleasure, astonishment and gratitude — while he 
contemplates the prospects before us with rapture — he can- 
not help wishing that all the brave men, of whatever con- 
dition they may be, who have shared In the toils and 
dangers of effecting this glorious revolution, of rescuing 
millions from the hand of oppression, and of laying the 
foundation of a great empire, might be impressed with 
a proper idea of the dignified part they have been called 
to act (under the smiles of Providence) on the stage of 
human affairs; for happy, thrice happy, shall they be pro- 
nounced hereafter, who have contributed any thing, who 
have performed the meanest office in erecting this stuoend- 
ous fabric of Freedom and Empire on the broad basis of 
independency; who hare assisted in protecting the rights 



340 

of human nature, and establishing an asylum for the poor 
and oppressed of all nations and religions. 

The glorious task for which we first flew to arms be- 
ing thus accomplished — the liberties of our country 
fully acknowledged and firmly secured by the smiles of 
Heaven on the purity of our cause, and the honest exer- 
tions of a feeble people determined to be free, against a 
powerful nation disposed to oppress them ; and the charac- 
ter of those who have persevered through every extremity 
of hardship, suffering and danger, being immortalized by 
the illustrious appellation of the Patriot Army — nothing 
now remains but for the actors of this mighty scene to 
preserve a perfect, unvarying consistency of character 
through the very last act; to close the drama with ap- 
plause; and to retire from the military theatre with the 
same approbation of angels and men, which have crowned 
all their former virtuous actions. 

For this purpose, no disorder or licentiousness must 
be tolerated; every considerate and well-disposed soldier 
must remember it will be absolutely necessary to wait with 
patience, until peace shall be declared, or Congress shall 
be enabled to take proper measures for the security of the 
public stores, &c. As soon as these arrangements shall 
be made, the General is confident there will be no delay 
in discharging, with every mark of distinction and honour 
all the men enlisted for the war, who will then have faith- 
fully performed their engagements with the public. The 
General has already interested himself in their behalf, and 
he thinks he need not repeat the assurances of his disposi- 
tion to be useful to them on the present, and every other 
proper occasion. In the meantime, he is determined that 
no military neglects or excesses shall go unpunished while 
he retains the command of the army. 

The Adjutant-General will have such working-parties 
detailed to assist in making the preparation for a general 
rejoicing, as the Chief Engineer, with the army, shall call 
for ; and the Quarter-Master-General will also furnish such 



311 

materials as he may want. The Quarter-Master-General 
will, without delay, procure such a number of discharges 
to be printed as will be sufficient for all the men enlisted 
for the war; he will please to apply to head-quarters for 
the form. 

An extra ration of liquor to be issued to rrcru "^ii» to- 
morrow, to drink perpetual peace, independence, and hap- 
piness to the United States of America." 

In the afternoon of the 18th, a schooner, Cottle, 

master, from Nantucket, with fish, oil, rum, &c. came up 
the Hudson to Newburgh. This was the first American 
vessel which had come up the river since the British took 
possession of New York, in the year 177fi. 

19th. — At noon, the Proclamation of Congress for a 
cessation of hostilities was published at the door of the 
New Building, followed by three huzzas; after which a 
prayer was made by the Rev. Mr. Gano, and an anthem 
{Independence, from Billings) was performed by vocal 
and instrumental music. The same day. Gen. Washington 
went for Kingwood, to meet the Secretary at War, on some 
l)usiness of importance. 

20th. — At evening the Commander in Chief returned to 
head-quarters. 

21st. — Permission was given for such persons as might 
choose it, to go to New York with provisions, &c. A ves- 
sel was loading with flour to go down the river; and one 
laden with rum, porter, cheese, beef, &c. &c. came up from 
New York. Thus, as we have seen how the rage of war 
came on, we now see how by degrees that rage subsided, 
until the olive sprang up and progressed to full bloom. 

24th. — It was learnt from Europe that on the 5th of 
February, preceding, the Bedford, Capt. ^Morris, made 
entry at the custom house in London, being the first vessel 
that had arrived in the river, belonging to the United 
States. 

26th. — It was learnt that the refugees were embarking 
in order to leave New York ; and many transports were 



342 

falling down to the watering-place. About this time Con- 
gress recommended an impost duty to the several States. 

27th. — Intelligence was received that the Indians had 
recently committed some outrages on the western frontier ; 
had killed and scalped 17 persons near Wheeling Creek. 

May 1st. — Congress had expressed their opinion in a 
resolution which was this day published, that the term for 
which the men engaged for the war are to seiwe, does not 
expire until the definitive treaty is received ; and that then 
those engaged for the war, and who so continue, shall have 
their arms and accoutrements as a present, for their long 
and faithful services. 

2d. — The next morning the Commander in Chief was 
to go down the river to Dobbs' Ferry to meet Gen. Sir Guy 
Carleton. Four companies of light infantry marched this 
morning for that place, to do the duty of guards. Sir Guy 
was to come up the river in a frigate. 

3d. — In the forenoon, the Commander in Chief and Gov. 
Clinton, with their suites, &c. went down the river. 

7th. — It was learnt tliat several vessels had arrived at 
Boston from Europe, Halifax, &c. with merchandise; in 
consequence of which the price of goods had much fallen 
and the inhabitants of the eastern States were fitting out 
a great number of fishing vessels. 

8th. — It was said that 11,644 American prisoners had 
died during the war, in the prisons and on board the prison 
ships at New York; a surprising number, and evidences 
that if their treatment A^as not severe, they were too much 
crowded or not properly attended to in other respects. 
Those who have seen know, and others can easily conceive 
that where men are closely confined in great numbers in 
prison-ships or in gaols, that without frequent airing and 
cleaning the air in such places becomes putrid and poison- 
ous, and produces almost certain death. How much care 
then ought to be exercised by every humane commander 
in the appointment of provost officers, to be assured that 



343 

those whom they appoint are not oujj firm and resolute, 
(necessary qualifications in such offlcei's) but that they 
also are considerate and humane ; and that such command- 
ers themselves take care to know, and, if necessary, cor- 
rect any abuses which may exist. Such conduct towards 
the confined and distressed would add a laurel to the hero's 
brow equal to the triumphs of victory, and more lasting; 
for if the merciful man be merciful even to his beast, how 
much more ought a great and brave man to feel for the 
unfortunate of his own species! 

9th. — At evening the Commander in Chief returned to 
head-quarters, having had an interview with Sir Guy 
Carleton. 

15th. — The Commander in Chief went for Poughkeep- 
sie. A letter from Gen. Sir Guy Carleton to Gov. Clinton 
had rendered an interview between the Governor and the 
Commander in Chief necssary. 

16th. — At evening the Commander in Chief returned to 
head-quarters. 

28th. — The army about this time were badly supplied 
with provisions, and much uneasiness was discovered, both 
by the officers and soldiers. 

31st. — It was learnt that Congress had passed a resolu- 
tion to furlough the men engaged for the war. This mode 
appeared to be marked with policy in several respects. 

June 2d. — The general orders of the day announced that 
the men engaged for the war should be immediately fur- 
loughed, with a proportion of the officers. They were to be 
discharged as soon as the definitive treaty arrived; they 
were to be marched home in divisions. Those men that 
remained engaged for other periods, were to be formed into 
complete corps. The officers to agree who should stay, and 
in cases where they could not agree, seniority was to de- 
cide. 

3d. — The Maryland battalion was put under orders to 
march to the southward. 



344 

5th.— The Maryland battalion marched from the canton- 
ment. The same day, the general officers, and officers com- 
manding regiments and corps in the cantonment on Hud- 
son's Kiver, having, by their committee for that purpose ap- 
pointed, prepared an address to the Commander in Chief 
— it was accordingly presented in the words following : 
" Sir, 

It is difficult for us to express the regret we feel at being 
obliged again to solicit your Excellency's attention and 
patronage. Next to the anguish which the prospect of our 
own Avretchedness excites in our breasts, is the pain which 
arises from a knowledge of your anxiety on account of 
those men who have been the sharers of your fortunes, and 
have had the honour of being your companions through 
the various vicissitudes of the war. Nothing, therefore, 
but necessity could induce us to a representation which we 
know must give you concern. 

Your Excellency has so intimate a knowledge of the 
condition of the army as to render a particular delineation 
unnecessary. As you have been a witness of our sufferings 
during a war uncommon in its nature, and unparalleled in 
many circumstances attending it; so you are now, Sir, no 
less a witness of the unequal burden which has fallen upon 
us, from the want of that provision to which, from our as- 
siduous and imremitting services, we conceive we are en- 
titled. Having recently expressed our sense of what was 
due to our distress; having repeated to your Excellency 
the confidence we had, that our accounts would be liqui- 
dated, the balances ascertained, and adequate funds pro- 
vided for payment previous to our being dispersed or dis- 
banded ; having seen with pleasure the approbation which 
Congress gave our reliance, it is with a mixture of as- 
tonishment and chagrin, that we view the late resolve of 
Congress, by which the soldiers for the war and a propor- 
tionate number of officers are to be furloughed Avithout 
anv one of those important objects being accomplished; 



B45 

aud, to complete the scene of woe, are to be compelled to 
leave the army without the means of defraying the debts 
we have necessarily incurred in the course of service, or 
even of gratifying those menials in the pittance which is 
their due ; much less to carry with us that support and com- 
fort to our families, of which, from our long military 
services, they have been deprived. No less exposed then to 
the insults of the meanest followers of the army, than to 
the arrests of the sheriff — deprived of the ability to assist 
our families, and without an evidence that any thing is 
due to us for our services, and consequently without the 
least prosjject of obtaining credit for even a temporary 
subsistence, until we can get into business— to what quar- 
ter can we look? We take the liberty to say. Sir, only to 
your Excellency; and, from the sincerity of our hearts, 
we do it no less from a persuasion of the efficiency of your 
further efforts in our favour, than from the kind assuran- 
ces you have been pleased to give us of your support. 

To your Excellency, then, we make our appeal, and in 
the most solemn manner, from that abhorrence of oppres- 
sion aud injustice which first unsheathed our swords; from 
the remembrance of the common dangers througli which 
we have passed; and from the recollection of those as- 
tonishing events, which have been effected by our united 
efforts, — permit us to solicit your further aid and to 
entreat that the order of the 2d instant, founded on the act 
of Congress of the 2Gth of May last, may be suspended or 
varied in its operation, so far as that no officer or soldiei" 
be obliged to receive a furlough until that honourable body 
can be apprized of the wretched situation into which the 
army must be plunged by a conformity to it; that your 
Excelleucy will endeavour to prevail on Congress — nay, 
that on the principles of common justice you will insist that 
neither officer or soldier can be compelled to leave the 
field until a liquidation of accounts can be effected, till 
the balances are ascertained, certificates for the sums due 



346 

given, including the commutation of half-pay to the officers 
and gratuity of 80 dollars to the soldiers, and until a sup- 
ply of money can be furnished sufficient to carry us from 
the field of glory with honour to ourselves and credit to 
our country. We still wish to believe that that country to 
which we have been so long devoted will never look with 
indifference on the distress of those of her sons who have 
so essentially contributed to the establishment of Freedom, 
the security of property, and the rearing of an empire. 

In the name and behalf of the Generals and officers com- 
manding regiments and corps, in the cantonment on Hud- 
son's River, 

I have the honour to "be. 
With the highest respect. 

Your Excellency's 
Most obedient servant, 
W. Heath, Maj. Gen. President. 

June 5th, 1783.'^ 

To the foregoing address, Gen. Washington was pleased 
to return the following answer, viz : 

Head-Quarters, June 6th, 1783. 
"Sir, 
Before I make a reply to the subject of the address of the 
Generals and Officers, commanding the regiments and corps 
of this army, presented by yourself, yesterday, I entreat 
that those gentlemen will accept my warmest acknowledg- 
ment for the confidence they have been pleased to repose 
in me ; they may be assured it shall never be abused ; and 
I beg they will be persuaded, that as no man can possibly 
be better acquainted than I am with the past merits and 
services of the army, so no one can possibly be more 
strongly impressed with their present ineligible situation, 
feel a keener sensibility at their distresses, or more ar- 
dently desire to alleviate or remove them. But it would be 
unnecessary, perhaps, to enter into a detail of what I have 
done, and what I am still attempting to do, in order to 



347 

assist in the accomplishment of this interesting purpose. 
Let it be sufficient to obsen'e, I do not yet despair of suc- 
cess; for I am perfectly convinced that the States cannot 
without involving themselves in national bankruptcy and 
ruin, refuse to comply with the requisitions of Congress; 
who, it must be acknowledged, have done everything in 
their power to obtain ample and complete justice for the 
army; and whose great object in the present measure un- 
doubtedly was, by a reduction of expense, to enable the 
Financier to nmke the three months' payment to the army, 
which on all hands has been agreed to be absolutely and 
indispensably necessary. To explain this matter, I beg 
leave to insert an extract of a letter from the Superintend- 
ant of Finance, dated the 29th ult. 

It is now a month since the committee conferred with 
me on that subject, and I then told them no payment could 
be made to the army but by means of a paper anticipation ; 
and unless our expenditures were immediately and con- 
siderably I'educed, even that could not be done. Our ex- 
penditures haA'e nevertheless been continued, and our rev- 
enues lessen, the States growing daily more and more re- 
miss in their collections. The consequence is, that I cannot 
make payment in the manner first intended; the notes is- 
sued for this purpose would have been payable at two, four, 
and six months from the date, but at present they will be at 
six montlis, and even that will soon become impracticable, 
unless our expenses be immediately curtailed. 

I shall cause such notes to be issued for three months' 
pay to the army; and I must entreat. Sir, that every in- 
fluence be used with the States to absorl) tliem, together 
with my other engagements, by taxation. 

Three days ago a messenger was dispatched by me to 
urge the necessity of forwai'ding these notes with the great- 
est possible expedition. 

Under this state of circumstances, I need scarcely add, 
that the expense of every day in feeding the whole army 



348 

will increase very considerably the inability of the public 
to discharge the debts already incurred, at least for a 
considerable time to come. 

Although the officers of the army very well know my 
official situation ; that I am only a servant of the public, and 
that it is not for me to dispense with orders which it is my 
duty to carry into execution ; yet, as furloughs, in all ser- 
vices, are considered as a matter of indulgence and not 
of compulsion — as Congress, I am persuaded, entertain 
the best disposition towards the army — and, as I appre- 
hend in a very short time the two principal articles of 
complaint will be removed — I shall not hesitate to comply 
with the wishes of the army, under these reservations only, 
that officers sufficient to conduct the men who choose to 
receive furloughs will attend them, either on furlough or 
b3' detachment. The propriety and necessity of this meas- 
ure must be obvious to all; it need not, therefore, be en- 
forced; and with regard to the non-commissioned officers 
and privates, such as from a peculiarity of circumstances 
wish not to receive furloughs at this time, will give in their 
names by 12 o'clock to-morrow to the commanding officers 
of their regiments, that on a report to the Adjutant-Gene- 
ral, an equal number of men, engaged for three years, may 
be furloughed, which will make the saving of expenses 
exactly the same to the public. 

I cannot but hope the notes will soon arrive, and that 
the settlement of accounts may be completed by the assist- 
ance of the Pay-Masters in a very few- days. In the mean 
time, I shall have the honour of laying the sentiments of 
the Generals and Officers commanding regiments and 
corps, before Congress ; they are expressed in such a decent, 
candid and affecting manner, that 1 am certain every mark 
of attention will be paid to them. 

I have the honour to be, 

With great esteem, Sir, 
Your most obedient Servant, 
(Signed) Geo. Washington. 
Maj. Gen. Heath." 



349 

The two preceding papers were enclosed in the following 
letter from the Commander in Chief to his Excellency the 
President of Congress: 

Head-Quaktebs, Newbuegh, June 7, 1783. 

•' am, 

I have the honour to enclose to your Excellency the copy 
of an address to me from the Generals and Officers com- 
manding regiments and corps, together with my answer to 
it. These enclosures will explain the distresses which re- 
sulted from the measures now carrying into execution, in 
consequence of the resolution of the 26th of May ; but the 
sensibility occasioned by a parting scene under such pecu- 
liar circumstances, will not admit of description ! 

The two subjects of complaint with the army appear to 
be the delay of the three months" payment which had been 
expected, and the want of a settlement of accounts. I have 
thought myself authorized to assure them Congress 
had and would attend particularly to their grievances; 
and have made some little variation respecting furloughs, 
from what was at first proposed ; the Secretary of War will 
be able to explain the reason and propriety of this altera- 
tion. 

While I consider it a tribute of justice, on this occasion, 
to mention the temperate and orderly behaviour of the 
wliole army, and particularly the accommodating spirit 
of the officers in arranging themselves to the command of 
the battalions which will be composed of the tbi'ee years' 
men, permit me to recall to mind all their former suffer- 
ings and merits, and to recommend their reasonable re- 
quests to the early and favourable notice of Congress. 

I have the honour to be, &e." 

A little before this time, the officers of the army begin- 
ning to realize that the dissolution of the army was draw- 
ing nigh, and wishing to perpetuate that friendship which 
numerous hardships, sufferings, and common dangers had 



350 

inspired in tlieir breasts,— resolved to form themselves 
into a Society, by the name of the Cincmnatl. Several 
meetings were had for the purpose, and an Institution was 
digested and completed; and although our General pre- 
sided at one of the meetings, and cheerfully, at the request 
of his brother officers, transmitted copies of the Institu- 
tion, covered by a letter, to the officer commanding the 
southern army, and to the senior officers of the respective 
State lines, from Pennsylvania to Georgia — yet he had 
serious objections to the Institution as it stood, and refused 
for some time to sign it. He wished, as much as any one 
in the army, to perpetuate the happy friendship cemented 
in the breasts of the officers by an eight years' common 
danger and sufferings, but he thought this would be best 
done by simply forming a Society, to meet annually in 
their respective States, for the purpose of a social hour, 
and to brighten the chain of friendship, with a fund for the 
relief of the unfortunate of their brethren ; but he was op- 
posed to any idea of any thing that had any resemblance 
of an order, or any insignia or badge of distinction, assert- 
ing that it would only serve to mark them in an unfavor- 
able light with their fellow-citizens : but the prevailing opin- 
ion of the officers was otherwise. Our General was finally 
induced to sign the Institution, from the following consi- 
deration — (but not until all the officers were appointed, 
and he nearly ready to leave the army) conversing with an 
officer of rank, who was of the same opinion with him, they 
parted in the resolution not to sign the Institution; but the 
next morning the officer called upon him, and observed 
that one consideration, not before mentioned, had occur- 
red to him, viz. : that it might happen in the days of their 
posterity, in case they did not sign, that the descendant of 
one who was a member might happen to fall in company 
with the descendant of one who was not; that the latter, 
on observing the badge, might inquire what it was, and 
whats its intention — upon its being answered that it was 



351 



the insignia of a Society, of which his ancestor who served 
in the American army during the revolution, was a mem- 
ber— tlie other might reply, my ancestor too served during 
that war, but I never heard any thing of such a badge in 
our family ; to which it might probably be answered, it is 
lil<;ely vour ancestor was guilty of some misconduct, which 
deprived him of it. Upon this our General broke out— 
"I see it, I see it, and spurn the idea ;" which led him to 
sign the general Institution : and he subscribed to the State 
fund 16G dollars, being one month's pay, as was stipulated 
in the Institution. He, however, never met with the So- 
ciety, although no one has cherished a warmer affection 
for every member of the army. After the revolution in 
France, 'finding that the insignias of distinctions were do- 
ing away, it led him anew to review the distinction which 
the badge of the Society to which he belonged, if not in 
fact, yet in appearance seemed to exhibit, and brought to 
mind all his former objections, which induced him to write 
to the Secretary-General to erase his name from the In- 
stitution ; but that his subscription to the fund should re- 
main so long as it was applied to the purpose for which it 
was given — the relief of the unfortunate. 

(3th.— In the forenoon, the Jersey line marched from the 
cantonment to their own State, where they were to be dis- 
banded. The same day, the first New York regiment made 
a present of their standards and baud to Governor Clin- 
ton ; they were escorted to Poughkeepsie V>y the light-in- 
fantry company of the regiment. 

8th.— The men for the war, belonging to the Maryland, 
New Jersey, New York, and New Hampshire lines, having 
marched from the cantonment, a division of the Massa- 
chusetts men marched on this day. 

9th.— A division of the Suffolk and Worcester furloughed 
men marched for their own State, and so on, a division 
each day, until the whole had marched. 



352 

10th. — Our General was General of the Day. In the 
after orders of the Commander in Chief on this day it was 
expressed — "The strength of the army in this cantonment 
being considerably diminished by the number of men lately 
furloughed, the order of the 16th of April, directing a Gen- 
eral, Field Oflficers, and Quarter-Master to be of the day, 
and also a regiment to parade every day for duty, is dis- 
pensed with. For the present there will be one Field-Offi- 
cer, and an Adjutant of the day ; and the guards only will 
form on the grand parade at 9 o'clock in the morning." It 
is here a little remarkable that our General, by whose 
orders, and under whose direction the first guard in the 
American war mounted at the foot of Prospect Hill, on the 
evening of the 19th of April, 1775, after the battle of that 
day, should happen, in the course of service, to be the last 
General of the day in the American main army, on the 10th 
of June, 1783, to inspect, turn off, and visit the guards. 
At the first period, the roads were full of militia, pressing 
towards Boston, to commence and prosecute a dubious 
war; they were now filled with veteran soldiers, covered 
with laurels, returning from the field to their peaceful 
abodes. 

11th. — About 2 o'clock, P. M. the wind freshened 
from the west; there were several thunder showers, with 
large hail-stones, some of which were supposed to be two 
inches long. The lightning struck the flag-staff of the 
New Building, entered the house, and ran down the south 
side of it, doing some damage, and stunning several sold- 
iers near the door. In the general orders of this day it 
was announced that the levees were to be discontinued. 

13th. — The men who had enlisted for 3 years, and for 
shorter periods not expired, were formed, those belonging 
to Massachusetts into 4 regiments, and were to be com- 
manded by Colonels Michael Jackson, Henry Jackson, and 
Joseph Vose, and Lieut. Col. Commandant Sprout. On the 
morning of the 16th, these regiments incorporated, and 



353 

were formed into two brigades, the one commanded by 
Brig. Gen. Patterson, and the other by Brig. Gen. Greaton. 

19th. — A number of officer.s of the army, viz. : several 
general officers, and officers commanding regiments and 
corps, met at the New Building, and elected his Excellency 
Gen. Washington, President General; Gen. M'Dougal 
Treasurer; and Gen. Knox, Secretary, pro tempore, to the 
Society of the Cincinnati. 

20th. — The Massachusetts State Society of the Cincin- 
nati met, and made choice of Maj. Gen. Lincoln for their 
President; Maj. Gen. Knox, Vice-President; Col. John 
Brooks, Secretary; Col. Henry Jackson, Treasurer; and 
Capt. Heywood, Assistant-Treasurer. The same day the 
troops at the cantonment were put under orders to be 
ready to march for West Point on the succeeding Monday. 

22nd. — Our General issued his last order, which finished 
as follows: "The long wished for period having arrived, 
when the din of war ceases, the olive-branch of peace is dis- 
played, the toils and fatigues of the field are drawing to a 
close, a part of the army have already mingled with their 
fellow-citizens, and others will probably ere long join 
them — Maj. Gen. Heath being about to leave the army, and 
this being the last opportunity which will remain in his 
power to express that affection for his brother officers and 
soldiers, which more than eight years of service has estab- 
lished in his breast, he cannot depart without leaving his 
best wishes for the health, prosperity and happiness of 
those whose lot it is a little longer to continue in the field- 
invoke every blessing on them, and bid them an affection- 
ate farewell." 

23rd. — The Massachusetts regiments marched to West- 
Point. 

The morning of the 24th our General was to commence 
his journey homeward ; but the Commander in Chief wished 



354 

him not to proceed until the afternoon. On his arrival 
at head-quarters, Col. Humphrvs, one of the Aides-de- 
Camp of the Commander in Chief, gave him a sealed letter, 
observing to him to read at his leisure. On opening it, in 
General Washington's own hand-writing it was as fol- 
lows : 

(Prirute.) 
Head-qitaktkrs, June 24th, 1783. 
''Beau Sir, 

Previous to your departure from the army, I wish 
to take an opportunity of expressing my sentiments of your 
services, my obligations for your assistance, and my Avishes 
for your future felicity. 

"Our object is at last attained; the ai'rangements are 
almost completed, and the day of separation is now at 
hand. Permit me, therefore, to thank you for the trouble 
you have lately taken in the arrangement of the corps 
under your orders, as well as for all your former cheerful 
and able exertions in the public service. Suffer me to of- 
fer this last testimony of my regard to your merits; and 
give me leave, my dear Sir, to assure you of the real af- 
fection and esteem with which I am, and shall at all times, 
and under all circumstances, continue to be 
Your sincere friend, and 

Very humble servant, 
(Signed) G. Washington. 

Maj. Gen. Heath." 

In the afternoon, the general officers were in Council at 
head-quarters, in consequence of an express from Phila- 
delphia. Four or five hundred men of the Pennsylvania 
line, of those who had been furloughed on or about the 
20th, grew very mutinous, refused to obey orders, entered 
the city of Philadelphia, seized some public stores, sur- 
rounded the place where Congress and the Supreme Court 
of the State were sitting, and made several demands and 
occasioned some consternation, which caused a representa- 



355 

tion to the Comjiiauder in Chief. The Continental regi- 
ments were to be put under marching orders immedi.ately. 
It was judged inexpedient to call out the militia. 

At about 5 o'clock P. M. our General took his leave of 
his beloved General, and commenced his journey for Mas- 
sachusetts, and arrived at his house in Roxbuiy on the 
first daj- of July, at 2 o'clock, P. M. where he gave evidence 
that an eight years' military life had not divested him of 
the feelings or manners of a citizen. 

October 30th. — It was learnt that the definitive treaty of 
peace was signed the 3d of the precding September; and 
that dispatches were sent off to the different Courts in 
Europe, to America, the East and West Indies, &c. with an 
account of this happy event. 

Congress, by a proclamation which bore date of the 18th 
of this month, discharged from fui-ther service such soldiers 
as were engaged for the war, and officers who were absent 
by derangement and furlough. The discharges to take 
place the 3d of November, ensuing. 

November 2d. — Gen. Washington issued his last and 
farewell orders to the federal armies, taking an affectionate 
leave of them, and giving them his best advice. 

4th. — Gen. Washington, by proclamation, in compliance 
with a resolve of Congress of the 29th of the preceding 
October, discharged all the troops in the service of the 
United States, that were then in Pennsylvania or to the 
southward thereof, except the garrison of Fort Pitt. 

The British troops having left New York, on the 25th of 
November, at one o'clock, P. M. a detachment of the Amer- 
ican army took possession of the city; after which, his Ex- 
cellency General Washington, and Governor Clinton, made 
their public entry, properly escorted, &c. The Governor 
gave a public dinner at Frances' tavern. 

December 2d. — There was a grand exhibition of fire- 
works in celebration of the peace, at the bowling green, in 



356 

Broadway. The magnificeut fire-works far exceeded any 
before exhibited in the United States. 

On the 4th, at noon, a great number of American officers 
of distinction met at Frances' tavern, to tal^e their leave of 
their great Commander, Gen. Washington, who, on filling 
a glass of wine, addi'essed his brave compatriots as fol- 
lows : — 

"With an heart full of love and gratitude, I now take 
leave of you — I most devoutly wish that your latter days 
may be as prosperous and happy, as your former ones have 
been glorious and honourable." 

The dissolution of the American army (excepting a 
small detacliment of artillery and of infantrj') took place 
a few days after; and General Washington, ere long, re- 
tired to his seat at Mount Vernon, covered with every 
laurel with which his own victorious conduct, and a grate- 
ful country, could adorn him ; and with the applause of an 
admiring world. 



THE END. 



BUNKER HILL BATTLE. 



Original Title Pagr 

HISTORY 



BATTL.E OF BREED^S HILL^ 



■r 



MAJOR-GENERALS WILLIAM HEATH, HENRY LEE, JAMES 
WILKINSON AND HENRY DEARBORN. 



-<) oa 0- 



COAIPILED BY CHARLES COFriN. 



SACO 

PRINTED CV WILLIiM /. CON00», 
1331 



Having for years been satisfied that the accounts of Breed's Hill 
Battle as given by Gordon, Warren, Ramsey and Marshall, are defec- 
tive and imperfect, I have been induced to publish the transactions 
of that memorable event, as given by four American Major Generals, 
who were either in the action or had the best possible opportunities of 
being fully acquainted with the details of it. And who from their pro- 
fession were better qualified to give a full and fair narrative, than any 
others who have undertaken It. To which are added the depositions 
of a number of highly respectable gentlemen who were eye witnesses 
of and partakers of the glory of that proud day. 

The following sheets, it is believed, will give a more full and ac- 
curate view of the troops engaged, by whom commanded and all the 
transactions of the day, than any narrative extant. 

My objects are truth and justice to the living and the dead. 

PORTi.AN-n. THE COMPILER. 



Reflections on the Vampa'ujns of Sir William Howe, on his 
resi<])iing the command of the British Armies in Amer- 
ica, with an incidental account of the battle of 
Blinker's Hill, extracted from Major General 
Henri/ Lee's " Memoirs of the ^^ar in, the 
Southern Department of the United- 
States." Puhlished 1812. 

It is impossible to pass over this period of tlie American 
war without giving vent to some of those reflections which 
it necessarily excites. Sir William Howe was considered 
one of the best soldiers in England, when charged with the 
important trust of subduing the revolted colonies. Never 
did a British General, in any period of that nation, com- 
mand an army better fitted to insure success than the one 
submitted to his direction, whether we regard its compar- 
ative strength with that opposed to it, the skill of the offi- 
cers, the discipline and courage of the soldiers, the ade- 
quacy of all the implements and munitions of war, and 
the abundance of the best supplies of every sort. In ad- 
dition, his brother Lord Howe commanded a powerful 
fleet on our coast, for the purpose of subserving the views, 
and supporting the measures of the commander in chief. 
Passing over the criiuinal supineness which marked his 
conduct after the battle of Long Island, and the fatal mis- 
take of the plan of the campaign 1777, (the first and lead- 
ing feature of which ought to have been junction with 
Burgoyne and the undisturbed possession of the North 
River) we juust be permitted to look at him with scrutin- 



362 

ous though impartial eyes, when pursuiDg his own object, 
and directed by his own judgment, after his disembarka- 
tion at the head of the Chesapeake. 

We find him continuing to omit pressing the various ad- 
vantages he dearly gained from time to time. He was 
ever ready to appeal to the sword, and but once retired 
from his enemy. But he does not seem to have known 
thf "-- to win a victory was but the first step in the actions 
Oi a great captain. To improve it is as essential; and 
unless the first is followed by the second, the conqueror 
ill requites those brave companions of his toils and per- 
ils, to whose disregard of difficulties and contempt of 
death, he is so much indebted for the laurel which entwines 
his brow; and basely neglects his duty to his country, 
whose confidence. in his zeal for her good, had induced her 
to commit to his keeping her fame and interest. 

After his victory at Brandywine, he was, by his own 
official statement, less injured than his adversary ; yet with 
many of his corps, entire and fresh, we find him wasting 
three precious days, with the sole ostensible object of 
sending his wounded to Wilmington. Surely the detach- 
ment charged with this service was adequate to their pro- 
tection on the field of battle, as afterwards on the march ; 
and certainly it required no great exertion of mind to have 
made this arrangement in the course of one hour, and to 
have pursued the beaten foe after the refreshments and re- 
pose enjoyed in one night. This was omitted. He adhered 
to the same course of conduct after the battle of German- 
town, when the ill-boding tidings from the northern war- 
fare, emphatically called upon him to press his victory in 
ordier to compensate for the heavy loss likely to be sus- 
tained by the captivity of Burgoyne and his army. Biit 
Avhat is most sux"prising, after the Delaware was re- 
stored to his use, and the communication with the fleet 
completely enjoyed, that he should have relinquished his 
resolution of fighting Washington at White Marsh, having 



363 

ascertained by his personal observation, that no material 
difficulty presented itself on the old York road, by which 
route he could, with facility, have turned ^^'ashington's 
left, and have compelled him to a change of position with 
battle, or to a perilous retreat. And last, though not 
least in magnitude, knowing as Sir William ought to have 
known, the sufferings and wants of every kind to which 
Washington was exposed at Valley Forge, as well as that 
his army was under inoculation for the small pox. v' 'le 
he himself was so abundantly supplied with every article 
requisite to give warmth and comfort to his troops, it is 
wonderful how he could omit venturing a winter campaign, 
to him i>romising every advantage, and to liis antagonist, 
menacing every ill — this, too, when the fate of Burgoyne 
was no longer doubtful, and its adverse influence on for- 
eign i3owers unquestionable, unless balanced by some 
grand and daring stroke on his part. The only plan prac- 
ticable was that above suggested ; an experiment urged by 
all the considerations which ever can command high 
si)irited enterprise. 

These are undeniable truths; and they involve an in- 
quisitive mind in a perplexity not easy to be untangled. 
It would be absurd to impute this conduct to a want of 
courage in Sir William Howe; for all acknowle<lge that 
he eminently possessed that quality. Nor can it be justly 
ascribed to either indolence of disposition, or a habit of 
sacrificing his duties to self-care; for he possessed a robust 
body, with an active mind, and although a man of pleas- 
ure, subdued, when necessaiw, its captivating allurements 
with facility. To explain it, as some have done, by sup- 
posing him friendly to the revolution, and therefore to 
connive at its success, would lie equally stupid and unjust, 
for no part of Sir William's life is stained with a single 
departure from the line of honor. Moreover, traitors are 
not to be found among British Generals, whose fidelity is 
secured by education, by their grade and importance in so- 



364 



ciety, and by the magniticent rewards of goverumeiit sure 
to follow distinguished eft'orts. The severe admonition 
which Sir William had received from the disastrous bat- 
tle of Bunker's, or rather Breed's Hill, furnishes the most 
probable explanation of this mysterious inertness. On 
that occasion, he commanded a body of chosen troops, in- 
ured to discipline, and nearly double in number to his foe ; 
possessed of artillery in abundance, prepared in the best 
manner; with an army at hand ready to re-inforce him, 
and led by officers, many of whom had seen service, all of 
whom had been bred to arms. His enemy was a corps of 
countrymen, who, for the first time, were unsheathing 
their swords; without artillery; defectively armed with 
fowling pieces, and muskets without bayonets; destitute 
of that cheering comfort with which experience animates 
the soldier; with no other works than a slight redoubt, 
and a slighter trench, terminating in a yet slighter breast- 
work. 

Sir William found this feeble enemy posted on the mar- 
gin, and along the acclivity of the hill, commanded by 
Col. Prescott,^ then unknown to fame; yet Sir William 
beheld these brave yeomen — while the conflagration of a 
town was blazing in their faces, while their flanks were 
exposed to maritime annoyance, and their front was as- 
sailed by I'egulars in proud array under the protection of 



1 The honor contened upon Colonel Prescott was only a promotion 
in the army soon after established; and this, the writer was informed 
by a gentleman residing in Boston who was well acquainted with Col. 
PresMtt, consisted only in the grade of Lieutenant Colonel in a regi- 
ment of infantry. Considering himself entitled to a regiment, the hero 
of Breed's Hill would not accept a second station. Warren, who fell 
nobly supporting the action, was the favorite of the day, and has en- 
grossed the fame due to Prescott. Bunker's Hill, too, has been con- 
sidered as the field of battle, when it is well known that it was fought 
on Breed's Hill, the nearest of the two hills to Boston. No man reveres 
the character of Warren more than the writer; and he considers him- 
self not only by his obedience to truth, doing justice to Colonel Pres- 
cott, but performing an acceptable service to the memory of the illus- 
trious Warren, who, being a really great man. would disdain to wear 
laurels not his own. 



365 

cauuou in full discharge — receive the terrible shock with 
firmness, cooly await his near approach, and then reso- 
lutely pour in a charge, which disciplined courage could 
not sustain. He saw his gallant troops fly — afterwards 
brought to rally with their colors, and iudigTiant at the re- 
pulse, return with redoubled fury. Sir William again 
saw these daring countrymen, uuappalled in heart, un- 
broken in line ,true to their generous leader and inbred 
valor, calmly reserving themselves for the fatal moment, 
when his close advance presented an opportunity of wing- 
ing every ball with death. Again the British soldiers 
with the pupil of the immortal Wolfe at their head, 
sought safety in flight. Restoring liis troops to order. Sir 
William Howe advanced the third time, supported by naval 
co-operation, which luid now nearly demolished our 
slender defences. Notwitlistandiug this tremendous com- 
bination, Sir William saw his gallant enemy maintain their 
ground, without prospect of succor, until their ammuni- 
tion was nearly expended; then, abandoning their works 
as the British entered them, they took the only route open 
to their escape with decision and celerity. 

The sad and impressive experience of this murderous 
day sunk deep into the mind of Sir William Howe; and 
it seems to have had its influence on all his subsequent op- 
erations, with decisive control. In one instance only did 
he ever depart from the most pointed circumspection; and 
that was, in the assault on Red Bank, from his solicitude 
to restore the navigation of the Delaware deemed essential 
to the safety of his army. The doleful issue of tliis single 
departure renewed the solemn advice inculcated at Breed's 
Hill, and extinguislied his spirit of enterprise. This is the 
only way in which it seems to me, the mysterious inertness 
which marked the conduct of the British General, so fatal 
in its effect to the Britisli cause, can be intelligibly solved. 

The military annals of the world rarely furnish an 
achievement which equals the firmness and courage dis- 



366 

played on that prond day by the gallant baud of Ameri- 
cans; and it certainly stands first in the brilliant events 
of our war. 

When future geuerations shall inquire where are the 
men who gained the highest prize of glory in the arduous 
contest wliicii ushered in our nation's birth — upon 
Prescott and his companions in arms will the eye of 
history beam. 

"A rapid sketch of the Battle of Breed's Hill." By Major 
Gen. James Wilkiiisoti. Published 1816. 

On the augmentation of liis force in May, 1775, Gen. 
Gage determined to occupy the heights of Dorchester to 
the south of Boston, and those of Charlestowu on the 
north of the town ; the occupation of these points was not 
only necessary to the extension to his quarters, but indis- 
pensable to his holding of them. It was therefore detei'- 
mined in the first instance to seize upon Dorchester 
heights, as they were the most commanding and of easiest 
access to the provincials. Preparations were accordingly 
made, and agreeable to the plan concerted, ilajor General 
Howe was to have landed at the point of the peninsula 
nearest the castle; Major General Clinton on the flat be- 
tyeen that place and Nook's Hill, whilst Major Geueral 
Burgoyne was to take post on the Neck, and amuse the pro- 
vincials at Roxbury with a heavy cannonade; and from 
the strength, disposition and equipments of those corps at 
that period, no effectual opposition could have been made 
to this operation of the royal army, and a few days more 
would Imve put it in possession of Bunker's Hill also. 

The arrangements of General Gage, preparatory to those 
meditated operations, necessarily attracted the observation 
of the inhabitants of Boston, and being communicated to 
the Provincial Congress, they became jealous of some hoa 
tile movement, without being able to penetrate the object 



367 

of it. It appears probable that under this impression, they 
recommended to a council of war, which had been institu- 
ted, the fortification of Dorchester Neck and Bunker's 
Hill, on the ground of precautionary defence, the very same 
motive by which the council of British officers had been 
actuated ; for if the views of the Provincial Congress had 
been oifensive, the heights of Dorchester could not have 
escaped their attention, because from thence both the town 
and harbor were exposed to annoyance. 

The resolution of the Provincial council of war Iteing 
taken. Col. Prescott, a man of strong mind and dauntless 
resolution, who, I understand, had served in the seven 
years' war as a provincial subaltern, seconded by a Col. 
Brewer, M'ho also served in the same war as a sergeant of 
rangers, was ordered with one thousand Massachusetts men 
to take possession of Bunker's Hill ; but whether by mis- 
taking the spot, which seems improbable, Colonel Prescott 
passed the crown of Bunker's Hill about (>00 yards, and 
broke ground on Breed's Hill, about 1200 yards from the 
British Battery on Cop's Hill in North Boston; he there 
projected regular squares, as well as I can recollect,' of 
fifty yards without a flanking angle, the front of which, 
towards Boston, ranged about N. E. and S. W. with the 
entrance or aperture in the centre of the opposite side; a 
parapet breast high had been thrown up, and a retrench- 
ment, from the N. E. angle of the ditch in front had been 
pushed about 100 yards down the declivity towards Mystic 
river, with the apparent design of continuiug it across a 
hollow or indenture of the surface, to the bank of that 
river; from the N. E. angle of the redoubt, in rear, a post 
and rail fence, ranging with the N. E. side of the redoubt, 
ran back about 200 yards, where it was intersected nearly 
at right angles by a similar fence, extending about 300 
yards to the bank of the Mystic river, which at the junct- 

1 I examined it the 17th of March, 1776, the Jay the enemy evacu- 
ated Boston. 



368 

ion was 8 or 9 feet perpendicular height; in front of the 
last line of fence from the bank of the Mystic river, the 
ground was smooth, without obstruction, declining gently 
00 or 80 yards, where it fell off abruptly. The bank of 
the Mystic river appeared firm and flat. These details are 
given from memoranda taken hastily, almost forty-one 
years since, and therefore I crave consideration, should 
they be in any particular imperfect. This rectangular 
work of Colonel Prescott's was so far advanced, that his 
men were pretty well covered in the ditch and retrench- 
ment, and behind the parapet, before he was discovered in 
the morning, although the lAvclij frigate lay immediately 
before him in the ferry way between Charlestown and 
Boston, and a ship of the line, with the Falcon ship of war, 
a feAV hundred yards to the eastward. The batteries of 
these vessels and several gun boats, with that on Cop's Hill, 
were opened against the Provincials as soon as they were 
discovered, and the cannonade was continued Avithout ces- 
sation; but from the elevation of the hill, with so little 
effect that the Americans continued their work. 

The British General was startled by this encroach- 
ment, which left him no time to deliberate; for although 
Bunker's Hill would have given little annoyance to Bos- 
ton, Breed's Hill positiA'ely commanded the northern part 
of it. Major General Howe, therefore, being first for 
duty, was ordered with ten companies of grenadiers, and 
ten of light infantry, and the 5th, 38th, 43d, and 52d 
regiments, to dislodge the Provincials; and on this ser- 
vice, seconded by Brigadier General Pigot, he embarked 
in barges about noon, and rowed to ilorton's Point, the 
eastern extremity of tlie peninsula of Charlestown, 
and the present site of the U. S. Navy Yard, where 
he landed and formed without opposition ; but dis- 
liking the disposition and aspect of the Provincials, he 
ordered his troops to sit down, and sent back to Boston 
for a reinforcement, to land and co-operate from the side 
of Charlestown; for which service tlie 47th regiment and 



369 

1st battalion of marines were detacbecl ; and yet this corps 
of Sir William Howe, composed of five regiments, one bat- 
talion and twenty flank companies, has been generally re- 
ported at about 2000 men ; but surely 64 companies at 
least, cannot be reckoned for less than 3000, and this num- 
ber I shall claim, for the honor of Prescott and 8tark, and 
the yeomanry of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, who, 
I have been assured by several spectators of the action, were 
the only troops engaged, and that the whole number did 
not exceed 1500 combatants. General Ho\\e halted at 
JMorton's Point, as well to arrange and refresh his corps 
for combat, as to wait the reinforcement; being perfectly 
concealed from observation in his front by the nature of 
the ground. Prescott, at the same time manned his re- 
doubt and the retrenchment, and occupied the circum- 
jacent ground in the most advantageous manner he could, 
with about 800 men out of the one thousand ordered for 
the service; whilst General Putnam and Colonel Gerrish 
took i:>ost with about 1500 men on and around Bunker's 
Hill. In the meantime. Colonel Stark, with his own regi- 
ment and that of Reed's from New Hampshire, amount- 
ing to about 700 men, half organized,^ and wretchedly 
equipped,* were pressing for the scene of action ; Captain 
H. Dearborn, (lately a Major-General, and turned out of 
service by the good President Madison, to make room for 
his favorites Brown and Pcott) marched on Colonel Stark's 



1 The men hastily chose their company officers, but Stark had for 
his Major, Andrew McClary. Esq., who had been distinguished for his 
resolution, zeal and patriotism in planning and leading the attacl< of 
the castle at Portsmouth, the 1st December. 1774. and seizing the ord- 
nance, arms and military stores found therein; he had this day dis- 
charged his duty with great gallantry in the field, and escaped unhurt, 
but returning to bring off some men scattered in the rear, he was killed 
by a cannon ball from one of the enemy's floating batteries near the 
Neck. 

2 The men were armed with fusils of various calibres, each individ- 
ual was furnished with one-quarter of a pound of powder in a horn, one 
flint, and lead sufficient to make fifteen charges either of ball or buck- 
shot; the men prepared their ammunition according to their discretion, 
some with cartridges and others with loose ammunition; the powder in 
their horns, and the lead in their pockets. 



370 

right, traversed the causeway under a heavy cross-fire from 
floating batteries, and passed General Putnam on Bunlier 
Hill, with Colonel Gerrish by his side, and 1000 or 1200 
men under their orders; as this corps of citizen soldiers 
approached the redoubt under the cannonade of the ene- 
my's batteries from Charles river and Cop's Hill, Colonel 
Stark determined to form his men behind the post and rail 
fences before described; but when he reached the bank of 
the Mystic he cast his eyes down upon the beach, and as he 
obsei'ved to me on the spot, thought it was so plain a way 
that the enemy could not miss it; he therefore ordered a 
number of his boys to jump down the bank, and with stones 
from the adjacent walls, they soon threw up a strong 
breast-work to the water's edge, behind which he posted 
triple ranks of his choice men; in the meantime, those 
who formed in the rear of the fences to conceal themselves 
from the enemy, filled the space between the rails with 
grass and hay, behind which they either knelt or sat down, 
every man having made an aperture in the grassy rampart, 
through which, while resting his fusee, he could take delib- 
erate aim. 

Captain Dearborn was posted with his company nearest 
the redoubt, on the right of Stark's line. — About one o'clock 
General Howe put two columns and a detachment with his 
artillery in motion ; one column marched by the beach, and 
his light infantry led the other on the margin of the bank 
of the Mystic and directly to the left of Col. Stark's line; 
the detachment and artillery, from the best information 
I have been able to procure, inclined towards his left, and 
commenced a feeble attack against the redoiibt at long 
shot, apparently with a design to dra^\- the attention of 
Col. Prescott, whilst the column on the beach and that on 
the bank of the Mystic were designed to turn the flank and 
gain the rear of the Provincials on Breed's Hill, which 
they would have accomplished if they had not been driven 
back. Col. Stark's orders to his men, who were concealed 
1>ehind the stone wall on the beach, were not to fire until 




i( '<.'^^''^ 



^^o-^C^-t^ /?- 




371 

the front of the enemy reached a point which he had 
marked in the bank at eight or ten rods' distance, and those 
on the bank immediately under his eye were directed to 
reserve tlieir lire until they could see the enemy's lialf-gait- 
ers, which, from the form of ground, would bring them 
within the same distance; in this situation of the Provin- 
cials, the columns of the enemy on the beach and the bank 
advanced by heavy platoons, without firing, as if not ap- 
prised of what awaited them, and when within the pre- 
scribed distance, received a volley which mowed doTvn 
the whole front ranks, and the columns were instantly 
broken and fell back in disorder, that on the beach, entirely 
out of the combat, having ninety-six* men killed outright, 
before they could escape the American fire; on the banks 
the light infantry fell back until covered by the ground, 
then re-formed and again advanced to the attack, and 
were again repulsed with similar slaughter; three times 
were these brave unfortunate men led to the charge, 
and were finally repulsed." Sir William Howe now gave 
up his first plan of attack to force his way into the rear 
of the Provincials, and making an entire new disposition, 
he directed his whole force against the redoubt, attacking 
it on three sides at the same time. Gen. Clinton with the 
47th regiment and the battalion of marines on the right; 
Gen. Pigot with the 5th, 38th and 43d regiments, in the 
centre; and the Commander, with the grenadiers and 52d 
regiment on the left; the light infantry appear to have 
been put hors de combat. 

The retrenchment was turned on the left and entered 
by the grenadiers, but being f sposed to the perpendicular 
fire of the redoubt and the oblique fire of Captain Dear- 

1 Mr. John Winslow, then in Boston, I understand, counted this num- 
ber the next day. This gentleman served with much reputation in the 
Artillery of the Revolution, and was at the capture ot Burgoyne, and 
has been long since a Major-General in the Militia of Massachusetts. 

2 1 had these details from Col. Stark on the field, the 17th of 
March. 1776, and I remember his observing, " the dead lay as thick as 
sheep in a field;" it was at this point the enemy suffered most severely. 



3T2, 

bora, they were obliged to abaudou it. Assailed in his 
front and flanks by three fold numbers, Prescott persevered 
with great obstinacy and valor, until his ammunition was 
nearly expended, and the redoubt was forced by the grena- 
diers at the angle, which joined the retrenchment. He 
was then obliged to give way, and his men of course re- 
treated in disorder. After the third repulse of the light 
infantry, and whilst the attack was carried against the 
redoubt, Stark's men behind the post and rail fence near 
the Mystic were unassailed and unoccupied, and the scenes 
near the redoubt being obscured by the smoke they were 
induced to retreat reluctantly after the work was carried. 
If they had been thrown forward, where the light infantry 
finally gave way, to attack Sir William's right flank and 
rear, the issue of this conflct might have proved unfortunate 
for him; or if General Putnam had moved up with Col. 
Gerrish and the men who remained stationary within 
600 yards of the combat, which lasted an hour and a half, 
the triumph of the Provincials would have been decisive, 
and those of the British corps who were not killed must 
have surrendered, which would probably have terminated 
the contest and prevented the disseverment of the 
British empire ; but I understand from high authority that 
it was in vain that Col. Prescott sent messenger after mes- 
senger to entreat General Putnam to come to his succor; 
he rode about Bunker's Hill while the battle raged under 
his eye, with a number of entrenching tools slung across 
his horse, but did not advance a step, and was passed, with 
Col. Gerrish at his side, by Stark and Dearborn, as they 
retreated, near the spot where they saw him when they 
advanced; and for this conduct Colonel Prescott never 
ceased to reprobate the General. In respect to the patriot 
Doctor Warren, whose acknowledged talents and virtues, 
and zeal and devotion to the cause of his country have con- 
secrated his memory to endless time, he arrived at the re- 
doubt a short time before the action commenced, and on his 



373 

appearance, being known as a general officer recently ap- 
pointed, the gallant Colonel Prescott addressed himself to 
him, and demanded, "Doctor Warren, do you come here 
to take command?" "No, Colonel," replied the Doctor, 
"but to give what assistance I can, and to let these damned 
rascals see," pointing to the British troops, ' that the 
Yankees will fight."^ I understood he performed his duty 
with his firelock, and it is certain he fell in the retreat, in 
the rear of, and a little to the right of the redoubt, it is 
said by a random shot througli the head. The sauguiuary 
merits of this combat would not disgrace Chippewa or 
Bridgewater ; but in this case the liberties of North Amer- 
ica formed the ground of combat, whilst in the other, mil- 
itary ^clat and individual exaltation were alone contended 
for. The loss of the Provincials were 453 all ranks in- 
cluded, among whom. Doctor Warren, Colonel Gardner, 
Lieutenant Colonel Parker, ^Major McClary and INIajor 
Moore were the only characters of distinction. The loss of 
the British of all ranks was 1054, of whom 19 commis- 
sioned officers were killed, and among them one Lieutenant 
Colonel, two Majors, and seven Captains, and seventy 
were wounded. Such were the immediate fruits of this 
battle, but its effects were co-extensive with the American 
war, leaving impressions on the minds of the British com- 
mander which saved the country from great loss of blood 
and heavy calamities. This isolated sketch being intended 
as a mere record of facts little known, it may be proper to 
state that between Prescott and Stark there was no pre- 
concert or plan of co-operation; each fought his distinct 
corps and defended his ground according to his own judg- 
ment, and there was no general command exercised on the 
field, as soon as the men were stationed, every one reasoned 
and resolved for himself, and fought for his coimtry under 
the direction of his own will, and the consequences shew 



1 This fact is talcen from the lips oi Dr. Eustis, our Minister at tho 
Hague, who was present in the rerlonbt. 



374 

what cannot be denied, that one deliberate well-directed 
shot is worth an hundred and twenty thrown away by 
platoon or file firing, in the ordinary hurry of military 
actions, particularly tmder the shade of night, and at 000 
yards distance. General Ward, the Commander in Chief, 
listened to the thunder of the battle from his quarters in 
Cambridge; and all the reinforcements which arrived 
at Bunker's Hill, after Colonel Stark had passed, halted 
and kept company with Gen. Putnam and Col. Gerrish. 
The Colonel was cashiered, but the General, being distin- 
guished for his popularity, his integrity and patriotism, 
served as third in command at the termination of the 
American Revolution. 

The habits and feelings of our countrymen at the com- 
mencement of the Revolution have been described in the 
beginning of this volume, and when contrasted with those 
of the present day, they will receive a favourable award 
from every virtuous and reflecting citizen, while the youth 
of the present day, whether reared in military academies 
or metropolitan schools, though they may be taught to 
call ambition virtue, will find among their predecessors 
examples worthy of any age or nation, in which ambition 
was united with sentiments of love of country and insepara- 
ble from social virtue. Those, then, who desire to stifle 
in the rising generation that God-like sensibility which 
weeps over the sufferings of a fellow creature, or to impair 
the force of the divine injunction which teaches man, "to 
do as he would be done by," instead of instructing his son 
in the civil arts and useful sciences, should encfyuriige mil- 
itary academies, and teach them how to wield the sabre 
or to set the squadron, and 

" To know the haraships of a lengthened war. 
What treasures it must cost, what scenes of blood. 
What vast expenses, what unnumbered toils, 
Equipping fleets and mustering armies ask." 

The following animated description of the Battle of 
Breed's Hill and its attendant horrors, from the pen of 



375 

cue of the most elegant scholars and accomplished gen- 
tlemen of his day,^ will exhibit to the people of these 
States the barbarian influence of military education and 
habits on the human mind, and will shew them how men 
accustomed to scenes of horror and distress may be 
charmed by the savage sublimity of blazing towns and 
bleeding hosts to the dissolution of the first duties and 
obligations of intelligent social beings, and the extinction 
of the endearing and consoling virtues of humanity and 
religion. 

" And now ensued one of the greatest scenes of war 
that can be conceived; if we look at the height, Howe's 
corps ascending the hill in the face of entrenchments, and 
in a very disadvantageous ground, were much engaged, 
to the left the enemy pouring in fresh troops by thou- 
sands over the land; and in the arm of the sea our ships 
and floating batteries caunonadiug them ; straight before 
us a large noble town, in one great blaze, the church 
steeples and heights of our own camp covered with spec- 
tators of the rest of the army, which was not engaged; 
the hills round the country covered with anxious specta- 
tors; the enemy all in anxious suspense; and the roar of 
cannon, mortars and musketry; the crash of churches, 
ships upon the stocks, and whole streets falling together 
in ruins, to fill the ear; the storm of the redoubts, with 
the objects above described, to fill the eye; and the reflec- 
tion that perhaps a defeat was a final loss to the British 
empire in America, to fill the mind, made the whole picture 
a complication of horror and Importance, beyond any 
thing that ever came to my lot to witness." 



1 Gen. Burgoyne. 



376 

An account of the Battle of Bunkei-'s Hill, by Major Gen- 
eral Henry Dearborn, Published 1818. 

Ou the IGth of Jime, 1775, it was determmed that a 
fortified; post should be established at or near Bunker's 
Hill. 

A detachment of the army was ordered to advance early 
in the evening of that day, and commence the erection of 
a strong work on the heights in the rear of Charlestown, 
at that time called Breed's Hill, but from its proximity 
to Bunker's Hill, the battle has taken its name from the 
latter eminence, which overlooks it. 

The work was commenced and carried on under the 
direction of such engineers as we were able to procure 
at that time. It was a square redoubt, the curtains of 
which were about 60 or 70 feet in extent, with an intrench- 
ment, or breast work, extending 50 or 60 feet from the 
northern angle towards the Mystic river. 

In the course of the night the ramparts had been raised 
to the height of 6 or 7 feet, with a small ditch at their 
base, but it was in yet a rude and imperfect state. Being 
in full view from the northern heights of Boston, it was 
discovered by the enemy as soon as the daylight appeared, 
and a determination was immediately formed by Gen. 
Gage for dislodging our troops from this new and alarming 
position. Arrangements were promptly made for effecting 
this important object. The movements of the British 
troops indicating an attack, were soon discovered, in con- 
sequence of which orders were immediately issued for the 
march of a considerable part of our army to reinforce the 
detachment at the redoubts on Breed's Hill ; but such was 
the imperfect state of discipline, the want of knowledge 
in military science, and the deficiency of the materials of 
^R-ar, that the movement of the troops was extremely ir- 
regular and devoid of everything like concert— each regi- 



377 

ment advancing according to opinions, feelings or caprice 
of its commander. 

Col. Stark's^ regiment was quartered in Medford, dis- 
tant about four miles from the point of anticipated attack. 
It then consisted of thirteen companies, and was proba- 
bly the largest regiment in the army. About ten o'clock 
in the morning he received orders to march. The regi- 
ment being destitute of ammunition, it formed in front of 
a hoiise occupied as an arsenal, where each man received 
a gill cup full of powder, fifteen balls and one flint. 

The several Captains were then ordered to march their 
companies to their respective quarters, and make up their 
powder and ball into cartridges with the greatest possible 
despatch. As there were scarcely two muskets in a com- 
pany of equal calibre, it was necessary to reduce the size 
of the ball for many of them ; and as but a small proportion 
of the men had cartridge boxes, the remainder made use of 
powder horns and ball pouches. 

After completing the necessary preparations for action 
the regiment formed and marched about 1 o'clock. When 
it reached Charlestown Neck we found two regiments 
halted in consequence of a heavy enfilading fire thrown 
across it, of round, bar, and chain shot from the Lively 
frigate and floating batteries anchored in Charles river, 
and a floating battery lying in the river Mystic. Major 
M'Clary went forward and observed to the commander^ 
if they did not intend to move on, he wished them to open 
and let our regiment pass ; the latter was immediately done. 
My company being in front, I marched by the side of Col. 
Stark, who, moving with a very deliberate pace, I sug- 
gested the propriety of quickening the march of the regi- 
ment that it might sooner be relieved from the galling cross 



1 This distinguished veteran is still alive, in the 91st year of his 
age, and resides in the State of New Hampshire. He is one of the 
three surviving general oilicers of the Revolutionary War. The other 
two are Mpjor Gen, St. Clair, who lives in the interior of Pennsylvania, 
and Brig. Gen. Huntington of Connecticut. 



378 

fire of the enemy. With a look peculiar to himself, he fixed 
his eyes upon me and observed with great composure, 
" Dearborn, one fresh man in action is worth ten fatigued 
ones," and continued to advance in the same cool and col- 
lected manner. When we had reached the top of Bunker's 
Hill where (ieu. Putnam had taken his station, the regiment 
halted for a few moments for the rear to come up. 

Soon after, the enemy were discovered to have landed on 
the shore of Morton's Point, in front of Breed's Hill under 
cover of a tremendous fire of shot and shells from a battery 
on Cop's Hill, in Boston, which had opened on the redoubt 
at daybreak. 

Major General Howe and Brigadier General Pigot were 
the commanders of the British forces which first landed, 
consisting of four battalions of infantry, ten companies of 
grenadiers, and ten of light infantry, with a train of artil- 
lery. They formed as they disembarked, but remained in 
that position until they were reinforced by another detach- 
ment. 

At this moment the veteran and gallant Stark harang- 
ued his regiment in a short but animated address; then 
directed them to give three cheers and make a rapid move- 
ment to the rail fence which ran from the left, and about 
40 yards in the rear of the redoubt towards Mystic river. 

Part of the grass having been recently cut, lay in win- 
rows and cocks on the field. Another fence was taken up 
— the rails run through the one in front, and the hay 
mown in the vicinity suspended upon them from the bot- 
tom to the top, which had the appearance of a breast work, 
but was in fact, no real cover to the men; it, however, 
served as a deception on the enemy. This was done by the 
direction of the "committee of safety/' of which James 
Winthrop, Esq., who then, and now lives in Cambridge, 
was one, as he has within a few years informed me. Mr. 
Winthrop himself acted as a vohmteer on that day, and 
was wounded in the battle. 



379 

At this moment our regiment was formed in the rear of 
the rail fence with one other small regiment from New 
Hampshire, under the command of Col. Heed; the fire 
commenced between the left wing of the British army, 
commanded by Gen. Howe, and the troops in the re- 
doubt under Col. Prescott, while a column of the enemy 
was advancing on our left, on the shore of the Mystic river, 
with an evident intention of turning our left wing, and 
that veteran and most excellent regiment of Welsh Fusi- 
liers, so distinguished for its gallant conduct in the battle 
of Minden, advanced in column directly on the rail fence, 
when within 80 or an 100 yards, displayed into line, with 
the precision and firmness of troops on parade, and opened 
a brisk but regular fire by platoons, which was returned 
by a well directed, rapid and fatal discharge from our 
whole line. 

The action soon became general and very heavy from 
riglit to left. In the course of ten or fifteen minutes the 
enemy gave way at all points and retreated in great dis- 
order, leaving a large number of dead and wounded on the 
field. 

The firing ceased for a short time until the enemy 
again formed, advanced and recommenced a spirited fire 
from his whole line. Several attempts were again made 
to turn our left, but the troops having thrown up a slight 
stone wall on tlie bank of the river and lying down be- 
hind it, gave such a deadly fire as cut down almost every 
man of the party opposed to them ; while the fire from the 
redoubt and the rail fence was so well directed and so fatal, 
especially to the British officers, that the whole army was 
compelled a second time to retreat with precipitation and 
great confusion. At this time the ground occupied by the 
enemy was covered with his dead and wounded. Only a 
few small detached parties again advanced, which kept up 
a distant, ineffectual, scattering fire, until a strong rein- 
forcement arrived from Boston, which advanced on the 
southern declivity of the hill, in the rear of Charlestown, 



380 

it wheeled by platoons to the right and advanced directly 
upon the redoubt without firing a gun. By this time our 
ammunition was exhausted, a few men only had a charge 
left. 

The advancing column made an attempt to carry the 
redoubt by assault, but at the first onset evei*y man that 
mounted the parapet was cut down by the troops within, 
who had formed on the opposite side, not being prepared 
with bayonets to meet a charge. 

The column wavered for a moment, but soon formed 
again; when a forward movement was made with such 
spirit and intrepidity as to render the feeble efforts of a 
handful of men, without the means of defence, unavail- 
ing, and they fled through an open space in the rear of 
the redoubt, which had been left for a gateway. At this 
moment the rear of the British column advanced round the 
angle of the redoubt and threw in a galling flank fire upon 
our troops as they rushed from it, which killed and wounded 
a greater number than had fallen before during the action. 
The whole of our line immediately gave way and reti"eated 
with rapidity and disorder towards Bunker's Hill; carry- 
ing off as many of the wounded as possible, so that only 
thirty-six or seven fell into the hands of the enemy, among 
whom were Lieut. Col. Parker and two or three other offi- 
cers who fell in or near the redoubt. 

When the troops arrived at the summit of Bunkei-'s 
Uili, we fund Gen. Putnam with nearly as many men as 
had been engaged in the battle ; notwithstanding which no 
measure had been taken for reinfox'cing us, nor was there 
a shot fired to cover our retreat or any movement made to 
check the advance of the enemy to this height, but on the 
contrary. Gen. Putnam rode off with a number of spades 
and pick axes in Ms hands, and the troops that had re- 
mained with him inactive during the whole of the action, 
although within a few hundred yards of the battle ground 
and no obstacle to impede their movement but musket- 
balls. 



381 

The whole of their ti^oops now descended the north- 
M'estei'u declivity of Bunker's Hill and recrossed the Neck. 
Those of the New Hampshire line retired towards Winter 
Hill, and others on to Prospect Hill. 

Some slight works were thrown up in the course of the 
evening — strong advance pickets were posted on the roads 
leading to Charlestown, and the troops anticipating an at- 
tack, rested on their arms. 

It is a most extraordinary fact that the British did not 
make a single charge during the battle, which, if attempted, 
would have been decisive and fatal to the Americans as 
they did not carry into the field fifty bayonets. In my com- 
pany there was but one. 

Soon after the commencement of the action, a detach- 
ment from the British force in Boston was landed in 
Charlestown, and within a few moments the whole town 
appeared in a blaze. A dense column rose to a great height 
and there being a gentle breeze from the southwest, it hung 
like a thunder cloud over the contending armies. A very 
few houses escaped the dreadful conflagration of this de- 
voted town. 

From similar mistakes, the fixed ammunition furnished 
for the field-pieces was calculated for guns of a larger 
calibre, which prevented the use of field artillery on both 
sides. There was no cavalry in either army. From the 
ships of war and a large battery on Cop's kill, a heavy 
cannonade was kept up upon our line and redoubt, from 
the commencement to the close of the action and during the 
retreat but with little elTect, except killing brave ilaj. 
Andrew M'Clary of Col. Stark's regiment, soon after we 
retired from Bunker's Hill. He was among the first officers 
of the army — possessing a sound judgment, of undaunted 
bravery, enterprising, ardent and zealous, both as a patriot 
and soldier. His loss was severely felt by his compatriots 
in arms, while his country was deprived of the services of 
one of her most promising and distinguished champions of 
libertv. 



882 

After leaving the field of battle I met him and drank 
some spirit and water with him. He was animated and 
sanguine in the result of the conflict for independence, from 
the glorious display of valor which had distinguished his 
countrymen on that memorable day. 

He soon observed that the British troops on Bunker's 
Hill appeared in motion and said he would go and recon- 
noitre them, to see whether they were coming out over the 
Neck, and at the same time directed me to march my com- 
pany down the road towards Charlestown. We were then 
at Tuft's house near Ploughed Hill. I immediately made a 
forward movement to the position he directed me to take, 
and halted while he proceded to the old pound, which stood 
on the site now occupied as a tavern-house not far from the 
entrance to the Neck. After he had satisfied himself that 
the enemy did not intend to leave their strong posts on the 
heights, he was returning towards me, and within twelve 
or fifteen rods of where I stood, with my company, a random 
shot from one of the frigates lying near where the centre 
of Craigie's bridge now is, passed directly through his body 
and put to flight one of the most heroic souls that ever ani- 
mated man. 

He leaped two or three feet from the ground, pitched 
forward, and fell dead upon his face. I had him carried 
to Medford, where he was interred with all the respect and 
honors we could exhibit to the manes of a great and good 
man. He was my bosom friend ; we had grown up together 
on terms of greatest intimacy, and I loved him as a brother. 

My position in the battle, more the result of accident 
than any regularity of formation, was on the right of the 
line at the rail fence, which afforded me a fair view of the 
whole scene of action. 

Our men were intent on cutting down every officer they 
could distinguished in the British line. When any of them 
discovered one he would instantly exclaim "there/' "see 
that officer," "let us have a shot at him," when two or three 
would fire at the same moment; and as our soldiers were 



383 

excellent marksmeu, aud rested their muskets over the 
fence, they were sure of their object. Au officer was 
discovered to mount near the position of Gen. Howe, on 
the left of the British line, and ride towards our left; 
which a column was endeavoring to turn. This was the 
only officer on horseback during the daj', and as he ap- 
proached the rail fence, I heard a number of our men 
observe, " there, " "there," " see that officer on horse- 
back" — " let us fire," "no, not yet," — "wait until he gets 
to that little knoll," — "now" — when they fired and he in- 
stantly fell dead from his horse. It proved to be Major 
Pitcairn, a distinguished officer. — The fire of the enemy 
was so badly directed, I should presume that forty-nine 
balls out of fifty passed from one to six feet over our heads, 
for I noticed an apple-tree some paces in the rear, which 
had scarcely a ball in it from the ground as high as a man's 
head, while the trunk and branches above were literally cut 
to pieces. 

I commanded a full company in action and had only 
one man killed and five wounded, which was a full average 
of the loss we sustained, excepting those who fell while 
sallying from the redoubt when it was stormed by the 
British column. 

Our total loss in killed was eighty-eight, and as well as 
I can recollect upwards of two hundred wounded. Our 
platoon officers carried fusees. 

In the course of the action after firing away what ammu- 
nition I had, I walked to the higher ground to the right, in 
rear of the redoubt, with an expectation of procuring from 
some of the dead or wounded men who lay there, a supply. 
While in that situation I saw at some distance a dead man 
lying near a small locust tree. As he appeared to be much 
better dressed than our men generally were, I asked a man 
who was passing me if he knew who it was. He replied, 
" it is Dr. Warren." 



384 

I did not personally know Dr. Warren, but was ac- 
quainted with his public character. He had been recently 
appointed a General in our service, but had not taken com- 
mand. He was President of the Provincial Congress then 
sitting at Watertown, and having heard that there would 
probably be an action, had come to share in whatever might 
happen, in the character of a volunteer, and was unfortu- 
nately killed early in the action. His death was a severe 
misfortune to his friends and country. Posterity will ap- 
preciate his worth and do honor to his memory. He is im- 
mortalized as a patriot who gloriously fell in defence of 
freedom. 

The number of our troops in action as near as I was 
able to ascertain did not exceed fifteen hundred. The force 
of the British, at the commencement of the action, was 
estimated at about the same number, but they were fre- 
quently reinforced. 

Had our ammunition held out or had we been supplied 
with only fifteen or twenty rounds, I have no doubt but 
that we should have killed or wounded the greatest part of 
their army and compelled the remainder to lay down their 
arms ; for it was with the greatest difficulty that they were 
brought up the last time. 

Our fire was so deadly, particularly to the officers, that 
it would have been impossible to have resisted it but for a 
short time longer. 

I did not see a man quit his post during the action, and 
do not believe a single soldier who was brought into the 
field fled, until the whole army was obliged to retreat for 
want of powder and ball. 

The total loss of the British was about twelve hundred ; 
upwards of five hundred killed and between six and seven 
hundred wounded. The Welsh Fusiliers suffered most se- 
verely ; they came into action five hundred strong and all 
were killed or wounded but eighty-three. 



385 

I will mention an extraordinary circumstance to show 
how far the temporary reputation of a man may affect 
the minds of all classes of society. 

General Putnam had entered our army at the commence- 
ment of the Revolutionary War with such a universal 
popularity as can scarcely now be conceived, even by those 
who then felt the whole force of it, and no one can at this 
time offer any satisfactory reasons why he was held in such 
high estimation. 

In the battle of Bunker's Hill he took post on the de- 
clivity towards Charlcstown Neck; where I saw him on 
horseback as we passed on to Breed's Hill, with Colonel 
Gerrish by his side. 1 heard the gallant Col. Prescott (who 
commanded in the redoubt) observe after the war, at the 
table of his Excellency James Bowdoin, then Governor of 
this Commonwealth, "that he sent three messengers dur- 
ing the battle to Gen. Putnam requesting him to come 
forward and take the command, there being no general 
oflScer present, and the relative rank of the Colonel not 
having been settled; but that he received no answer, and 
his whole conduct was such, both during the action and 
the retreat, that he ought to have been shot." He re- 
mained at or near the top of Bunker Hill until the retreat, 
with Col. Gerrish by his side; I saw them together when 
we retreated. He not only continued at that distance 
himself during the whole of the action, but had a force 
with him nearly as large as that engaged. No reinforce- 
ment of men or ammunition was sent to our assistance ; 
and, instead of attempting to cover the retreat of those 
who expended their last shot in the face of the enemy, he 
retreated in company with Col. Oerrish and his whole 
force without discharging a single musket; hut what is still 
more astonishing. Vol. Gerrish was arrested for cowardice, 
tried, cashiered, and universally execrated; while not a 
word was said against the conduct of Gen. I'litnavi. irhose 
extraordinary popnlarity alone saved him, not only from 



386 

triol, but even from censure. Col. Gerrish commanded a 
regiment and should have been at its head. His regiment 
was not in action although ordered, but as he was in the suit 
of the General, and appeared to be in the situation of Ad- 
jutant General, why he was not directed by Putnam to 
join it, or the regiment sent into action under the senior 
officer present with it. 

When Gen. Putnam's ephemeral and unaccountable 
popularity subsided or faded away, and the minds of the 
people were released from the shackels of a delusive trance, 
the circumstances relating to Bunker Hill were vie iced and 
talked of in a very different light, and the selection of the 
unfortunate Col. Gerrish as a scape-goat considered as a 
mysterious and inexplicable event. 

I have no private feeling to gratify by making this 
statement in relation to Gen. Putnam, as I never had any 
intercourse with him, and was only in the army where he 
was present for a few months ; but at this late period, I con- 
ceive it a duty to give a fair and impartial account of one 
of the most important battles during the war of independ- 
ence, and all the circumstances connected with it so 
far as I had the means of being correctly informed. 

It is a duty I owe to posterity, and the character of those 
brave oi3Qcers who bore a share in the hardships of the 
revolution. 

Nothing like discipline had entered our army at that 
time. Gen. Ward, then commander in chief, remained at 
his quarters in Cambridge, and apparently took no interest 
or part in the transactions of the day. 

No general officer except Putnam, appeared in sight, 
nor did any officer assume the command, undertake to 
form the troops, or give any orders, that I heard, except 
Col. Stark, who directed his regiment to reserve their fire 
on the retreat of the enemy until they advanced again. 
Every platoon officer was engaged in discharging his own 
musket, and left his men to fire as they pleased, but never 



387 

without a sure aim at some particular object, which was 
more destructive than any mode which could have been 
adopted with troops who were not inured to discipline, 
and never had been in battle, but were still familiar with 
the use of arms from boyhood, and each having his peculiar 
manner of loading and tiring, which had been practiced 
upon for years with the same gun ; any attempt to control 
them by uniformity and system, Avould have rendered their 
fires infinitely less fatal to the enemy. Not an officer oi 
soldier of the Continental troops engaged was in uniform 
but were in the plain and ordinary dress of citizens; nor 
was there an officer on horseback. 

(Signed) H. Dearborn. 



In the foregoing accounts it will be noticed, as a thing 
hardly to have been expected, that the narrators should 
have so well agreed in all the leading features of their nar- 
rations; when, too, it is considered that they were very 
little acquainted with each other during the Revolutionary 
War, never having served in the same corps or division 
of the army, or been intimate afterwards in civil life. In 
one particular only do thej' differ, and that of little or no 
consequence as respects the main transactions of the day. 
Heath and Wilkinson state that Gen. Warren fell at the 
commencement of or during the retreat. Dearborn says 
he fell early in the action. 

In this particular the veracity of the narrators is not 
necessarily impeached. Heath and Wilkinson were neither 
of them present when the fate of Warren was sealed, and 
therefore must have made their statement from common 
report, or from the best information they could obtain at 
the time they wrote. Dearborn with more correctness tells 
us how he came by his information, for he was not person- 



388 

ally acquainted with Warren. Seeing a well-dressed man 
dead, he inquired who it was, and was told, "It is Dr. War- 
ren." This was in the course of the action, and there could 
have been no inducement for the person inquired of to have 
given wrong information. This question is settled by Dea- 
con Lawrence of Groton, who knew General Warren well, 
"saw him when the ball struck him, and from that time till 
he expired," and this was during the action. 

But what was not to have been expected, is, that all 
the above accounts should be contradicted and attempted 
to be invalidated by the statement of a Col. John Small 
of the British arnij', related to Col. John Trumbull in 
London, and by Trumbull related to Col. Daniel Putnam, 
the son of Gen. Putnam, and published by the latter gentle- 
man in 1818, and is as follows : " In the summer of 1786, 
I became acquainted in London with Col. John Sinall, of 
the British army, who had served in America many years, 
and had known General Putnam intimately during the war 
of Canada from 175G to 1763. From him I had the two fol- 
lowing anecdotes respecting the battle of Bunker Hill; I 
shall nearly repeat his words: Looking at the 
picture which I had almost completed, he said: 
" I do not like the situation in which you have 
placed my old friend Putnam; you have not done 
him justice.! I wish you would alter that part of 
your picture, and introduce a circumstance which actually 
happened, and which I can never forget. When the Brit- 
ish troops advanced the second time to the attack of the 
redoubt, I, with other officers, was in the front of the line 
to encourage the men ; we had advanced very near the works 
undisturbed, when an irregular fire like a feu-de-joie was 
poured in upon us; it was cruelly fatal. The troops fell 
back, and when I looked to the right and left, I saw not one 
oificer standing; I glanced my eye to the enemy and saw 
several young men levelling their pieces at me ; I knew their 

1 The injustice Small here alluded to, was that Trumbull in his 
picture of Bunker Hill, had placed Putnam on the hill above where the 
battle was and about 600 yards from it. 



389 

excellence as marksmen, and considered myself gone. At 
that moment my old friend Putnam rushed forward, and 
strilcing up the muzzles of their pieces witli his sword, cried 
out, "For God's salves, my lads, don't fire at that man — I 
love him as I do my brother." We were so near each other 
tliat I heard his words distinctly. He was obeyed ; I bowed, 
thanked him, and walked away unmolested. 
The other anecdote relates to the death of Gen. Warren : 

"At the moment when the troops succeeded in carrying 
the redoubt, and the Araericaus were in full retreat, Gen. 
Howe (who had been hurt by a spent ball which bruised 
his ankle) was leaning on my arm. He called suddenly 
to me: " Do you see that elegant young man who has just 
fallen? Do you know him?" I looked to the spot towards 
which he pointed — " Good God, Sir, I believe it is my friend 
Warren." " Leave me then instantly— run — keep off the 
troops, save him if possible." I flew to the spot, " my dear 
friend," I said to him, " I hope you are not badly hurt" — he 
looked up, seemed to recollect me, smiled and died ! a mus- 
ket ball had passed through the upper part of his head. 

John Trumbull. 

D.\NIEL PX'TNAM. Esq." 

If the story of Small is true, Dearborn is mistaken as to 
the time of Warren's death, and Heath, Lee and Winkinson 
as well as Dearborn, are mistaken as to who was the proper 
commanding officer in the redoubt. They all say Prescott 
was, but if Putnam was present in the redoubt, as Small 
would have it, then he was the commander, being senior to 
Prescott. 

There is considerable reason from the face of Small's 
story, to induce us to doubt its correctness. The conversa- 
tion between Putnam and Small, considering the time, 
place and situation of the parties, is unnatural. If Put- 
nam was desirous of saving the life of Small, from former 
acquaintance and attachment, there could be no good rea- 



390 

son why be should not have made him a prisoner as was his 
duty, and certainly in his power. 

It is not probable that this conversation should have 
taken place, and eight hundred persons present in the 
redoubt, and within hearing distance, and no one then or 
since heard a word of it till 1818, thirty-three years after 
Small says it happened. The other part of Small's story 
relating to the death of Gen. Warren, is not more probable 
from the face of it. Warren was not a young man, as Small 
calls him, having received the honors of Harvard University 
in 1759, he was at least middle-aged. Small calls Warren 
his friend; this implies a previous and intimate acquaint- 
ance. How could this have been ; Warren was not in the 
War of Canada, and from the time Small arrived in Bos- 
ton in 1775 to the day of Bunker Hill battle, Small was be- 
sieged in Boston, and Warren presiding in the Provincial 
Congress at Watertown. 

It is not improbable from the face of Small's story to 
Trumbull, that Trumbull has mistaken his story, or more 
probable that the whole is the mere rodomontade of Small. 
It has always been acknowledged that Gen. Howe was the 
bravest among the brave, and exposed his person more than 
usual on that day, but Small surpassed him, for when 
Howe thought it prudent to retire from the scene of butcTi- 
ery. Small remained exposed and alone, and uselessly so. 

If these observations, together with the impartial nar- 
ratives of four general officers of the American army are 
not sufficient to entirely invalidate Small's statement, there 
is further and sufficient proof to destroy it. The following 
statement of Deacon Lawrence, under oath, goes directly 
to the point : 

" I, Samuel Lawrence, of Groton, Esquire, testify and 
say, that I was at the battle of Bunker Hill, (so-called) in 
Col. William Prescott's regiment; that I marched with 
the regiment to the point on Breed's Hill which was fixed 



391 

on for a redoubt; that I assisted in throwing up the work, 
and in forming a redoubt under Col. Prescott, who directed 
the whole of this operation. The work was begun about 
nine o'clock in the evening of June IGth, 1775. I was there 
the whole time, and continued in the redoubt, or m the lit- 
tle fort during the whole battle, until the enemy came m 
and a retreat was ordered. 

Gen Putnam was not present either while the works were 
erecting or during the battle. I could see distinctly the 
rail fence and the troops stationed there during the battle, 
but Gen. Putnam was not present as I saw. Just before 
the battle commenced. Gen. Warren came to the redoubt. 
He had on a blue coat, white waistcoat, and I think a 
cocked hat, but of this I am not certain-Col. Prescott ad- 
vanced to him, said " he was glad to see him, and hoped he 
would take the command." General Warren replied, "no, 
he came to see the action, but not to take command ; that he 
was only a volunteer on that day." Afterwards I saw Gen- 
eral Warren shot; I saw him when the ball struck him, 
and from that time until he expired. No British officer 
was within forty or fifty rods of him from the time the 
ball struck him until I saw he was dead. 

(Signed) Samuel Lawrence.' 
Sworn to before Samuel Dana, Justice of the Peace, &c. 

The following statement of Samuel R. Trevett, point- 
tedly contradicts Col. Small's story. 

" I commanded a company of artiUey from the town of 
Marblehead, attached to Col. Richard Gridley's i-egiment, 
stationed at Cambridge. About one o'clock in the after- 
noon of the 17th of June, 1775, I left Cambridge with my 
comnanv for Bunker's Hill. When about a quarter of a 
nile from the Colleges I saw Gen. Putnam pass upon a 
horse towards the town of Cambridge, and m 15 or 20 min- 
utes I saw him pass in like manner towards Charlestown. 



392 

\\'lien I arrived at Bunker's Hill, on the northwest side, I 
there saw Gen. Putnam dismounted in company with sev- 
eral (jthers. I halted my company and went forward to select 
a station for my pieces, and on my return saw Gen. Put- 
nam as before; the American and English forces being 
then engaged. I proceeded on with my company and soon 
after joined that part of the American force at the rail 
fence, towards Mystic river; the Americans commenced a 
general retreat. As I was descending the northwest side of 
Bunker's Hill, I again saw Gen. Putnam in the same place, 
putting his tent upon his horse. I asked him where I should 
retreat with the field-piece I had bx-ought off ; he replied to 
Cambridge, and I accordingly marched my company to 
Cambridge. 

In the month of May or June, 1795, being in the island 
of Guernsey, I had occasion in the course of business to 
call upon Maj. (alias Col.) Small, the Governor. After 
closing my business with him, he remarked that my coun- 
tenance was not new to him, and enquired vvhere he had 
seen me. I replied that it must have been at Col. Inger- 
soll's tavern iu Boston — and that I had once been opposed 
to him in action. He immediately entered into a free 
and general conversation on the battle of Bunker's Hill 
— but he made no inquiry after Gen. Putnam, nor did he 
in any way, either directly or indirectly, allude to him, 
either as a friend or an officer. 

Samuel E. Tbevett." 
Boston, June 2, 1818. 

Affidavit of Robert Bradford Wilkins. 

"■ I, Robert B. Wilkins, of Concord, county of Rocking- 
ham, State of New Hampshire, do testify and say, that I 
acted as a private soldier in the battle of Breed's Hill, 
otherwise called the battle of Bimker's Hill, on the 17th of 
June, 1775 ; that I was attached to Capt. Levi Spaulding's 
company. (if Col. James Reed's regiment; that I was on 



393 

that day stationed in Cliarlestown, below the Neck and on 
the main street; that our company proceeded from thence 
on to Bunker's Hill, over the hollow, and on to Breed's 
Hill, that after our company arrived at the works, 
near Mystic river, 1 was sent back on an errand, by 
the Captain, to the house where we had been stationed, 
and on returning by an route nearer to the Neck than that 
we first passed, I saw Gen. Putnam with Col. Gerrish, as 
near as I could judge, one hundred rods from the line and 
troops I had left; that the tiring with small arms com- 
menced after I had returned the second time; that in the 
action the enemy were three times repulsed ; that in the in- 
terval between the second and third repulse, I received a 
severe wound from a musket ball in uiy right elbow joiut, 
for which wouud 1 have since received a pension from the 
government of the United States; that I then left the field 
of battle just before the retreat of the Americans 
from the fort and passed on to Bunker's Hill, where I fouud 
Gen. Putnam and Col. Gerrish in nearly the same place 
where I first saw them; that I was then almost exhausted 
from the loss of blood; that Col. Gerrish gave me some re- 
freshment and bound a handkerchief around my arm at the 
place of my wouud, and seut two men to assist me over 
the Neck, wlio left me before I had cleared the Neck, 
and I fell and lay on the grouud until nearly all 
the Americaus had retreated from the hill, when I was 
helped off. I served from the commencement to the close 
of the Revolutionary War, and acted successively as a pri- 
vate, a Sergeant, Ensign and Lieutenant. 

Robert B. Wilkins." 
Sworn to before Samuel Greene, Justice of the Peace, 
Mav 30, 1818. 



394 

Itcv. Dr. William Bentley's statement. 

t^ALEM, May 20, 1818. 
" I was with Gen. Stark on the 31st of May, 1810. I 
always had a deep interest in the man, and usually kept 
a notice of the subject of our conversation. I found him 
in great good humor, and soon upon his old war stories, 
which I did not take care minutely to preserve, because 
Maj. Caleb Stark had told me he was collecting every 
thing worthy of the public eye, and to be published after 
his father's decease, and in due honor of his memory. As 
among other objects, I intended to get a likeness, and was 
uncertain of success, among the maps, prints, and papers 
I carried him were some portraits, and among them was 
one of (iieu. Putnam. I recollect upon the sight of the 
head of Gen. Putnam, he said, "My Chaplain," as he called 
me, "you know my opinion of that maji. Had he done his 
duty he would have decided the fate of his country in the 
first action." He then proceeded to describe to me the scene 
of action, and the " pen,"" as he called the enclosed works 
and breast works, and gave his reasons for not entering 
it, and the want of judgment in the works. He then told 
me where he saw Gen. Putnam, jiud what was done on the 
occasion, and his remarks were as severe as his genius and 
the sentiments of ardent patriotism could make them. As 
Gen. Stark always used the same language on the subject, 
it will be recollected by many of his friends. 

William Bentley." 



Certificate of the Rev. Daniel Chaplin, D. D. of Groton, 
and Rev. John Ballard of Pepperell. 

" This may certify the public, that we, whose names we 
have given, were in the habits of intimacy with Col. W. 
Prescott, of Pepperell, a man of the strictest integrity, 
during most of the period after he left the Revolutionary 
army until his death ; that at sundry times in conversation , 



395 

with him about the war, particularly about the battle of 
Bunker Hill, so-called, he uuiformly told us that Major 
General Warren came to the fort on Breed's llill, which 
had been formed the night precediuj^-, a little before the 
British made an attack on the works ; that he, Col. Prescott, 
said to Geu. Warren, " I am happy to see you, General," or 
using words to the same effect, "for you will now take com- 
mand, and I will obey your orders and am relieved." Said 
General Warren to him in reply, " I have no command 
here, Col. Prescott, I am a volunteer; 1 came to learn actual 
service." Prescott said, "I wish then you would look at the 
works we have thrown up, and give your opinion." War- 
ren replied, "You are better acquainted with military mat- 
ters than 1 am." After which they immediately parted and 
met not again. Col. Prescott further informed us repeat- 
edly, that when a retreat was ordered and commenced, he 
was descending the hill, he met General Putnam and said 
to him, "Why did you not support me, General, with your 
men, as 1 had reason to expect, according to agreement?" 
Putnam answered, " I could not drive the dogs up." Pres- 
cott pointedly said to him, " If you could not drive them 
up, you might have led them up." We have good reason 
to believe further, from declarations of some of our par- 
ishoners, men of respectability, whose veracity cannot be 
doubted, who belonged to Col. Prescott's regiment, and 
were present through the whole service, that Gen. Putnam 
was not on Breed's Hill the night preceding, or on that 
day, except that just before the attack was made, he might 
have gone to the fort and ordered the tools to be carried 
off, that they might not fall into the hands of the enemy, in 
the event of his carrying the works and holding the ground, 
and that he and his men, with Col. Gerrish remained on the 
side of Bunker Hill towards the Neck during the whole 
action. 

(Signed) Daniel Chaplin, 

John Bullard. 
Grotou. .Tune .^). 181S." 



396 

Statement of the Hon. Abel Parker, J udge of Probate. 

" As 1 was in the battle on Breed's Hill, other- 
wise called Bunker's Hill, on the 17th day of 
June, 1775, and there received one ball through my leg, 
another having jDassed through my clothes, all accounts of 
that battle which 1 have seen published have been to me ex- 
tremely interesting. But I have never seen any account 
which I considered in any degree correct until the one pub- 
lished by Gen. Dearborn. On perusing that account with 
the utmost attention, I could discover but one mistake and 
that related to his assertion "that there was not a man that 
flinched," or to that eftect, for his narrative is not now be- 
fore me, and even in that case, I believe the General's as- 
sertion may be strictly true if his meaning be confined to the 
time after his arrival on the hill. Previous to that, there 
were many who left the ground at the fort, particularly at 
the landing of the British troops ; but after the commence- 
ment of the battle with small arms, I know of no man's 
leaving his post, imtil the order to retreat was given by Col. 
Prescott. But notwithstanding the correctness of Gen. 
Dearborn's description of that battle, some persons seem 
to be much exasperated by it, in particular as to what he 
asserted in regard to Gen. Putnam. As long as they con- 
fined themselves to mere declamation without bringing 
forward any evidence to disapprove the General's asser- 
tion, I deemed it unnecessary for me to appear in vin- 
dication of the General's statement. But on perusing a 
letter from Col. Trumbull to Col. Putnam, wherein men- 
tion is made of a conversation with Col. Small in London, 
I concluded, notwithstanding my aversion to taking any 
part in a newspaper discussion, that to remain any longer 
silent, would be absolutely criminal. I shall, therefore, 
in as concise a manner as possible, state what I know relat- 
ing to that memorable battle. Immediately after the bat- 
tle of Lexington, I engaged in the service of my country, 
in Capt. John Nutting's company, in the regiment com- 



397 

luauded by Col. \\illiam Prescott. Both of these officers 
belonged to the towu of I'epperell, where 1 then lived. I 
was at this time a little more thau tweuty-two years of age. 
Ou the loth day of Juue following, Colonel Prescott's reg- 
iment with two or tliree others, were ordered to march and 
take possession of Ikmker's Hill. On our arrival at the 
place called Charlestown Neck, a halt was made, and Capt. 
Nutting's company, with ten of the Connecticut troops, 
were detached to proceed into Charlestown as a guard, the 
remainder marched to the hill, which in fact was Breed's, 
and not Bunker's Hill, where thej- commenced building a 
small fort. In the morning, not far from sun-rising, the 
alarm was fired from the British vessel lying in the river. 
Sometime after this, Nutting's company left the town and 
marched to join the regiment ou the hill. When we arrived 
there the fort was in considerable forwardness, and the 
troops commenced throwing up the breast-work mentioned 
by General Dearborn. We had not been long emjjloyed in 
that work before the cannon shot from a hill in Boston 
and the vessels lying in the river were poured in upon us 
in great profusion. However, the work progressed until 
it would answer the purpose for which it was designed. 
But the firing from the British artillery continued with 
unabated fury. Sometime before this, there was brought 
to the fort several brass field-pieces, one of which was actu- 
ally fired towards Boston, but the ball did not reach the 
town. It had this effect, however, on the British, that it 
made them double their diligence in firing upon us. In the 
time of this heavy fire, I, for the first time that day, saw 
(General Putnam standing with others, under cover of 
the north wall of the fort, where, I believe, he remained un- 
til the British troops made their appearance in their boats. 
At this time the artillery was withdrawn from the fort, 
but by Avhose orders, I know not, and General Putnam, at, 
or near the same time, left the fort. The removing of the 
artillery and Gen. Putnam's departure took place a little 
before (if my memory be correct) the New Hampshire 



398 

troops made their appearance on the hill. 1 saw them 
when thej arrived and witnessed their dexterity in throw- 
ing up their breast-work of rails and haj. When the Brit- 
ish first made their attack with small arms, I was at the 
breast-work, where I remained until I received my wound 
from the party who Hanked it; I then went to the fort where 
I remained until the order to retreat was given by Col. 
Prescott. After my arrival at the fort I had a perfect op- 
portunity of viewing the operations of the day, and dis- 
tinctly noticed Col. Prescott as the only person who took 
upon him any command. He frequently ordered the men 
from one side to the other in order to defend that part 
which was prest hardest by the enemy ; and I was within 
a few yards of him when the order to retreat was given; 
and I affirm that at that time Gen. Putnam was not in the 
fort, neither had he been there at any time after my enter- 
ing the same; and I have no hesitation in declaring, that 
the story told by Col. Small to Col. Trumbull, concerning 
Gen. Putnam's saving him from the fire of our men at that 
time, is altogether unfounded. 

Abel Parker.^' 
Jeffrey, N. H., May 27, 1818. 



Gen. Wilkinson in his account of the battle says, " he 
has been assured that the Massachusetts and New Hamp- 
shire troops were the only ones engaged in the action. This 
is a mistake, and probably arose from the fact that Capt. 
Knowlton of the Connecticut line, with four lieutenants, 
and one hundred and twenty men, marched on to the hill 
on the evening of the 10th of June, 1775, with Col. Prescott 
and were considered a part of his command of one thou- 
sand men. Botta, in his "History of the War of the In- 
dependence of the United States of America," considers 
Prescott, Stark and Knowlton as separate commanders of 



399 

tUe allied forces eugaged. He says: "The troops of Mas- 
sachusetts commauded by Col. Prescott, occupied Charles- 
towu, the redoubt, aud part of the treuch; those of Con- 
necticut, commanded by Capt. Knowlton, and those of New 
Hampshire, commanded by Col. Stark, the rest of the 
trench." 

Captain Knowlton was a native of Ashford, Connecti- 
cut, and during the siege of Boston was promoted to a 
majority, and commanded the party which burnt the resi- 
due of the buildings in Charlestown in the night time,which 
service was performed to the approbation of the commander 
in chief, under the fire of the enemy's batteries on Bunker's 
Hill, which they had fortified and then occupied. During 
the occupancy of New York by Washington, he was pro- 
moted to a Lieutenant Colonelcy, and after the unfortun- 
ate, if not disgraceful retreat of the Americans from that 
city, the enemy appeared before our lines at Harlem 
Heights, when Knowlton was personally called on by Wash- 
ington to meet and cheek their advance, and inspirit our 
dejected army, whicli he did with alacrity and great ani- 
mation. In this rencontre he lost his valuable life. 

He was a brave and intelligent officer and an ardent and 
upright patriot; always first among equals. 

His four Lieutenants were John Keyes, Huntington, 

Thomas Grosvenor, and Esquire Hills. Keyes and Hills 
were both from Ashford\ and in 1818 both were alive and 
residing in the State of New York. How long they con- 
tinued in the army or what rank they attained during the 
war of Independence is not known. But Keyes, after the 
war, had the title of General, and Hills that of Captain. 
By their contemporaries they were considered excellent 
officers. 



1 Godfrey Grosvenor, Esq. of Minot, formerly of Connecticut, be- 
lieves Gen. Huntington to have been one of Knowlton's Lieutenants. 
Lemuel Grosvenor. now Postmaster of Pomfret, Conn., now 79 years 
old, and who was in the army at Boston, is not certain; but names the 
three above, and if Huntington was not one. he is at a loss to recollect 
who was. 



400 

Himtiugtou was afterwards promoted to the rank of 
Brig. General on the Continental establishment, and left 
the army at the close of the war with that rank. 

Grosvenor, at the close of the war, commanded a regi- 
ment on the continental establishment. Both the latter 
gentlemen during their military career were always re- 
spected and sometimes distinguished, as the rapidity of 
their promotions Avould indicate. In civil life they were 
highly respected. They were both living in Connecticut 
since the year 1818. 

Such a corps as Knowlton's, and thus officered, deserve 
to be noticed as the compeers of Prescott and Stark. 

Knowlton lost more men in the action than any corps of 
the army engaged in the action on Breed's Hill, according 
to the numbers he commanded. 

From the foregoing accounts it may be presumed that 
all the facts relative to this important day, of sufficient 
magnitude to be transmitted to posterity are to be found. 
And at least one mistake rectified. This relates to an indi- 
vidual. Col. Samuel Gerrish, who, till this day stood high 
in the public estimation. He had been an officer of re- 
spectable standing in the French war, and then recently 
elected unanimously by the Provincial Congress, the first 
Colonel in the Jlassachusetts forces. After this battle he 
was arx"ested for cowardice, tried, cashiered and univer- 
sally execrated. No one in the army at the time who was 
acquainted with the transaction believed him guilty. The 
general opinion and conversation was, that the army that 
day were guilty of many sins, and Gerrish, being the largest 
man in it, was selected to make the atonement. 

The late Judge Tudor, who acted as Judge Advocate to 
the Court Martial, has publically and repeatedly said that 
he considered Col. Gerrish as very hardly dealt by. Col. 
James Scamman, who commanded a regiment on that day, 
from the County of York, and arrested, tried and ac- 
quitted of the same charge, always declared, when speak- 
ing of Gerrish's fate, that any officer in the army might 



401 

have been found guilty of the same offence, with as much 
justice as Gerrish. These individual opinions were not con- 
sidered by many of sufficient weight to balance the opinion 
of a Court Martial and to rescue the character of Gerrish 
from infamy— although it may be admitted that all Courts, 
and especially Courts Martial, are oteu influenced, if not 
governed, by feelings and prejudices, and sometimes by 
corruption. But when Gen. Dearborn, who always acted 
without fear or reproach, adds his opinion in favor of Ger- 
rish, there seems to be no sufficient reason why he should 
not be fully credited. 

It is true Gerrish remained on Bunker Hill, mit of the 
fire of the enemy during the action, and so did fifteen hun- 
dred other officers and privates, who should have been in 
action, among whom was at least one Major General. It 
was never pretended that Gerrish was ever ordered 
by this general officer to go into action; but on 
the contrary, this general was desirous to fortify 
Bunker's Hill, instead of defending Breed's Hill, which was 
then attacked ; and eventually carried for the want of these 
very fifteen hundred men, who could have relieved those 
engaged in five minutes march. The reason Gen. Putnam 
says this was not done, was that lie could not drirr the dogs 
up. 

The motives which actuated Gen. Dearborn in making 
this statement in favor of the maltreated Gerrish, at the 
time he did, should be duly appreciated, as nothing but 
his respect for the truth, and his object that of rescuing the 
character of an honest patriot from unjust and cruel cen- 
sure, could have induced him to make tliis statement. 



) 



INDEX. 



Arnold, Benedict. 27, 253-56, 272, 

308, 310. 
Allen, Ethan, 28. 
Asgill, Capt., 334-342. 

B 

Baldwin, Jeduthan, 22. 
Barber, Col. Francis, 365. 
Barry, Capt. John, 292, 362. 
Battle (Battelle) Capt. John. 15. 
Bedel. Timothy, 46. 
Bennington, Battle of, 125. 
Bergen, action at, 102. 
Boston, Siege of. 22-43. 
Brandywine. Batitle of, 126. 
British Army in Boslton, 11. 
British Army advance on New 

York, 44-60. 
Brooklyn. Battle of, 56. 
Brier Creek, Ga., 203. 
Bryant, Capt, 126. 
Brown. Lt. Col. John, 118. 240. 
Brown. Lt. Richard. 169, 175. 
Bunker's Hill, 18, 19, 20. 
Burgoyne, Surrender of, 132-36. 
Burgoyne. Letters. 140-184. 
Butt's Hill, 192-3. 



Camden. Battle of, 252. 

Chapman, Major. 60. 

Crane, Thomas, 23, 58. 

Charlestown. Surrender of, 24-42. 

Chastellux. Chevalier de, 264-65. 

Chaiin at West Point, 263. 

Cherry Valley, Massacre at, 199. 

Chevaux de frise, 48. 

Church, Dr.. 29. 

Cincinnati. Society of the, 381-82. 

Concord. 12. 

Cornwallis in the South 27(1 et seg 

Cowpens, Battle of, 273. 

D 

Park Day in N. E., 236-38. 

De Hart, Major, 44. 

Declaration of Independence, 49. 

D'Estaing Count. 18S, 191. etc. 

Dobbs Ferry. 69. 277. 295. 

Downer, Dr.. 11. 200. 

Dunmore, 34. 

Dvckraan. .^braham ^30. 

Duel between officers, 331. 



East Chester, action at, 219. 

Egg Harbor. Massacre at, 196. 

Elbert, Col., 203. 

Enos, Col., 31. 

Butaw Springs. Battle of, 315-16. 



Falmouith burnt, 29. 

Fernald, Cap:. 204. 

Fireships, 53. 54. 

Fort Washing*ton, capture of, 85- 

87. 
Fort Clinton, capture of, 130. 
Fort Montgomery, capture of,130. 
French in R. I.. 243-251. 



Gardner, Isaac, 14. 
Gates, Horatio, 21, 197, 252. 
German. own. Battle of. 131-2. 
Gleason, Capt., 61. 
Greaton, Col., 24. 
Greene. Nathaniel, 21. 
Greene. Col. Christopher, 289. 
Gridley Richard, 22. 
Guilford. C. H., Battle of. 280. 

H 

Hackensack. expedition to, .^9- 

100. 
Harlem Heights, Battle of, 60. 
Harnage. Major Henry, 184-85. 
Harraden. Capt. J., 125. 
Henley, Major Thomas. 64-66. 
Hickey, Thomas, 48. 
Hopkins, Esek, 45. 
Hubbardton, Battle of, 121. 
Hobkirk's Hill. Battle of, 291. 
Honeywell, Capt.. 326. 
Hopkins. Capt.. 214. 
Huddy, Capt.. 334-342. 

I <SI. J 

Jones, John Paul, 275. 

K 

Knox. Henry, 22. 

Knowlton. Major Thomas, 61. 

King's Bridge, action near. 107- 

110, 274. 
King's Mountain, Battle of, 260-61 



Laurens, John, 356. 

Lee, Charles, 21, 88-91, 94-%, 356. 

Leitch, Major, 61. 

Ledyard, Col., 307. 

Lexington, 12, 13. 

Long Island, BatUe of, 56. 

M 

Mamaroneck, action al, 74. 
Maxwell, Gen. Wm., 202. 
Mayo. John, 40. 
Mifflin, Thomas, 21. 
Montgomery, Richard. 21, 35. 
Montgomery, Fort, 130. 
Monmouth, Battle of, 186-7. 
Morrisania, actions at, 228, 272. 

325. 326, 329. 
Mumford, Adjt., 26. 
Mutiny Penn. Line. 269-70. 
Mutiny Mass. Line, 226. 
Mutiny N. J. Line, 272-73. 
Mutiny. Conn. Line, 345. 

N 

New York, operations around, 61- 

71. 
New London, burnt, 306-8. 



Old Tappan, Massacre at, 196. 
Oriskany, Battle of, 124. 



.Saratoga, Battle of, 129. 

Savannah, capture of, 201. 

Savannah, attack on, 224. 

Schuyler Philip, 21. 

Sherburne, Major, 46. 

Simcoe, Lieuit.-Col., 222. 

South Carolina, partisan warfare 

in, 2'J'2, et sey. 
Specht, General, 194. 
Spencer, Joseph, 21. 
Springfield, N. J., action at, 101, 
Stark, General, -241, 2H5. 
.Staten Island Expedition, 125. 
Stony Point, attack on, 212-13. 
Sullivan. General, 21, 47, 218. 
Sullivan's Island, 50. 
Sumter, General, 292. 
Stirling, Lord, 363. 



Tallmadge, Major, 266. 

Thomas, John, 21. 

Ticonderoga, 120. 

Trenton, capture of, 103. 

Trescott, Major, 312. 

Trumbull, Joseph, 21. 

Tryon Invades Conn.. 11'^ 202, 

208-9. 
Tupper, Thomas, 23, 25. 
Turtle. Bushnell's, 69. 



Paoli, Massacre of, 127. 
Paramus, action at, 234 
Pe'lls Neck, action at, 73 
Penobscot, action at, 235NAJ4*% 
Percy, Lord, 13, 14 ' 

Pomeroy, Seth, 21 
Poor, General, 252. 
Pound Ridge, action at. 208 
Preble. Jededlah, 10, 11. 
Prescott, General, captured, 121 
Princeton, Battle of, 104. 
Putnam, Israel, 21 
Putnam, Rufus, 22 
Purchase, action near, 324. 

R 

Red Bank, capture of 137-38. 
Rhode Island, operations in. 18;i- 

194. 
Rochambeau, Count, 243-257. 
Rowley, Major, 319. 



Vose, Thomas, 25. 

Warren, Joseph, 13, 14. 

Ward, Artemas, 10, 21. 

Ward. Joseph, 16. 

Warner, Seth, 273. 

Washington's Farewell to Ms Of- 
ficers, 387-88. 

Waters, Josiah, 22. 

West Chester, N. Y., action at, 70. 

White Plains, battle of, 77-82. 

Williams Bridge, action near, 
111-12. 

Willett, Colonel, 318-19. 

Wisner, John, 58. 

Wooster, David, 21. 



Young's House, action at, 230-32. 
Yorktown Campaign, 297, 318. 



ERRATA. 

p. 43. Note. And shou\dhe /and. 

P. 85. Note. Mass. Hist. ^6(7. should be Mass. Hist. 

P. 205. Notes. Loya should he Loyalisis. 

P. 225. Fantasque, armed «w/«/e should be enflute. 

v. 252. Note 2 Veslrede Gimp should be AA?s/re de Camp. 

ADDENDA. 

Note p f'6. The Major whose name Gen. Heath could not 
remember was Capt. Charles Holby Hubbard, Paymaster i6th 
Mass. (Sargent's Regiment). He was killed in the action. 

P. 74. in the attack on Major Rogers' camp the Americans 
lost four killed and fifteen wounded, including Major Green, 
2d Virginia, and Captain Pope. 



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